岛屿生物地理学理论如何预测岛屿上的物种丰富度？
How does the theory of island biogeography predict species richness on islands?
该理论提出岛屿物种数由迁入率与灭绝率的平衡决定，并随岛屿面积增大而升高、随与大陆距离增大而降低。面积通过提供更大生境与更低灭绝率起作用，隔离度则抑制迁入，二者共同设定平衡物种数。
The theory holds that island species richness is set by the balance of immigration and extinction rates, increasing with island area and decreasing with distance from the mainland. Larger area lowers extinction via more habitat, while greater isolation suppresses immigration; together they define an equilibrium species number.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#岛屿生物地理学 #物种丰富度 #迁入灭绝平衡 #面积效应
种群的「最小可存活种群」（MVP）概念基于哪些种群统计与遗传风险因素？
On what demographic and genetic risk factors is the concept of minimum viable population (MVP) based?
MVP 估计一个种群长期存活所需的最小规模，需同时考虑随机的环境、灾害与种群统计波动，以及近交和遗传漂变导致的适应力丧失。常用种群活力分析（PVA）模拟不同情景下的灭绝概率。
MVP estimates the smallest population size needed for long-term survival, accounting for random environmental, catastrophic and demographic fluctuations as well as loss of adaptive potential from inbreeding and genetic drift. Population viability analysis (PVA) is commonly used to simulate extinction probabilities under different scenarios.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#最小可存活种群 #遗传漂变 #PVA #灭绝概率
保护遗传学如何借助遗传多样性指标评估种群的灭绝风险？
How does conservation genetics use genetic diversity metrics to assess a population's extinction risk?
遗传多样性低意味着有害突变难以被清除、近交衰退加剧，种群对环境变化的适应潜力下降。研究者通过等位酶、微卫星或全基因组测序估计杂合度与有效种群大小，把遗传健康纳入灭绝风险评估。
Low genetic diversity means deleterious mutations are harder to purge and inbreeding depression worsens, lowering a population's adaptive potential to environmental change. Researchers estimate heterozygosity and effective population size via allozymes, microsatellites or whole-genome sequencing to include genetic health in extinction-risk assessment.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#保护遗传学 #遗传多样性 #近交衰退 #有效种群大小
猎豹基因组中极低的杂合度揭示了怎样的种群历史？这给保护管理带来了哪些两难局面？
What does extremely low heterozygosity across the cheetah genome reveal about its demographic past, and what management dilemmas follow from it?
全基因组调查显示，猎豹经历了远古瓶颈事件以及近代剧烈的数量衰减，基因组中留下大段纯合片段，并伴随精子形态异常等典型近交征象。低遗传多样性削弱了应对气候变化和疫病的适应潜力，而引入外源个体的杂交方案又与亚种纯度保护的主张相冲突。如今基因组数据正为管理性基因流和辅助繁殖项目提供决策依据。
Genome-wide surveys indicate cheetahs passed through ancient bottlenecks followed by a severe recent decline, leaving long homozygous stretches and classic inbreeding signs such as abnormal sperm morphology. Low diversity constrains adaptive potential under climate and disease pressure, yet outcrossing proposals clash with concerns over subspecies purity. Genomic data now guide decisions on managed gene flow and assisted reproduction programs.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Dobrynin, Liu, Tamazian & Xiong,《Genomic legacy of the African cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus》,Genome Biology,2015 (DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0837-4)
Dobrynin, Liu, Tamazian & Xiong, 'Genomic legacy of the African cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus', Genome Biology, 2015, DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0837-4
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1186/s13059-015-0837-4
#遗传瓶颈 #近交衰退
青藏高原上的植物和动物为什么大多长得“矮、壮、毛多”，和海拔有什么关系？
Why are plants and animals on the Tibetan Plateau mostly short, stocky and furry—what does altitude do?
高海拔紫外线强、氧气薄、风大、生长季短。植物贴地生长可减少风寒、保水；动物（如藏野驴、鼠兔）体小紧凑、毛厚、血红蛋白携氧力强，都是对低温低氧的适应。
High altitude means intense UV, thin oxygen, strong wind and short growing seasons. Plants hug the ground to escape wind and save water; animals (wild ass, pika) are compact with thick fur and oxygen-rich blood—adaptations to cold and hypoxia.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#高原 #适应 #低氧
入侵物种造成生态危害的主要机制有哪些？
What are the main mechanisms by which invasive species cause ecological harm?
