距离太阳最近的系外行星在哪里？
Where is the nearest exoplanet to the Sun?
距离我们最近的系外行星是围绕比邻星运行的“比邻星b”，位于约4.2光年外半人马座三星系统中的红矮星旁。
The nearest exoplanet is Proxima b, orbiting the red dwarf Proxima Centauri about 4.2 light-years away in the Alpha Centauri system.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Chaisson & McMillan,《Astronomy Today》Pearson 多版
E. Chaisson and S. McMillan, Astronomy Today, Pearson, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 标识 /works/OL1919527W（按标识回读: Astronomy tod
#比邻星b #最近
什么是直接成像法，为什么它很难？
What is direct imaging and why is it hard?
直接成像是给行星本身拍照，但行星比恒星暗上亿倍且离得很近，必须遮挡星光并借助自适应光学才能分辨。
Direct imaging photographs the planet itself, but planets are billions of times fainter than their star and very close, requiring starlight blocking and adaptive optics to resolve.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Chaisson & McMillan,《Astronomy Today》Pearson 多版
E. Chaisson and S. McMillan, Astronomy Today, Pearson, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 标识 /works/OL1919527W（按标识回读: Astronomy tod
#直接成像 #自适应光学
为什么凌日法找到的行星大多是又大又近的？
Why does the transit method find mostly planets that are large and close to their stars?
这是观测偏倚。凌日要求行星轨道几乎正对我们侧着，能发生凌日的几何概率约等于恒星半径除以轨道半径，轨道越远越难碰到；确认行星还要至少三次凌日，所以公转周期短的近轨道行星更容易被确认。同时行星越大，星光变暗越明显，信号越强，小行星自然更常被漏掉。
It is an observational bias. A transit requires the orbit to lie almost edge-on to us, and the geometric probability is roughly the stellar radius divided by the orbital radius, so wide orbits rarely line up; confirming a planet also needs at least three transits, which favours short-period planets. Meanwhile bigger planets dim the star more deeply, giving a stronger signal, so small planets are more often missed.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Chaisson & McMillan,《Astronomy Today》Pearson 多版
E. Chaisson and S. McMillan, Astronomy Today, Pearson, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 标识 /works/OL1919527W（按标识回读: Astronomy tod
#凌日法 #观测偏倚 #几何概率
什么是TRAPPIST-1系统？
What is the TRAPPIST-1 system?
TRAPPIST-1是一颗极冷的红矮星，拥有七颗地球大小的岩石行星，其中多颗位于宜居带，是搜寻地外生命的重点目标。
TRAPPIST-1 is an ultra-cool red dwarf with seven Earth-sized rocky planets, several in the habitable zone, making it a prime target in the search for life.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Chaisson & McMillan,《Astronomy Today》Pearson 多版
E. Chaisson and S. McMillan, Astronomy Today, Pearson, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 标识 /works/OL1919527W（按标识回读: Astronomy tod
#TRAPPIST-1 #宜居带
行星不发光，径向速度法是怎么发现它的？
Planets give off no light — how does the radial-velocity method find them?
行星和恒星其实在绕共同的质心旋转，所以行星的引力会让恒星在视线方向上来回摆动。通过精密测量光谱线的周期性红移、蓝移，天文学家能算出恒星摆动的速度和周期，从而推断出看不见的行星及其最小质量。1995年，正是用这种方法发现了第一颗绕类似太阳恒星运行的行星。
A planet and its star actually orbit a common centre of mass, so the planet's gravity makes the star wobble back and forth along the line of sight. By precisely measuring the periodic red- and blueshift of spectral lines, astronomers derive the star's wobbling speed and period, revealing the invisible planet and its minimum mass. This very technique found the first planet around a Sun-like star in 1995.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
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Mayor 与 Queloz《A Jupiter-mass companion to 51 Pegasi》（1995，Nature）；Lin 等《Orbital migration》（1996，Nature）
Mayor & Queloz, A Jupiter-mass companion to 51 Pegasi (1995, Nature); Lin et al., Orbital migration (1996, Nature)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1038/378355a0 · 核验依据 2 Crossref DOI 10.1038/380606a0
#径向速度法 #多普勒频移 #恒星级摆动
什么是“热木星”？
What is a hot Jupiter?
