内质网和高尔基体在蛋白质加工中各起什么作用？
What roles do the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus play in protein processing?
粗面内质网上的核糖体合成蛋白质后，内质网负责初步折叠和修饰，例如添加糖链。高尔基体随后进一步加工、分类并包装这些蛋白质，通过囊泡运送到细胞膜、溶酶体或细胞外。
After ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins, the ER handles initial folding and modifications such as adding sugar chains. The Golgi apparatus then further processes, sorts, and packages these proteins, shipping them by vesicles to the membrane, lysosomes, or outside the cell.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
Alberts 等《细胞的分子生物学》(Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Science)
Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell (Garland Science)
#内质网 #高尔基体 #蛋白质加工
电子传递链与化学渗透如何制造ATP？
How do the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis make ATP?
电子传递链把电子传给氧，过程中把质子泵出线粒体内膜形成梯度；质子顺梯度经ATP合酶回流，像水流推动涡轮一样合成ATP。
The electron transport chain passes electrons to oxygen and pumps protons out, building a gradient; protons flow back through ATP synthase like water through a turbine, driving ATP synthesis.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#电子传递链 #化学渗透 #ATP合酶
什么是细胞的信号转导？
What is cellular signal transduction?
信号转导是细胞接收外部信号（如激素或神经递质）并将其转化为内部反应的过程。信号分子与受体结合后，常通过一系列蛋白激酶的级联放大效应传递信息。这使细胞能协调生长、分裂和代谢等活动。
Signal transduction is how a cell receives an external signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, and converts it into an internal response. After a signaling molecule binds its receptor, information is often relayed through a cascade of protein kinases that amplifies the message. This lets cells coordinate growth, division, and metabolism.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝,《细胞生物学》第4版,高等教育出版社,2011
Zhai Zhonghe et al., Cell Biology, 4th ed., Higher Education Press, 2011
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040321753（豆瓣书目条目: 细胞生物学）
#信号转导 #受体 #细胞通讯
线粒体为什么有自己的 DNA？
Why do mitochondria have their own DNA?
内共生学说认为线粒体源自被早期真核细胞吞入的α-变形菌，二者形成互利共生后保留了部分原核式环状基因组。Margulis 在 1967 年系统提出该学说，后被基因序列比较广泛证实。
The endosymbiotic theory holds that mitochondria descended from alpha-proteobacteria engulfed by early eukaryotes, retaining a small circular, prokaryote-like genome after the partnership. Margulis set out the theory in 1967 and sequence comparisons later confirmed it.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Alberts《细胞的分子生物学》；Margulis 1967 年论文
Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell; Margulis (1967)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL7938488W：Molecular Biology of th
#线粒体 #内共生 #细胞器基因组
溶酶体在细胞中承担什么功能？
What function do lysosomes perform in the cell?
溶酶体是充满多种水解酶的膜包囊泡，负责降解细胞摄入的废物、衰老的细胞器和大分子，相当于细胞的“回收站”。其功能缺陷会导致庞贝氏症等多种溶酶体贮积病。
Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles filled with hydrolytic enzymes that degrade waste, aged organelles, and macromolecules taken into the cell—acting as the cell's recycling center. Their malfunction causes lysosomal storage diseases such as Pompe disease.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Alberts 等《细胞分子生物学》（Molecular Biology of the Cell，第 6 版）；美国国立卫生研究院国家医学图书馆（NLM）MedlinePlus 溶酶体贮积病页面
Alberts, B. et al., 'Molecular Biology of the Cell' (6th ed.); U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) MedlinePlus, Lysosomal Storage Disorders
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL7938488W：Molecular Biology of th
#溶酶体 #水解酶 #细胞回收
有丝分裂和减数分裂的根本区别？
What is the essential difference between mitosis and meiosis?
有丝分裂产生两个遗传相同的二倍体体细胞，用于生长修复；减数分裂经两轮分裂产生四个遗传不同的单倍体配子（雌性为一枚卵加极体），并借同源重组与自由组合增加遗传多样性。
Mitosis yields two genetically identical diploid somatic cells for growth and repair; meiosis runs two divisions to make haploid gametes and raises diversity via recombination and independent assortment. Alberts contrasts the checkpoints of both.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Alberts《细胞的分子生物学》
Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL7938488W：Molecular Biology of th
#有丝分裂 #减数分裂 #染色体
什么是细胞凋亡，它和细胞坏死有何区别？
What is apoptosis, and how does it differ from necrosis?