入侵种常通过竞争资源、捕食本地物种、传播病害或改变生境（如改变火周期、土壤养分）排挤本地群落。缺乏原产地的天敌与控制因子，使其在新环境中种群爆发并降低本地生物多样性。
Invasive species typically displace native communities by competing for resources, preying on natives, spreading disease or altering habitats such as changing fire regimes and soil nutrients. Freed from their native predators and controls, they erupt in the new environment and reduce local biodiversity.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Nature (2011) 475:S13-S15，入侵物种专题
Nature (2011) 475:S13-S15, invasive species feature
#入侵物种 #生态危害 #竞争排斥 #生物防治
红树林长在海边泥滩上，看起来乱糟糟，为什么我们要拼命保护它？
Mangroves look like messy tidal thickets—why protect them so fiercely?
红树林是海岸的“守护林”：盘根错节的根能消浪护堤、拦截泥沙，是鱼虾蟹的育儿所，还能固碳、净化海水。中国红树林曾大面积消失，近年修复后才慢慢回升。
Mangroves are coastal guardians: tangled roots buffer waves, trap sediment, nursery fish and crabs, store carbon and filter seawater. China's mangroves shrank sharply but are recovering through restoration.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#红树林 #海岸 #固碳
红树林等蓝碳生态系统为何在应对气候变化中受到保护关注？
Why do blue-carbon ecosystems such as mangroves receive conservation attention in climate change response?
红树林、海草床和盐沼单位面积固碳速率远高于陆地森林，并将碳长期封存在厌氧沉积物中。破坏它们会释放大量封存的二氧化碳，因此保护与恢复蓝碳生境兼具减缓排放与庇护海岸生物多样性的双重收益。
Mangroves, seagrass meadows and salt marshes sequester carbon per area far faster than terrestrial forests and lock it long-term in anaerobic sediments. Destroying them releases substantial stored CO2, so protecting and restoring blue-carbon habitats both mitigates emissions and shelters coastal biodiversity.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Nature (2017) 550:406-409，蓝碳生态系统研究
Nature (2017) 550:406-409, study on blue-carbon ecosystems
#蓝碳 #红树林 #碳封存 #气候变化
生物多样性热点（hotspot）的判定通常依据哪两个核心标准？
What two core criteria are commonly used to identify a biodiversity hotspot?
一个地区须同时满足：拥有至少 1500 种特有维管植物，以及已丧失至少 70% 的原生植被。这两个条件把「物种丰富且特有」与「受威胁程度高」结合起来，指导保护资源的优先投放。
A region must meet two conditions: at least 1500 endemic vascular plant species and the loss of at least 70% of its original native vegetation. Together they combine high endemic richness with severe threat, guiding where conservation resources are prioritized.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Myers, Mittermeier, Mittermeier, da Fonseca,《Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities》,Nature,2000 (DOI: 10.1038/35002501)
Myers, Mittermeier, Mittermeier, da Fonseca, 'Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities', Nature, 2000, DOI: 10.1038/35002501
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1038/35002501
#生物多样性热点 #特有种 #植被丧失 #保护优先
什么是「环境 DNA（eDNA）」监测，它在保护生物学中有何优势？
What is environmental DNA (eDNA) monitoring, and what advantages does it offer conservation biology?
eDNA 指从水、土壤或空气中提取的脱落细胞与分泌物所含遗传物质，可凭少量样本检测物种是否存在。相比传统调查，它非损伤、灵敏度高且能发现稀有或隐秘物种，已广泛用于入侵种与濒危种监测。
eDNA refers to genetic material shed into water, soil or air from cells and secretions, allowing detection of a species' presence from small samples. Compared with traditional surveys, it is non-invasive, highly sensitive and can reveal rare or cryptic species, and is widely used for invasive and endangered species monitoring.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#环境 DNA #非损伤监测 #物种检测 #生物调查
为什么保护大型食肉动物常被视为「旗舰种」与「伞护种」策略？
Why is protecting large carnivores often treated as both a flagship and an umbrella species strategy?
大型食肉动物分布广、栖息地需求大，保护它们所需的广阔连通生境会同时庇护众多共存物种，体现伞护效应。其具魅力的形象又易于唤起公众支持，因此也作为旗舰种用于筹款与宣传。
Large carnivores range widely and need extensive habitat, so protecting them safeguards many co-occurring species through the umbrella effect. Their charismatic appeal also rallies public support, making them flagship species for fundraising and outreach.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Nature (2014) 513:291-294，大型食肉动物生态作用研究
Nature (2014) 513:291-294, study on ecological role of large carnivores
#旗舰种 #伞护种 #食肉动物 #保护策略