热木星是质量类似木星、却紧贴母恒星运行（轨道周期仅几天）的气态巨行星，表面温度极高，其形成机制挑战了传统的行星形成理论。
A hot Jupiter is a gas giant with Jupiter-like mass but orbiting extremely close to its star (periods of days), scorching hot—challenging traditional planet-formation theory.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Chaisson & McMillan,《Astronomy Today》Pearson 多版
E. Chaisson and S. McMillan, Astronomy Today, Pearson, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 标识 /works/OL1919527W（按标识回读: Astronomy tod
#热木星 #气态巨行星
热木星为何被认为是在错误的地方形成的，主要的迁移机制有哪些？
Why are hot Jupiters thought to form in the wrong place, and what migration mechanisms are proposed?
热木星质量接近木星却被发现紧贴恒星（轨道仅几天），而巨行星应在雪线外的低温区才能吸积气体形成，因此必须在远处形成后再向内迁移。主流机制包括盘迁移（与气体盘交换角动量）和偏心潮汐迁移（行星间相互作用后再被圆化）。
Hot Jupiters have Jupiter-like masses yet orbit extremely close to their stars (periods of days), but giant planets should form beyond the snow line where cold conditions allow gas accretion, so they must form far out and migrate inward. Leading mechanisms are disk migration (angular-momentum exchange with the gas disk) and eccentric tidal migration (planet–planet interactions followed by circularization).
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Lin、Bodenheimer 与 Richardson,《Orbital migration of the planetary companion of 51 Pegasi to its present location》,Nature,1996 (DOI: 10.1038/380606a0)
Lin, Bodenheimer & Richardson, 'Orbital migration of the planetary companion of 51 Pegasi to its present location', Nature, 1996, DOI: 10.1038/380606a0
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1038/380606a0
#热木星 #行星迁移 #雪线
TRAPPIST-1 系统为什么让搜寻宜居世界的人兴奋？
Why does the TRAPPIST-1 system excite those searching for habitable worlds?
TRAPPIST-1 是一颗距地球约 40 光年的超冷红矮星，拥有七颗地球大小的岩质行星，其中三到四颗位于宜居带。由于恒星暗弱，这些行星的凌星信号很强、易于用詹姆斯·韦伯望远镜研究大气，是探测生命迹象的优先目标。
TRAPPIST-1 is an ultracool red dwarf about 40 light-years away with seven Earth-sized rocky planets, three or four of them in the habitable zone. Because the star is faint, the planets' transit signals are strong and easy to study with the James Webb Space Telescope, making the system a top target in the search for signs of life.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Gillon 等,《Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1》,Nature,2017 (DOI: 10.1038/nature21360)
Gillon et al., 'Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1', Nature, 2017, DOI: 10.1038/nature21360
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1038/nature21360
#TRAPPIST-1 #宜居带 #红矮星
什么是“宜居带”？
What is the habitable zone?
宜居带是恒星周围温度适中、允许液态水存在于行星表面的区域，常被称为“金发姑娘区”；液态水被视为生命存在的重要条件。
The habitable zone is the region around a star where temperatures allow liquid water on a planet's surface—the 'Goldilocks zone'—since liquid water is key for life as we know it.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Chaisson & McMillan,《Astronomy Today》Pearson 多版
E. Chaisson and S. McMillan, Astronomy Today, Pearson, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 标识 /works/OL1919527W（按标识回读: Astronomy tod
#宜居带 #液态水
系外行星上有可能住人吗？
Could exoplanets be habitable by humans?
少数位于宜居带、大小和地球相近的系外行星（如比邻星b、TRAPPIST-1系统行星）条件相对有利，但距离极其遥远，目前只能推测其是否具备适宜环境。
A few Earth-sized planets in habitable zones (like Proxima b and TRAPPIST-1 planets) look promising, but they are extremely distant; we can only speculate about their conditions.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Chaisson & McMillan,《Astronomy Today》Pearson 多版
E. Chaisson and S. McMillan, Astronomy Today, Pearson, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 标识 /works/OL1919527W（按标识回读: Astronomy tod
#宜居行星 #生命
超级地球是一颗怎样的行星？
What kind of planet is a super-Earth?
