主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）在免疫识别中做什么？
What does the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) do in immune recognition?
MHC 分子在细胞表面展示由抗原加工而来的肽段，供 T 细胞识别，相当于「身份展示窗」。MHC I 类向细胞毒性 T 细胞呈递内源抗原，MHC II 类向辅助 T 细胞呈递外源抗原，是启动适应性免疫的关键。
MHC molecules display peptide fragments from antigen processing on the cell surface for T cells to recognize, acting like identity windows. MHC class I presents endogenous antigens to cytotoxic T cells, and MHC class II presents exogenous antigens to helper T cells, key to launching adaptive immunity.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周德庆,《微生物学教程》第3版,高等教育出版社,2011
Zhou Deqing, Microbiology Tutorial, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 2011
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040314045（豆瓣书目条目: 微生物学教程）
#MHC #抗原呈递 #T细胞 #组织相容性
细胞因子风暴为何在重症感染中危险？
Why is a cytokine storm dangerous in severe infection?
过度活跃的免疫细胞释放大量促炎细胞因子，引发全身炎症、血管渗漏和多器官衰竭，常见于重症流感和某些冠状病毒感染，是致死的重要原因。
Hyperactivated immune cells release massive pro-inflammatory cytokines, causing systemic inflammation, vascular leakage and multi-organ failure, seen in severe flu and some coronavirus infections and a major cause of death.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周德庆,《微生物学教程》第3版,高等教育出版社,2011
Zhou Deqing, Microbiology Tutorial, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 2011
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040314045（豆瓣书目条目: 微生物学教程）
#细胞因子风暴 #炎症 #重症
细胞免疫和体液免疫有什么区别？
What is the difference between cellular and humoral immunity?
体液免疫由 B 细胞分泌抗体在体液中清除胞外病原体；细胞免疫由 T 细胞（尤其细胞毒性 T 细胞）直接识别并杀伤被感染的自身细胞或癌细胞。两者相互配合，分别应对「外面」和「里面」的威胁。
Humoral immunity relies on B cells secreting antibodies in body fluids to clear extracellular pathogens, while cellular immunity uses T cells, especially cytotoxic T cells, to directly recognize and kill infected or cancerous self-cells. The two arms cooperate against threats outside and inside cells.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周德庆,《微生物学教程》第3版,高等教育出版社,2011
Zhou Deqing, Microbiology Tutorial, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 2011
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040314045（豆瓣书目条目: 微生物学教程）
#细胞免疫 #体液免疫 #T细胞 #B细胞
MHC I 类和 II 类分子呈递抗原的对象有何不同？
To whom do MHC class I and class II molecules present antigens?
MHC I 类把胞内合成或感染产生的肽呈递给 CD8+ 细胞毒性 T 细胞，II 类把吞噬加工的外源肽呈递给 CD4+ 辅助 T 细胞，二者来源与监视路径不同。
MHC class I presents intracellular or infected-cell peptides to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, while class II presents engulfed exogenous peptides to CD4+ helper T cells, differing in antigen source and surveillance pathway.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周德庆,《微生物学教程》第3版,高等教育出版社,2011
Zhou Deqing, Microbiology Tutorial, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 2011
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040314045（豆瓣书目条目: 微生物学教程）
#MHC #抗原呈递 #T细胞
抗体类别转换如何改变抗体的效应功能？
How does antibody class switching change effector function?
在细胞因子引导下 B 细胞重组恒定区基因，从 IgM 转为 IgG、IgA 或 IgE，保持相同抗原特异性却获得不同组织分布与效应功能如中和、调理或介导过敏。
Guided by cytokines, B cells recombine constant-region genes to switch from IgM to IgG, IgA or IgE, keeping the same antigen specificity but gaining distinct tissue distribution and effector functions like neutralization, opsonization or allergy mediation.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周德庆,《微生物学教程》第3版,高等教育出版社,2011
Zhou Deqing, Microbiology Tutorial, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 2011
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040314045（豆瓣书目条目: 微生物学教程）
#类别转换 #抗体 #B细胞
细胞因子在免疫反应中扮演什么角色？
What role do cytokines play in immune responses?
细胞因子是免疫细胞分泌的小分子信号蛋白，像「传令兵」一样协调炎症反应、细胞增殖与分化。干扰素、白细胞介素和 TNF 等既能动员防御，也可能在失控时造成组织损伤（如细胞因子风暴）。
Cytokines are small signaling proteins secreted by immune cells that act like messengers coordinating inflammation, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Interferons, interleukins, and TNF can mobilize defense but, when uncontrolled, cause tissue damage such as cytokine storms.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周德庆,《微生物学教程》第3版,高等教育出版社,2011
Zhou Deqing, Microbiology Tutorial, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 2011
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040314045（豆瓣书目条目: 微生物学教程）
#细胞因子 #炎症 #干扰素 #白细胞介素
自身免疫病是怎么回事？
What is an autoimmune disease?
