杜鹃自己不筑巢，把蛋产进苇莺等小鸟的巢里——杜鹃卵凭什么骗过宿主的眼睛？宿主又会怎样反击？
Cuckoos build no nest but lay their eggs into the nests of reed warblers and other small birds — how does a cuckoo egg fool the host's eyes, and how do hosts fight back?
每只雌杜鹃所属的母系专一寄生一种宿主，其卵的底色与斑点高度模拟该宿主的卵，让宿主难辨真假。宿主则演化出个体内极其一致的“签名式”卵色，据此识别异卵并把它扔出巢外；放进模拟较差的人工卵时极易遭拒。欺骗与识别轮番升级，是协同进化军备竞赛的经典例证。
Each female cuckoo belongs to a maternal lineage specialized on one host species, and her eggs match that host's shell colour and spotting so closely that hosts struggle to tell them apart. Hosts counter with egg 'signatures' — strikingly uniform within a female yet distinct between females — and eject any foreign egg that departs from their own; poorly mimicking artificial eggs are rejected readily. Deception and detection escalate turn by turn, a classic coevolutionary arms race.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Davies 与 Brooke：《杜鹃对苇莺：适应与反适应》，Animal Behaviour，1988
Davies & Brooke, 'Cuckoos versus reed warblers: adaptations and counteradaptations', Animal Behaviour, 1988
#拟态 #巢寄生 #协同进化
副王蛱蝶模仿君主斑蝶一定属于贝氏拟态吗？这一经典案例后来如何被重新归类？
Is the viceroy butterfly's imitation of the monarch necessarily Batesian mimicry, and how was this classic case later reclassified?
传统观点认为可食的副王蛱蝶模仿有毒的君主斑蝶，属于贝氏拟态。但捕食实验表明副王蛱蝶同样从柳树寄主富集水杨苷类酚糖苷等防御物质，鸟类吞食后一样拒食：两者其实共享同一套警戒色，共同摊薄捕食者的学习成本，应归入缪勒拟态。这说明判定拟态类型必须定量检验双方的可食性与捕食者行为，不能仅凭外形相似下结论。
The viceroy was long treated as a palatable Batesian mimic of the toxic monarch. Feeding trials showed, however, that viceroys likewise sequester defensive phenolic glycosides such as salicin from their willow hosts and are rejected by birds, so the two species share one warning signal and split the predators' learning cost between them — proper Müllerian mimicry. Classifying mimicry therefore demands quantitative tests of each partner's palatability and predator behavior, not resemblance alone.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Ritland 与 Brower，《Nature》1991年副王蛱蝶可食性捕食实验（DOI: 10.1038/350497a0）
Ritland & Brower, the viceroy butterfly is not a Batesian mimic, Nature 350:497-498 (1991), DOI: 10.1038/350497a0
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1038/350497a0：The viceroy butterfly is no
#缪勒拟态 #警戒色 #贝氏拟态
清洁鱼与被清洁鱼之间的拟态欺骗说明了什么？
What does mimicry cheating among cleaner fish illustrate?
一些鱼伪装成清洁鱼去啃食客户鱼的黏液而非寄生虫，揭示了互利关系中的背叛与演化军备竞赛。
Some fish fake cleaner looks to eat client mucus instead of parasites, revealing betrayal and evolutionary arms races within mutualism.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#清洁鱼 #拟态欺骗
植物也会拟态吗？
Do plants also mimic?
有的兰花模拟雌蜂的外形与气味诱使雄蜂授粉，或模拟宿主植物骗过寄生藤的识别，是拟态在植物界的体现。
Some orchids mimic female bees to lure pollination, or mimic host plants to fool parasitic vines, mimicry in the plant kingdom.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#植物拟态 #兰花
什么是进攻性拟态？
What is aggressive mimicry?
捕食者或寄生者伪装成无害或被模仿的对象，诱骗猎物靠近，例如鮟鱇用发光的钓饵诱鱼。
Predators or parasites fake a harmless identity to lure prey, like the anglerfish's glowing lure.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#进攻性拟态 #诱骗