超级地球指质量约为地球1到10倍的系外岩石行星，太阳系里没有这一档，介于地球和天王星、海王星之间。它们有的可能是岩石世界，有的表面覆盖着深达几十公里的海洋，有的干脆是裹着厚厚氢氦的小型海王星。观测显示这类行星在银河系里相当常见。
A super-Earth is a rocky exoplanet with roughly one to ten times Earth's mass, a class missing from our Solar System and sitting between Earth and Uranus or Neptune. Some may be rocky worlds, some may wear oceans tens of kilometres deep, and some turn out to be mini-Neptunes with thick hydrogen and helium envelopes. Observations show they are quite common in the galaxy.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Chaisson & McMillan,《Astronomy Today》Pearson 多版
E. Chaisson and S. McMillan, Astronomy Today, Pearson, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 标识 /works/OL1919527W（按标识回读: Astronomy tod
#超级地球 #岩石行星 #海洋行星
什么是系外行星的大气透射光谱？
What is transmission spectroscopy of exoplanet atmospheres?
当行星从恒星前方经过，恒星光穿过其大气，不同气体吸收特定波长，借此可分析大气成分如水和甲烷。
As a planet transits, starlight passes through its atmosphere; different gases absorb specific wavelengths, revealing composition such as water and methane.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Chaisson & McMillan,《Astronomy Today》Pearson 多版
E. Chaisson and S. McMillan, Astronomy Today, Pearson, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 标识 /works/OL1919527W（按标识回读: Astronomy tod
#透射光谱 #大气
天文学家主要用什么方法发现系外行星？
What are the main methods astronomers use to discover exoplanets?
最常用的两类是凌星法（行星从恒星前方经过时使星光规律变暗）和视向速度法（行星引力让恒星轻微摆动，光谱线周期性红蓝偏移）。此外还有直接成像、微引力透镜和天体测量等方法作为补充。
The two most used methods are the transit method (a planet dims its star regularly as it passes in front) and the radial-velocity method (a planet's gravity makes the star wobble slightly, shifting spectral lines periodically red and blue). Direct imaging, microlensing and astrometry supplement them.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Chaisson & McMillan,《Astronomy Today》Pearson 多版
E. Chaisson and S. McMillan, Astronomy Today, Pearson, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 标识 /works/OL1919527W（按标识回读: Astronomy tod
#凌星法 #视向速度法 #系外行星探测
在系外行星普查中，宜居带的定义依赖哪些恒星参量，又有哪些局限？
In exoplanet censuses, what stellar parameters does the habitable zone definition depend on, and what are its limitations?
传统宜居带按恒星光度与有效温度给出液态水可存在的轨道距离范围（如 Kasting 1993 的边界），并随恒星演化而移动。它的局限在于只考虑了液态水和入射辐射，忽略了大气成分、板块活动、潮汐锁定与恒星耀斑等决定真实可居住性的关键因素。
The conventional habitable zone gives the orbital range where liquid water could exist based on a star's luminosity and effective temperature (e.g. the Kasting 1993 boundaries), and it moves as the star evolves. Its limitation is that it considers only liquid water and incoming radiation, ignoring atmosphere composition, plate tectonics, tidal locking and stellar flares that truly determine habitability.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Kasting、Whitmire 与 Reynolds,《Habitable Zones around Main Sequence Stars》,Icarus 101, 108,1993 (DOI: 10.1006/icar.1993.1010)
Kasting, Whitmire & Reynolds, 'Habitable Zones around Main Sequence Stars', Icarus 101, 108, 1993, DOI: 10.1006/icar.1993.1010
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1006/icar.1993.1010
#宜居带 #恒星光度 #可居住性局限
什么是“超级地球”？
What is a super-Earth?