当中枢或外周耐受失效，免疫系统把自身组织误判为敌人而持续攻击，便引发类风湿、1 型糖尿病等自身免疫病。Rose 在 1994 年系统总结了耐受崩溃的机制与实验模型。
When central or peripheral tolerance fails, the immune system misreads self tissue as enemy and attacks it persistently, causing rheumatoid arthritis, type-1 diabetes and others. Rose surveyed the tolerance-breakdown mechanisms and models in 1994.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Janeway《免疫生物学》；Rose 1994 年综述
Janeway, Immunobiology; Rose (1994 review)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787030180308（豆瓣书目条目: 免疫生物学）；本条出处含多部著作，此标识只担保上面点名的这
#自身免疫 #耐受失效 #慢性炎症
疫苗是怎样让人获得免疫力的？
How does a vaccine give a person immunity?
疫苗用减毒、灭活或重组的病原体成分模拟一次安全感染，训练免疫系统产生特异性抗体和记忆细胞。日后遇到真正的病原体，记忆细胞能迅速反应，在发病前将其清除。
A vaccine uses weakened, inactivated, or recombinant pathogen components to mimic a safe infection, training the immune system to make specific antibodies and memory cells. If the real pathogen appears later, memory cells respond fast and clear it before illness starts.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#疫苗 #抗体 #记忆细胞 #免疫
过敏反应是怎么回事？
What happens during an allergic reaction?
过敏是免疫系统把无害物质（如花粉、食物蛋白）误判为威胁，产生 IgE 抗体并使肥大细胞释放组胺等介质。结果出现瘙痒、红肿、流涕甚至哮喘，严重时可发生过敏性休克。
An allergy is the immune system misreading a harmless substance (pollen, food protein) as a threat, making IgE antibodies and triggering mast cells to release histamine and other mediators. This causes itching, swelling, runny nose, or asthma, and can escalate to anaphylaxis.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周德庆,《微生物学教程》第3版,高等教育出版社,2011
Zhou Deqing, Microbiology Tutorial, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 2011
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040314045（豆瓣书目条目: 微生物学教程）
#过敏 #IgE #组胺
抗体如何帮助身体对抗病原体？
How do antibodies help the body fight pathogens?
抗体是 B 细胞产生的 Y 形蛋白质，能特异性结合病原体表面的抗原，像标签一样标记敌人。它们可中和毒素、阻止病原体入侵细胞，并招募补体和吞噬细胞将其清除。
Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins made by B cells that specifically bind antigens on a pathogen's surface, tagging the enemy. They can neutralize toxins, block invasion of cells, and recruit complement and phagocytes to clear the threat.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周德庆,《微生物学教程》第3版,高等教育出版社,2011
Zhou Deqing, Microbiology Tutorial, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 2011
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040314045（豆瓣书目条目: 微生物学教程）
#抗体 #抗原 #B细胞 #补体
什么是自身免疫病？
What is an autoimmune disease?
自身免疫病是免疫系统错误地把自身正常组织当作外来物攻击导致的慢性病，如类风湿性关节炎、1 型糖尿病和红斑狼疮。其根源常为免疫耐受失效或遗传与环境共同触发。
Autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own normal tissues, causing chronic conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and lupus. It usually stems from failed immune tolerance triggered by a mix of genetic and environmental factors.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周德庆,《微生物学教程》第3版,高等教育出版社,2011
Zhou Deqing, Microbiology Tutorial, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 2011
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040314045（豆瓣书目条目: 微生物学教程）
#自身免疫 #免疫耐受 #类风湿 #红斑狼疮
免疫系统如何区分“自己”与“非己”？
How does the immune system tell 'self' from 'non-self'?
在胸腺与骨髓中，能强烈攻击自身抗原的淋巴细胞被阴性选择清除或转为调节性细胞，留存下来的只对非己抗原响应；此为 Burnet 克隆选择学说（1957）的核心。Janeway 的《免疫生物学》系统讲述了中枢耐受。
In thymus and bone marrow, lymphocytes that strongly attack self antigens are deleted or diverted to regulatory cells by negative selection, leaving ones that respond only to non-self—central to Burnet's clonal selection theory (1957). Janeway's 'Immunobiology' covers central tolerance.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Janeway《免疫生物学》；Burnet 克隆选择 1957
Janeway, Immunobiology; Burnet, clonal selection (1957)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787030180308（豆瓣书目条目: 免疫生物学）；本条出处含多部著作，此标识只担保上面点名的这
#自身耐受 #克隆选择 #阴性选择
白细胞有哪些主要类型，各自做什么？
What are the main types of white blood cells and what do they do?
