什么是营养级联（trophic cascade）？
What is a trophic cascade?
顶级捕食者数量的变化会层层向下影响食草动物和植物，例如狼的回归让河流两岸的植被得以恢复。
Predator changes ripple down to herbivores and plants, as when wolves returned and restored riverside vegetation.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#营养级联 #顶级捕食者
食物网的连通性为什么重要？
Why does the connectivity of a food web matter?
连接越多的物种网络越复杂，扰动可能沿多条路径传播；适度的冗余能缓冲单一物种丧失带来的冲击。
Highly connected webs propagate perturbations along many paths, while redundancy buffers the shock of losing one species.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#食物网 #连通性
为什么食物网中很少出现很长的食物链（超过五个营养级）？
Why are long food chains (over five trophic levels) rare?
能量沿营养级大约只传递 10%，越往上可支撑的生物量越少，热力学限制了食物链的长度。
Only about 10% of energy passes each level, so biomass and support dwindle, limiting chain length by thermodynamics.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#能量传递 #营养级
保护关键种为什么常常比保护数量多的物种更划算？
Why is protecting a keystone species often more cost-effective than protecting abundant ones?
关键种一旦被移除会引发连锁崩溃，保护它能顺带保住依赖它的整个食物网，投入产出比很高。
Removing a keystone collapses the web, so protecting it safeguards the dependent food web efficiently.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#关键种 #保护优先级