细胞凋亡是细胞在基因调控下有序、自我消亡的程序性过程，过程中细胞膜完整、不引发炎症，对胚胎发育和组织更新至关重要。与之相反，坏死通常由损伤或缺氧引发，细胞膜破裂并常伴随炎症反应。
Apoptosis is a gene-regulated, orderly "programmed" cell death in which the membrane stays intact and inflammation is avoided, essential for development and tissue turnover. Necrosis, by contrast, is usually caused by injury or oxygen deprivation, ruptures the membrane, and often triggers inflammation.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Alberts 等《细胞分子生物学》；《细胞》（Cell）期刊综述
Alberts et al., "Molecular Biology of the Cell"; Cell reviews
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL7938488W：Molecular Biology of th
#细胞凋亡 #程序性死亡 #坏死
细胞骨架由什么组成，有什么用？
What is the cytoskeleton made of, and what does it do?
细胞骨架由微管、肌动蛋白丝和中间丝三类蛋白纤维构成，为细胞提供形状支撑、驱动细胞内运输与细胞分裂时的染色体分离。Alberts 把它描述为细胞的“动态脚手架”。
The cytoskeleton is three protein-fiber systems—microtubules, actin filaments and intermediate filaments—that give shape, power intracellular transport and segregate chromosomes in division. Alberts describes it as the cell's dynamic scaffold.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Alberts《细胞的分子生物学》
Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL7938488W：Molecular Biology of th
#细胞骨架 #微管 #肌动蛋白
什么是细胞凋亡？
What is apoptosis?
细胞凋亡是细胞有序、主动的自我消亡过程，也称程序性细胞死亡。它帮助生物清除多余、受损或危险的细胞，对发育和健康至关重要。与受伤导致的坏死不同，凋亡不会引发炎症反应。
Apoptosis is an orderly, active process by which cells self-destruct, also called programmed cell death. It helps organisms remove excess, damaged, or dangerous cells and is essential for development and health. Unlike injury-driven necrosis, apoptosis does not trigger inflammation.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝,《细胞生物学》第4版,高等教育出版社,2011
Zhai Zhonghe et al., Cell Biology, 4th ed., Higher Education Press, 2011
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040321753（豆瓣书目条目: 细胞生物学）
#细胞凋亡 #程序性死亡 #发育
细胞分裂有哪两种主要方式？
What are the two main types of cell division?
主要是有丝分裂和减数分裂两种。有丝分裂产生两个遗传相同的体细胞，用于生长和修复；减数分裂产生精子和卵子等生殖细胞，染色体数目减半，对遗传多样性很重要。
There are two main kinds: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two genetically identical body cells for growth and repair, while meiosis produces gametes such as sperm and eggs with half the chromosome number, which matters for genetic diversity.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝,《细胞生物学》第4版,高等教育出版社,2011
Zhai Zhonghe et al., Cell Biology, 4th ed., Higher Education Press, 2011
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040321753（豆瓣书目条目: 细胞生物学）
#有丝分裂 #减数分裂 #细胞分裂
溶酶体有什么功能？
What does the lysosome do?
溶酶体是细胞内的消化车间，含有多种水解酶，能分解衰老的细胞器和入侵的颗粒。它通过膜包裹避免酶损伤其他结构。废物降解后的小分子可被细胞重新利用。
The lysosome is the cell's digestion workshop, containing various hydrolytic enzymes that break down worn-out organelles and invading particles. Its membrane keeps those enzymes from damaging other structures. The resulting small molecules can be reused by the cell.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝,《细胞生物学》第4版,高等教育出版社,2011
Zhai Zhonghe et al., Cell Biology, 4th ed., Higher Education Press, 2011
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040321753（豆瓣书目条目: 细胞生物学）
#溶酶体 #水解酶 #消化
细胞膜的“流动镶嵌模型”描述的是什么？
What does the "fluid mosaic model" of the cell membrane describe?
该模型由 Singer 和 Nicolson 于 1972 年提出，认为细胞膜是由磷脂双分子层构成的液态基质，其中镶嵌着可横向移动的蛋白质和糖类。它解释了膜的选择透过性以及物质运输、信号识别等功能。
Proposed by Singer and Nicolson in 1972, the model holds that the membrane is a fluid phospholipid bilayer in which proteins and sugars are embedded and can move laterally. It explains selective permeability and functions like transport and signal recognition.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Singer & Nicolson 1972 年论文（《科学》Science）；Alberts 等《细胞分子生物学》
Singer & Nicolson (1972), Science; Alberts et al., "Molecular Biology of the Cell"
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL7938488W：Molecular Biology of th
#流动镶嵌模型 #磷脂双分子层 #细胞膜
ATP合酶为什么被形容为分子马达？
Why is ATP synthase described as a molecular motor?
