免疫系统是怎样保护我们的？
How does the immune system protect us?
免疫系统由白细胞、抗体等组成，能识别并消灭入侵的细菌、病毒，并形成记忆以更快应对再次入侵。
The immune system uses white blood cells and antibodies to identify and destroy invading bacteria and viruses, and remembers them for faster responses.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#免疫 #抗体 #白细胞
为什么肝脏被称为“人体的化工厂”？
Why is the liver called the body's chemical factory?
称它为化工厂，是因为肝细胞同时开着合成与分解两条线：餐后把葡萄糖聚成糖原，空腹时再放回血糖；氨基酸脱下的氨在这里转成尿素；脂溶性毒物经氧化并结合上极性基团，才能随尿或胆汁排走。与化工厂的共同点在于原料和产品都靠血流这条管道进出，细胞只是反应车间。分工要分清：尿素在肝合成却由肾排出，肌糖原储量更大却不能直接补血糖。
It is called a chemical factory because a liver cell runs synthesis and breakdown side by side: after a meal it links glucose into glycogen, and between meals it returns that glucose to the blood; ammonia stripped from amino acids is converted into urea here; fat-soluble toxins are oxidized and then coupled to polar groups so they can leave with urine or bile. The likeness to a factory is that raw materials and products both move through the blood while the cell is only the reaction vessel. Note the division of labour: urea is made in the liver but excreted by the kidney, and muscle stores more glycogen yet cannot directly restore blood sugar.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#肝脏 #代谢 #解毒
肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统如何调节血压和体液平衡？
How does the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system regulate blood pressure and fluid balance?
当血容量或血压降低，肾脏释放肾素，启动血管紧张素Ⅱ生成，使血管收缩并刺激醛固酮分泌，促进钠和水重吸收，从而升高血容量与血压。这套激素级联是机体维持循环稳态的核心回路之一。
When blood volume or pressure drops, the kidneys release renin, initiating angiotensin II formation, which constricts vessels and stimulates aldosterone secretion to boost sodium and water reabsorption, raising blood volume and pressure. This hormonal cascade is central to circulatory homeostasis.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Boron 与 Boulpaep，《医学生理学》（第3版，Elsevier，2017）
Boron & Boulpaep, Medical Physiology (3rd ed., Elsevier, 2017)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3 (3rd ed., Elsevier)
#肾素 #血管紧张素 #血压调节 #醛固酮
什么是激素？它如何调节身体？
What are hormones, and how do they regulate the body?
激素是由内分泌腺分泌的化学信使，经血液传遍全身，调节生长、情绪、代谢等，如胰岛素控制血糖。
Hormones are chemical messengers from glands that travel in blood to regulate growth, mood, and metabolism, such as insulin controlling blood sugar.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#激素 #内分泌 #调节
什么是微生物组，它如何影响健康？
What is the microbiome, and how does it affect health?
微生物组是体表和体内（尤其肠道）的庞大微生物群落，参与消化、免疫和情绪调节，失衡与多种疾病相关。
The microbiome is the vast community of microbes on and in us, especially the gut; it aids digestion, immunity, and mood, and imbalance links to disease.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#微生物组 #肠道 #免疫
血液由哪些部分组成？
What are the components of blood?
把血离心，上层约 55% 是淡黄色的血浆，主要是水，溶着营养、激素、抗体和废物；下层约 45% 是有形成分，其中红细胞占绝大多数，白细胞和血小板只薄薄一层。红细胞靠血红蛋白运氧，白细胞管免疫，血小板参与止血。两个易混点：血小板不是完整细胞，只是细胞质脱落的碎片；成熟红细胞反过来主动丢掉细胞核，好腾出地方装血红蛋白。
Spin blood in a centrifuge and the top about 55% is pale yellow plasma, mostly water with nutrients, hormones, antibodies and wastes dissolved in it; the bottom about 45% is formed elements, overwhelmingly red cells, with white cells and platelets as only a thin film. Red cells carry oxygen on hemoglobin, white cells run immunity, platelets start clotting. Two points people mix up: a platelet is not a complete cell but a shed fragment of cytoplasm, while the mature red cell goes the other way and deliberately discards its nucleus to make room for hemoglobin.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#血液 #红细胞 #血浆
为什么人会打嗝？
Why do people hiccup?
打嗝是膈肌突然痉挛、声门关闭发出的声音，常因吃太快、受凉或刺激引起，通常很快自行停止。
A hiccup is a sudden diaphragm spasm with a closed glottis, often from eating fast, cold, or irritation, and usually stops on its own.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#打嗝 #膈肌 #痉挛
胃是怎么消化食物的？
How does the stomach digest food?
胃分泌强酸和消化酶，把食物搅成半流质的食糜，再送入小肠继续吸收营养。
The stomach secretes strong acid and enzymes, churning food into a paste before passing it to the small intestine to absorb nutrients.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#胃 #消化 #胃酸
为什么运动后会心跳加快、呼吸变急？
Why does the heart beat faster and breathing quicken after exercise?
