线粒体DNA有什么特点？
What are the features of mitochondrial DNA?
线粒体DNA是细胞质中环状的少量DNA，只通过母亲遗传给后代。它编码呼吸链的部分蛋白，突变与多种代谢病相关。因其母系传递，常用于追踪人类迁徙祖先。
Mitochondrial DNA is a small circular DNA in the cytoplasm, inherited only from the mother. It encodes some respiratory-chain proteins, and its mutations relate to metabolic diseases. Because it passes maternally, it is used to trace human ancestral migration.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Lewin's Genes XII,Jones & Bartlett Learning,2018
Lewin's Genes XII, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2018
#线粒体DNA #母系遗传 #代谢
什么是基因编辑？
What is gene editing?
基因编辑是用工具（如CRISPR）在基因组特定位置精确修改DNA序列的技术。它能敲除、修正或插入基因，在医学和农业潜力巨大。它也带来伦理和安全上的争议。
Gene editing uses tools like CRISPR to precisely alter DNA at specific genome locations. It can delete, correct, or insert genes, with huge potential in medicine and agriculture. It also raises ethical and safety debates.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Lewin's Genes XII,Jones & Bartlett Learning,2018
Lewin's Genes XII, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2018
#基因编辑 #CRISPR #DNA
RNA聚合酶如何知道从哪里开始转录？
How does RNA polymerase know where to start transcribing?
启动子是位于基因上游的DNA序列，转录因子先结合启动子并招募RNA聚合酶，使其准确定位并开始合成RNA。
A promoter is a DNA sequence upstream of a gene; transcription factors bind it and recruit RNA polymerase, positioning it precisely to start making RNA.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#启动子 #RNA聚合酶 #转录因子
克隆技术的原理是什么？
What is the principle behind cloning?
克隆是用一个体细胞的细胞核替换卵细胞的核，再刺激其发育成胚胎。由于核内DNA来自供体，后代基因与供体几乎相同。著名的多莉羊就是用这种方法诞生的。
Cloning replaces an egg cell's nucleus with that from a body cell, then stimulates it to develop into an embryo. Because the nuclear DNA comes from the donor, the offspring is nearly genetically identical. The famous sheep Dolly was made this way.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Lewin's Genes XII,Jones & Bartlett Learning,2018
Lewin's Genes XII, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2018
#克隆 #细胞核移植 #DNA
mRNA、tRNA和rRNA在翻译中各扮演什么角色？
What roles do mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA play in translation?
mRNA携带编码信息，tRNA按反密码子运送对应氨基酸，rRNA与蛋白组成核糖体的催化与结构核心，三者协作完成蛋白质合成。
mRNA carries the code, tRNA delivers the matching amino acid by its anticodon, and rRNA forms the ribosome's catalytic and structural core—together they build proteins.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#mRNA #tRNA #rRNA
什么是基因表达？
What is gene expression?
基因表达是基因中的信息被读取并合成蛋白质的过程，即细胞“使用”基因指令。同一套基因组在不同细胞中表达不同，才分化为肌肉、神经等。调控表达是发育和健康的关键。
Gene expression is the process of reading a gene's information to make proteins—the cell 'using' its instructions. The same genome is expressed differently in various cells, giving rise to muscle, nerve, and more. Controlling expression is key to development and health.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Lewin's Genes XII,Jones & Bartlett Learning,2018
Lewin's Genes XII, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2018
#基因表达 #蛋白质 #分化
减数分裂和有丝分裂有什么不同？
How do meiosis and mitosis differ?
有丝分裂产生两个遗传相同的体细胞，用于生长和修复。减数分裂只发生在生殖细胞，经两次分裂产生四个染色体减半的配子，以保证受精后染色体数目稳定。前者保复制，后者保多样。
Mitosis makes two genetically identical body cells for growth and repair. Meiosis occurs only in germ cells, yielding four chromosome-halved gametes through two divisions, keeping chromosome number stable after fertilization. One preserves copies, the other creates diversity.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Lewin's Genes XII,Jones & Bartlett Learning,2018
Lewin's Genes XII, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2018
#减数分裂 #有丝分裂 #染色体
tRNA 反密码子的摆动配对如何提高翻译效率？
How does wobble pairing at the tRNA anticodon improve translation efficiency?