超级地球是质量介于地球与海王星之间（约1到10倍地球质量）的系外行星，多为岩石或岩石与气体的混合体，太阳系内并没有这类行星。
A super-Earth has a mass between Earth's and Neptune's (about 1–10 Earth masses), often rocky or a rock-gas mix; the solar system has none.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Chaisson & McMillan,《Astronomy Today》Pearson 多版
E. Chaisson and S. McMillan, Astronomy Today, Pearson, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 标识 /works/OL1919527W（按标识回读: Astronomy tod
#超级地球 #系外行星
凌日法是怎么发现系外行星的？
How does the transit method discover exoplanets?
当行星从恒星前方经过时，会挡住一部分星光，使恒星看起来短暂变暗。行星越大，星光减弱得越多，所以凌日深度可以估算行星大小。开普勒和TESS望远镜长期监视数十万颗恒星，找到多次规律性变暗，就能确认一颗行星，并量出它的公转周期。
When a planet passes in front of its star, it blocks a little starlight and the star briefly dims. The bigger the planet, the deeper the dimming, so the transit depth reveals the planet's size. Kepler and TESS monitor hundreds of thousands of stars over long periods, and repeated, regular dimmings confirm a planet and give its orbital period.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Chaisson & McMillan,《Astronomy Today》Pearson 多版
E. Chaisson and S. McMillan, Astronomy Today, Pearson, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 标识 /works/OL1919527W（按标识回读: Astronomy tod
#凌日法 #开普勒 #TESS #行星大小
适居带是什么？处在带内就一定宜居吗？
What is the habitable zone, and does lying inside it guarantee habitability?
适居带也叫宜居带，指距离恒星远近合适、液态水能在岩石行星表面稳定存在的一片范围。距离太近会像金星那样热到失控，太远则像火星一样寒冷。但它只考虑距离这一个因素，大气、磁场和地质活动同样重要，所以带内并不保证宜居。
The habitable zone is the ring of distances around a star where liquid water can stay stable on a rocky planet's surface. Too close, and the planet overheats like Venus; too far, and it freezes like Mars. But the zone considers only distance; atmosphere, magnetic field, and geology matter just as much, so being inside it is no guarantee of habitability.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Chaisson & McMillan,《Astronomy Today》Pearson 多版
E. Chaisson and S. McMillan, Astronomy Today, Pearson, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 标识 /works/OL1919527W（按标识回读: Astronomy tod
#适居带 #液态水 #金星 #火星
什么是系外行星？
What is an exoplanet?
系外行星是围绕太阳系以外恒星运行、不绕太阳公转的行星，迄今已确认超过5000颗。
An exoplanet orbits a star other than the Sun; more than 5,000 have been confirmed to date.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Chaisson & McMillan,《Astronomy Today》Pearson 多版
E. Chaisson and S. McMillan, Astronomy Today, Pearson, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 标识 /works/OL1919527W（按标识回读: Astronomy tod
#系外行星 #系外
别的星星旁边也有像地球一样的行星吗？
Do other stars have Earth-like planets around them too?
是的！天文学家已经在其他恒星周围发现了上千颗系外行星，其中一些位于宜居带，温度刚好可能让水保持液态。它们离我们太远、暂时看不清表面，但我们知道它们确实存在。
Yes! Astronomers have found thousands of exoplanets around other stars, and some lie in the habitable zone where temperatures could let water stay liquid. They are too far away to see clearly yet, but we know they are really there.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Chaisson & McMillan,《Astronomy Today》Pearson 多版
E. Chaisson and S. McMillan, Astronomy Today, Pearson, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 标识 /works/OL1919527W（按标识回读: Astronomy tod
#系外行星 #宜居带 #类地行星
别的行星上会有生命吗？
Could there be life on other planets?
我们还不知道，但宇宙中有无数行星，科学家正在寻找像地球一样温暖、有水的世界。
We don't know yet, but with countless planets in the Universe, scientists are hunting for warm, watery worlds like Earth.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Chaisson & McMillan,《Astronomy Today》Pearson 多版
E. Chaisson and S. McMillan, Astronomy Today, Pearson, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 标识 /works/OL1919527W（按标识回读: Astronomy tod
#地外生命 #宜居