质子流推动ATP合酶的转子旋转，带动催化位点循环，把ADP和磷酸合成ATP，原理类似水力涡轮，是已知最小的旋转马达之一。
A proton flow spins ATP synthase's rotor, cycling catalytic sites that join ADP and phosphate into ATP—like a water turbine, it is one of the tiniest rotary motors known.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#ATP合酶 #分子马达 #旋转
细胞周期中的有丝分裂起什么作用？
What is the role of mitosis in the cell cycle?
有丝分裂是细胞周期中核分裂的阶段，将复制后的染色体平均分配到两个子细胞，使二者获得与亲代完全相同的遗传物质。它是多细胞生物生长、修复和组织更新的基础。
Mitosis is the nuclear-division phase of the cell cycle that distributes duplicated chromosomes equally to two daughter cells, giving each the same genetic material as the parent. It underlies growth, repair, and tissue renewal in multicellular organisms.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Alberts 等《细胞分子生物学》
Alberts et al., "Molecular Biology of the Cell"
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL7938488W：Molecular Biology of th
#细胞周期 #有丝分裂 #染色体
细胞膜怎样实现“选择性通透”？
How does the cell membrane achieve selective permeability?
脂质双层本身阻挡离子与极性分子，而镶嵌的通道蛋白与载体蛋白按大小、电荷或特异性识别放行特定物质，形成流动镶嵌结构。Singer 与 Nicolson 在 1972 年提出流动镶嵌模型。
The lipid bilayer blocks ions and polar molecules, while embedded channel and carrier proteins let through specific substances by size, charge or recognition, forming the fluid-mosaic structure. Singer and Nicolson proposed the fluid-mosaic model in 1972.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Singer 与 Nicolson 1972 年论文；Alberts《细胞的分子生物学》
Singer & Nicolson (1972); Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL7938488W：Molecular Biology of th
#流动镶嵌模型 #脂质双层 #通道蛋白
水通道蛋白为何能让水分子高速穿过，却把水合质子挡在膜外？
How do aquaporins allow water molecules to pass rapidly while excluding hydronium ions?
水通道蛋白孔道中央有两个关键结构：NPA基序中的保守天冬酰胺，以及由芳香族氨基酸和精氨酸组成的ar/R选择性过滤器。孔道内水分子排成单列快速通过，而精氨酸的正电荷与NPA区的偶极取向会打断连续氢键链，使水合质子无法以格罗图斯机制接力穿膜，单个水分子则经氢键重排迅速通过，实现高通量与高选择性并存。
Aquaporin pores combine two key features: conserved asparagines of the central NPA motifs and an aromatic/arginine (ar/R) selectivity filter. Water crosses in single file, but the positively charged arginine and the oriented dipoles of the NPA region break the continuous hydrogen-bonded chain required for Grotthuss proton transfer, so hydronium cannot traverse, while individual waters reorient and pass quickly, uniting high flux with strict selectivity.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Murata 等,《Structure of aquaporin AQP1 determined by electron crystallography at 2.0 Å resolution》,《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences》2000年第97卷第8期第3954–3959页
Murata Y et al., 'Structure of aquaporin AQP1 determined by electron crystallography at 2.0 Å resolution', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97(8): 3954-3959 (2000).
#水通道蛋白 #选择性过滤 #质子排斥
细胞凋亡是什么，为什么对机体重要？
What is apoptosis and why is it important for the body?
凋亡是受基因调控的“程序性”细胞死亡，细胞自我收缩、被邻近细胞吞噬而不引发炎症，用于清除多余或受损细胞、塑造器官。Kerr、Wyllie 与 Currie 在 1972 年定义了这一概念。
Apoptosis is genetically programmed cell death: the cell shrinks and is engulfed without inflammation, removing excess or damaged cells and sculpting organs. Kerr, Wyllie and Currie defined the concept in 1972.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Alberts《细胞的分子生物学》；Kerr、Wyllie 与 Currie 1972 年论文
Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell; Kerr, Wyllie & Currie (1972)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL7938488W：Molecular Biology of th
#细胞凋亡 #程序性死亡 #发育
线粒体和叶绿体有什么不同？
How do mitochondria and chloroplasts differ?