反密码子第一位碱基可与密码子第三位形成非标准配对（摆动），使一种 tRNA 识别多个同义密码子，减少了所需 tRNA 的种类并加快翻译。
The first anticodon base can form non-standard pairs (wobble) with the third codon position, letting one tRNA read several synonymous codons, reducing the number of tRNAs needed and speeding translation.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
《生物化学》教材
Lehninger Biochemistry
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-1-319-45541-5 (8th ed., Macmillan Learning)
#tRNA #摆动 #密码子
核糖体 RNA 在翻译中除了结构作用外还有什么功能？
Besides structural roles, what function does ribosomal RNA serve in translation?
rRNA 具有催化活性，是核酶，其肽酰转移酶中心直接催化肽键形成；它还能通过碱基配对正确摆放 tRNA 并参与翻译的校对。
rRNA is catalytic—it is a ribozyme whose peptidyl transferase center directly forms peptide bonds, and it helps position tRNAs by base pairing and participates in translational proofreading.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
《分子生物学》教材
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Alberts)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787030261946（豆瓣书目条目: 分子生物学）
#rRNA #核酶 #翻译
性别是如何由染色体决定的？
How is sex determined by chromosomes?
人类性染色体为X和Y，女性通常为XX，男性为XY。精子携带X或Y，与卵子结合时决定后代性别。若得Y则发育为男性，否则为女性。
Human sex chromosomes are X and Y; females are usually XX and males XY. Sperm carrying X or Y, when combined with the egg, determines the offspring's sex. A Y leads to male development, otherwise female.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Lewin's Genes XII,Jones & Bartlett Learning,2018
Lewin's Genes XII, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2018
#性染色体 #性别 #XY
DNA和RNA有什么区别？
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA是双链、稳定的遗传物质，长期储存遗传信息。RNA多为单链，负责把信息带到核糖体并参与蛋白质合成。DNA像存档，RNA像传递和执行的副本。
DNA is double-stranded and stable, the long-term storage of genetic information. RNA is mostly single-stranded and carries information to ribosomes to help make proteins. DNA is the archive; RNA is the working copy.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Lewin's Genes XII,Jones & Bartlett Learning,2018
Lewin's Genes XII, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2018
#DNA #RNA #蛋白质合成
什么是基因突变？
What is a gene mutation?
基因突变是DNA序列发生的永久性改变，可由复制错误、辐射或化学物质引起。多数突变无害，少数会影响蛋白质功能并导致疾病或新性状。突变也是进化的原材料。
A gene mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence, caused by replication errors, radiation, or chemicals. Most are harmless; a few alter protein function and cause disease or new traits. Mutations are also the raw material of evolution.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Lewin's Genes XII,Jones & Bartlett Learning,2018
Lewin's Genes XII, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2018
#突变 #DNA #进化
转录因子在基因表达中起什么作用？
What role do transcription factors play in gene expression?
转录因子是调控蛋白，结合DNA增强或抑制转录，决定基因在何时、何地被开启，是细胞分化与应答环境的核心开关。
Transcription factors are regulatory proteins that bind DNA to boost or block transcription, deciding when and where a gene turns on—central switches for differentiation and response.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#转录因子 #基因调控 #表达
核糖体如何读取遗传密码合成蛋白质？
How does the ribosome read the genetic code to make proteins?
核糖体沿mRNA移动，每次用携带氨基酸的tRNA按密码子配对，将氨基酸连成肽链，直到遇到终止密码子，蛋白质合成结束。
The ribosome moves along mRNA, using tRNAs carrying amino acids to match each codon and link them into a peptide chain until it hits a stop codon.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#核糖体 #密码子 #tRNA
染色体是什么？
What are chromosomes?
染色体是细胞核内由DNA和蛋白质紧密缠绕形成的棒状结构。人类体细胞有46条，即23对，其中一半来自父亲、一半来自母亲。它们确保遗传信息在分裂时准确分配。
Chromosomes are rod-like structures in the nucleus made of tightly coiled DNA and protein. Human body cells have 46, or 23 pairs, half from each parent. They ensure genetic information is accurately divided during cell division.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Lewin's Genes XII,Jones & Bartlett Learning,2018
Lewin's Genes XII, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2018
#染色体 #DNA #遗传
为什么子女像父母？
Why do children resemble their parents?
子女从父母各继承一半染色体，从而获得了双亲的基因组合。这些基因决定外貌、血型等大量特征。基因随机组合让每个孩子都独一无二。
Children inherit half their chromosomes from each parent, gaining a mix of both parents' genes. These genes determine many traits like appearance and blood type. Random combination makes each child unique.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Lewin's Genes XII,Jones & Bartlett Learning,2018
Lewin's Genes XII, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2018
#遗传 #染色体 #特征