运动时肌肉需要更多氧气和能量，身体通过加快心跳和呼吸来运送更多氧气、排出更多二氧化碳。
Muscles need more oxygen and energy during exercise, so the body speeds up heart and breathing to deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#运动 #心跳 #供氧
肾脏是做什么的？
What do the kidneys do?
肾脏像过滤器，每天把血液中的废物和多余水分变成尿液排出，维持体内平衡。
The kidneys act as filters, turning waste and excess water in the blood into urine to keep the body balanced.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#肾脏 #过滤 #尿液
肺是怎样让我们得到氧气的？
How do the lungs give us oxygen?
吸气时空气进入肺部细小的肺泡，氧气穿过薄壁进入血液，同时二氧化碳被排出。
When we inhale, air reaches tiny lung alveoli where oxygen passes into the blood and carbon dioxide is expelled.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#肺 #呼吸 #肺泡
皮肤有什么作用？
What does skin do?
皮肤是身体的第一道屏障，阻挡病菌和水分流失，还能感受冷热疼痛并帮助调节体温。
Skin is the body's first barrier, blocking germs and water loss, sensing touch, and helping regulate temperature.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#皮肤 #屏障 #体温
我们为什么会打喷嚏？
Why do we sneeze?
鼻腔受到灰尘、花粉等刺激时，大脑触发快速喷气把异物排出，保护呼吸道。
When the nose is irritated by dust or pollen, the brain triggers a fast blast of air to expel the irritant and protect airways.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#喷嚏 #保护 #呼吸道
免疫系统的"先天免疫"和"适应性免疫"有什么不同？
What is the difference between the innate and adaptive immune systems?
先天免疫是出生就有的第一道防线（皮肤、吞噬细胞、补体），反应快但不针对特定病原体；适应性免疫（T、B淋巴细胞）能识别特定抗原并产生记忆，反应较慢却更精准、可提供长期防护。两者协同保护身体。
Innate immunity is the fast, non-specific first line present from birth (skin, phagocytes, complement), while adaptive immunity (T and B lymphocytes) recognizes specific antigens, responds more slowly but precisely, and forms memory for long-term protection. The two systems work together.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Janeway 等，《免疫生物学：健康与疾病中的免疫系统》（第9版，Garland Science，2016）
Janeway et al., Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease (9th ed., Garland Science, 2016)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL18294997W：Immunobiology : the im
#先天免疫 #适应性免疫 #免疫记忆 #淋巴细胞
肝脏是怎样帮身体"解毒"的？
How does the liver detoxify alcohol and other substances?
肝脏用两组酶系（如细胞色素P450）先把脂溶性毒物氧化、水解成中间物，再通过葡糖醛酸或硫酸结合反应使其变水溶性，最终经胆汁或尿液排出。长期酗酒会诱导这些酶并损伤肝细胞，导致脂肪肝甚至肝硬化。
The liver uses two phases of enzymes—such as cytochrome P450—to oxidize and hydrolyze fat-soluble toxins, then conjugates them with glucuronide or sulfate to make them water-soluble for excretion in bile or urine. Chronic alcohol abuse induces these enzymes and damages hepatocytes, leading to fatty liver and cirrhosis.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Boron 与 Boulpaep，《医学生理学》（第3版，Elsevier，2017）
Boron & Boulpaep, Medical Physiology (3rd ed., Elsevier, 2017)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3 (3rd ed., Elsevier)
#肝脏解毒 #细胞色素P450 #代谢 #酒精
我们为什么要喝水？
Why do we need to drink water?
水占身体的很大部分，帮助运输营养、调节体温并把废物排出，缺了水人就无法生存。
Water makes up much of the body; it carries nutrients, regulates temperature, and removes waste—without it we cannot survive.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#水 #运输 #体温
我们为什么需要睡觉？
Why do we need to sleep?
睡眠时大脑会整理白天的记忆、清除代谢废物（如β-淀粉样蛋白），身体则修复组织、调节激素。长期缺觉会让人注意力下降、免疫力变弱，所以睡觉是必要的"保养"而非偷懒。
During sleep the brain sorts the day's memories and clears metabolic waste such as beta-amyloid, while the body repairs tissue and balances hormones. Chronic sleep loss hurts attention and immunity, so sleep is essential maintenance, not laziness.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Walker，《我们为什么睡觉》（Scribner，2017）
Walker, Why We Sleep (Scribner, 2017)
#睡眠 #记忆巩固 #大脑清理 #健康
骨骼有什么用？
What are bones for?
骨骼像身体的支架，支撑身体、保护内脏，还能制造血液里的血细胞。
Bones are like a scaffold: they support the body, protect organs, and make blood cells.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#骨骼 #支撑 #造血
心脏是做什么的？
What does the heart do?
心脏是一台泵，不停地把血液送往全身，为细胞送去氧气和营养。
The heart is a pump that continuously sends blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#心脏 #血液循环