线粒体存在于几乎所有真核细胞中，负责通过呼吸作用把营养物质转化为能量。叶绿体只存在于植物和某些藻类中，能通过光合作用把光能转化为糖类。两者都含有自己的DNA，被认为起源于被吞入的细菌。
Mitochondria are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells and convert nutrients into energy through respiration. Chloroplasts exist only in plants and some algae and turn light energy into sugars through photosynthesis. Both contain their own DNA and are thought to have originated from engulfed bacteria.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝,《细胞生物学》第4版,高等教育出版社,2011
Zhai Zhonghe et al., Cell Biology, 4th ed., Higher Education Press, 2011
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040321753（豆瓣书目条目: 细胞生物学）
#线粒体 #叶绿体 #细胞器
细菌有细胞核吗？
Do bacteria have a nucleus?
没有。细菌属于原核生物，它们的DNA自由漂浮在细胞内，不包裹在真正的细胞核里。这种简单结构让细菌能快速繁殖。
No. Bacteria are prokaryotes, meaning their DNA floats freely inside the cell rather than being enclosed in a true nucleus. This simpler structure lets bacteria reproduce quickly.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝,《细胞生物学》第4版,高等教育出版社,2011
Zhai Zhonghe et al., Cell Biology, 4th ed., Higher Education Press, 2011
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040321753（豆瓣书目条目: 细胞生物学）
#细菌 #原核生物 #细胞核
主动运输和被动运输有什么不同？
How do active and passive transport differ?
被动运输顺浓度梯度、不需能量（如简单扩散、通道蛋白）；主动运输逆梯度进行，需消耗ATP或离子梯度能量来搬运物质。
Passive transport follows the concentration gradient without energy (e.g. diffusion, channels); active transport goes against it and needs ATP or another gradient's energy.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#主动运输 #被动运输 #浓度梯度
细胞呼吸把葡萄糖变成了什么？
What does cellular respiration turn glucose into?
细胞呼吸把葡萄糖逐步分解，在有氧条件下最终生成二氧化碳、水和大量ATP；糖酵解在细胞质中先产出少量ATP，后续在线粒体完成。
Cellular respiration breaks down glucose to carbon dioxide, water, and lots of ATP under aerobic conditions; glycolysis first yields a little ATP in the cytoplasm, then mitochondria finish the job.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#细胞呼吸 #葡萄糖 #ATP
线粒体为什么被称为细胞的“动力工厂”？
Why is the mitochondrion called the cell's "powerhouse"?
线粒体通过有氧呼吸的电子传递链和氧化磷酸化，将葡萄糖等营养物质转化为细胞可直接使用的能量分子 ATP。一个活跃的细胞可含有数百到上千个线粒体，以满足其能量需求。
Through the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondria convert nutrients like glucose into ATP, the energy currency cells use directly. An active cell can contain hundreds to thousands of mitochondria to meet its energy demands.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Alberts 等《细胞分子生物学》；美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）
Alberts et al., "Molecular Biology of the Cell"; U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL7938488W：Molecular Biology of th
#线粒体 #ATP #有氧呼吸
为什么细胞那么小？
Why are cells so small?
细胞太小是为了维持足够的表面积来与周围环境交换物质。体积增大时表面积相对变小，交换效率会下降。所以生物用大量小细胞而非少数巨细胞来构建身体。
Cells stay small to keep enough surface area for exchanging materials with their surroundings. As volume grows, surface area per unit shrinks and exchange becomes inefficient. That is why bodies are built from many tiny cells rather than a few giant ones.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝,《细胞生物学》第4版,高等教育出版社,2011
Zhai Zhonghe et al., Cell Biology, 4th ed., Higher Education Press, 2011
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040321753（豆瓣书目条目: 细胞生物学）
#细胞大小 #表面积 #效率
细胞膜有什么作用？
What does the cell membrane do?
细胞膜是包裹细胞的薄层结构，它把细胞内部与外部环境隔开。它像一道选择性大门，控制物质进出细胞，维持细胞内部稳定。
The cell membrane is a thin layer that encloses the cell, separating its interior from the outside environment. It acts like a selective gate, controlling what enters and leaves and keeping the cell's interior stable.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝,《细胞生物学》第4版,高等教育出版社,2011
Zhai Zhonghe et al., Cell Biology, 4th ed., Higher Education Press, 2011
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040321753（豆瓣书目条目: 细胞生物学）
#细胞膜 #选择透过性 #细胞