MHC分子在T细胞识别中扮演什么角色？
What role do MHC molecules play in T cell recognition?
MHC分子把细胞内的肽段呈递到表面：MHC I呈递内源蛋白（如病毒感染标志）给CD8细胞毒T细胞，MHC II呈递外源抗原给CD4辅助T细胞。
MHC molecules display peptide fragments on the cell surface: MHC I presents internal proteins (e.g. viral flags) to CD8 cytotoxic T cells, MHC II presents external antigens to CD4 helper T cells.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周德庆,《微生物学教程》第3版,高等教育出版社,2011
Zhou Deqing, Microbiology Tutorial, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 2011
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040314045（豆瓣书目条目: 微生物学教程）
#MHC #T细胞 #抗原呈递
为什么有些人会得自身免疫病？
Why do some people get autoimmune diseases?
自身免疫病是免疫系统误把自身组织当异物攻击，如类风湿或红斑狼疮。病因与遗传易感和环境触发（感染、激素等）有关。治疗多靠抑制过度免疫反应。
Autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues, as in rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. Causes involve genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers like infection or hormones. Treatment often suppresses the overactive response.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#自身免疫 #免疫错误 #炎症
先天免疫和获得性免疫有什么区别？
What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
先天免疫是与生俱来的快速防线，如皮肤、吞噬细胞和炎症反应，不针对特定病原。获得性免疫则通过接触抗原后产生特异性抗体和记忆细胞，反应较慢但更精准持久。两者互补构成完整防御。
Innate immunity is the built-in rapid defense—skin, phagocytes, inflammation—not specific to any pathogen. Adaptive immunity, after encountering an antigen, makes specific antibodies and memory cells; slower but precise and lasting. The two complement each other for full defense.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#先天免疫 #获得性免疫 #抗体
什么是“细胞因子风暴”？它为何危险？
What is a 'cytokine storm,' and why is it dangerous?
细胞因子风暴是免疫细胞释放过量促炎信号，导致全身炎症、血管渗漏和多器官损伤，常见于重症感染，本身过度的免疫反应可能比病原更致命。
A cytokine storm is an overdose of inflammatory signals from immune cells, causing systemic inflammation, vessel leakage, and organ damage—seen in severe infections, where the immune reaction itself can be deadlier than the pathogen.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周德庆,《微生物学教程》第3版,高等教育出版社,2011
Zhou Deqing, Microbiology Tutorial, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 2011
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040314045（豆瓣书目条目: 微生物学教程）
#细胞因子风暴 #炎症 #重症
巨噬细胞做什么？
What do macrophages do?
巨噬细胞是大型吞噬细胞，能吞食细菌、死细胞和碎片。它们还释放信号召集其他免疫细胞，是先天免疫的重要清道夫。在伤口愈合中也清理战场。
Macrophages are large phagocytes that engulf bacteria, dead cells, and debris. They also release signals that recruit other immune cells, serving as key scavengers of innate immunity. They also clear the field during wound healing.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#巨噬细胞 #吞噬 #先天免疫
白细胞如何保护身体？
How do white blood cells protect the body?
白细胞是免疫系统的主力，能识别并吞噬病原体或释放抗体。不同类型各司其职，如中性粒细胞杀菌、淋巴细胞记忆抗原。它们随血液巡游全身搜寻威胁。
White blood cells are the immune system's main force; they recognize and engulf pathogens or release antibodies. Different types have roles—neutrophils kill bacteria, lymphocytes remember antigens. They patrol the body in the bloodstream hunting threats.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#白细胞 #免疫 #病原体
为什么感冒大多能自愈？
Why do most colds heal on their own?
普通感冒多由病毒引起，目前无特效药，但免疫系统通常几天内清除病毒。休息、补水可支持身体恢复。症状缓解即代表免疫已取得胜利。
The common cold is usually viral; there is no specific cure, but the immune system typically clears the virus within days. Rest and fluids support recovery. Relief of symptoms means the immune system has won.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#感冒 #病毒 #自愈
过敏是怎么回事？
What is an allergy?
过敏是免疫系统把无害物质（如花粉）误判为威胁，产生过度反应。它会释放组胺等介质，引起打喷嚏、皮疹或哮喘。过敏体质常与遗传有关。
An allergy is when the immune system mistakes a harmless substance like pollen for a threat and overreacts. It releases histamine and other mediators, causing sneezing, rash, or asthma. Allergic tendency often runs in families.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#过敏 #组胺 #免疫反应
抗体是怎样识别并结合抗原的？
How do antibodies recognize and bind antigens?
抗体由B细胞产生，其Y形末端有高度可变区，能像钥匙配锁一样特异性结合某一种抗原，从而标记病原便于清除。
Antibodies made by B cells have variable Y-shaped tips that specifically bind one antigen like a key in a lock, tagging pathogens for removal.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周德庆,《微生物学教程》第3版,高等教育出版社,2011
Zhou Deqing, Microbiology Tutorial, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 2011
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040314045（豆瓣书目条目: 微生物学教程）
#抗体 #抗原 #B细胞
疫苗为什么能预防疾病？
Why do vaccines prevent disease?
疫苗用减毒或灭活的病原成分训练免疫系统，使其提前产生记忆细胞。当真正病原入侵时，身体能快速识别并清除。这是一种安全获得免疫力的方式。
Vaccines use weakened or inactivated pathogen parts to train the immune system, building memory cells in advance. When the real pathogen invades, the body recognizes and clears it fast. It is a safe way to gain immunity.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#疫苗 #免疫记忆 #预防
什么是抗体？
What is an antibody?
抗体是B淋巴细胞产生的蛋白质，能特异性识别并结合外来抗原。它像“标签”标记病原体，方便其他免疫细胞清除。抗体是体液免疫的核心武器。
Antibodies are proteins made by B lymphocytes that specifically recognize and bind foreign antigens. Like tags, they mark pathogens so other immune cells can clear them. Antibodies are central to humoral immunity.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#抗体 #抗原 #B细胞
先天免疫和适应性免疫有什么区别？
What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
先天免疫是出生就有的快速防线（如皮肤、巨噬细胞、补体）；适应性免疫是后天获得的、能记住病原并精准打击的B/T细胞反应，较慢但更特异。
Innate immunity is the fast, built-in defense (skin, macrophages, complement); adaptive immunity is acquired, slower but specific, using B/T cells that remember pathogens.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周德庆,《微生物学教程》第3版,高等教育出版社,2011
Zhou Deqing, Microbiology Tutorial, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 2011
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040314045（豆瓣书目条目: 微生物学教程）
#先天免疫 #适应性免疫 #免疫
疫苗是怎样让身体“记住”病原的？
How do vaccines make the body 'remember' a pathogen?
疫苗引入无害的病原片段或减毒病原，刺激免疫系统产生抗体和记忆细胞；日后真病原入侵时，记忆细胞能快速发动更强反应。
Vaccines introduce harmless pathogen pieces or weakened pathogens, prompting antibodies and memory cells; later, real infection triggers a faster, stronger response from those memory cells.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周德庆,《微生物学教程》第3版,高等教育出版社,2011
Zhou Deqing, Microbiology Tutorial, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 2011
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040314045（豆瓣书目条目: 微生物学教程）
#疫苗 #记忆细胞 #免疫记忆