白细胞包括中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞等吞噬细胞，负责吞掉病菌；淋巴细胞（B 细胞、T 细胞）负责特异性免疫；还有嗜酸、嗜碱和 NK 细胞各司其职。它们随血液和淋巴循环巡逻，是免疫防线的主力。
White blood cells include phagocytes like neutrophils and macrophages that engulf germs, lymphocytes (B and T cells) for specific immunity, plus eosinophils, basophils, and NK cells with distinct roles. Patrolling blood and lymph, they form the main force of immune defense.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周德庆,《微生物学教程》第3版,高等教育出版社,2011
Zhou Deqing, Microbiology Tutorial, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 2011
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040314045（豆瓣书目条目: 微生物学教程）
#白细胞 #淋巴细胞 #吞噬细胞 #中性粒细胞
先天免疫与适应性免疫有何不同？
What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
先天免疫是出生即有的快速第一道防线（皮肤、吞噬细胞、补体），无专一记忆；适应性免疫由 T、B 细胞提供特异识别与长期记忆，反应较慢但精准。Medzhitov 与 Janeway 在 2000 年《科学》中阐明模式识别受体是两者的桥梁。
Innate immunity is the fast, born-first defense (skin, phagocytes, complement) without specific memory; adaptive immunity from T and B cells gives precise, remembered recognition, slower but targeted. Medzhitov and Janeway showed in Science (2000) that pattern-recognition receptors bridge the two.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Janeway《免疫生物学》；Medzhitov 与 Janeway 2000 年《科学》
Janeway, Immunobiology; Medzhitov & Janeway (2000, Science)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787030180308（豆瓣书目条目: 免疫生物学）；本条出处含多部著作，此标识只担保上面点名的这
#先天免疫 #适应性免疫 #模式识别
克隆选择学说如何解释抗体多样性的产生？
How does clonal selection explain the generation of antibody diversity?
体内预先存在识别不同抗原的淋巴细胞克隆，抗原只激活与之匹配的克隆并大量增殖分化，从而从海量预存库中筛选出特异性应答。
The body pre-exists lymphocyte clones each recognizing a distinct antigen; an antigen only activates matching clones that proliferate and differentiate, selecting a specific response from a vast pre-existing repertoire.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#克隆选择 #抗体 #淋巴细胞
疫苗是通过什么原理让人体获得保护的？
By what principle do vaccines protect the human body?
疫苗用减毒、灭活或重组的病原体成分模拟感染，刺激免疫系统产生特异性抗体和记忆细胞，却不引发重症。日后遇到真病原体时，免疫记忆能迅速反击，这正是群体免疫的基础。
Vaccines use attenuated, inactivated, or recombinant pathogen parts to mimic infection, prompting the immune system to make specific antibodies and memory cells without causing serious disease. Upon real exposure, immune memory responds swiftly—the basis of herd immunity.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周德庆,《微生物学教程》第3版,高等教育出版社,2011
Zhou Deqing, Microbiology Tutorial, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 2011
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040314045（豆瓣书目条目: 微生物学教程）
#疫苗 #免疫记忆 #群体免疫
自身免疫病和过敏反应的免疫学本质有何不同？
How do autoimmune disease and allergy differ immunologically?
自身免疫是免疫系统错误攻击自身抗原，过敏是免疫系统对无害抗原（如花粉）产生过量的 IgE 介导的过度应答，二者都是免疫失衡但靶标不同。
Autoimmunity is the immune system mistakenly attacking self-antigens, whereas allergy is an excessive IgE-mediated response to harmless antigens like pollen; both are immune imbalances but with different targets.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#自身免疫 #过敏 #免疫失衡
免疫系统是做什么的？
What does the immune system do?
免疫系统是身体的防御网络，由白细胞、淋巴结、脾脏等组成，负责识别并清除细菌、病毒和异常细胞。它像一支警卫队，既抵挡外来入侵，也清理体内的「叛徒」，保护我们少生病。
The immune system is the body's defense network of white blood cells, lymph nodes, spleen, and more, tasked with recognizing and clearing bacteria, viruses, and abnormal cells. Like a guard force, it repels outside invaders and removes internal traitors, helping keep us healthy.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#免疫系统 #白细胞 #防御 #病原体
为什么要常常洗手？
Why should we wash our hands often?
我们的手会沾上看不见的小病菌，用手揉眼睛、拿东西吃时，病菌就会溜进身体让人生病。用肥皂和清水把手洗干净，就能把这些坏家伙冲走，保护自己和别人不生病。
Our hands pick up tiny germs we cannot see, and when we rub our eyes or eat with our hands, the germs sneak into the body and make us sick. Washing with soap and clean water rinses those troublemakers away, protecting you and others from getting ill.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#洗手 #病菌 #肥皂 #健康