多巴胺与奖赏有什么关系？
How is dopamine related to reward?
多巴胺是一种与愉悦和动机相关的神经递质。当获得食物、成就等奖励时，大脑释放多巴胺，强化再次行为的欲望。过度激活这条通路也与成瘾有关。
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter tied to pleasure and motivation. When we get rewards like food or achievement, the brain releases dopamine, reinforcing the urge to repeat the behavior. Over-activating this pathway is also linked to addiction.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#多巴胺 #奖赏 #成瘾
什么是"长时程增强"（LTP），它和记忆有什么关系？
What is long-term potentiation (LTP), and how is it linked to memory?
长时程增强指特定突触在高频刺激后，其信号传递强度能持续数小时至数天地增强。它依赖NMDA受体介导的钙离子内流和AMPA受体上调，被广泛认为是学习与记忆在细胞层面的关键机制。
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a lasting strengthening of synaptic transmission after high-frequency stimulation, persisting for hours to days. It depends on NMDA-receptor-mediated calcium influx and AMPA-receptor upregulation and is widely regarded as a cellular basis of learning and memory.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Bliss 与 Lømo，《突触传递的长时程增强》，《生理学杂志》1973年
Bliss & Lømo, "Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission ...," Journal of Physiology (1973)
#长时程增强 #突触可塑性 #记忆 #NMDA受体
记忆是如何形成的？
How are memories formed?
记忆形成依赖海马体把短期印象转为长期存储，并分散到大脑皮层。关键在于神经元之间突触连接的强化，即“长时程增强”。反复回想和睡眠能巩固这些连接。
Memory formation relies on the hippocampus converting short-term impressions into long-term storage distributed across the cortex. The key is strengthening synapses between neurons, called long-term potentiation. Rehearsal and sleep consolidate these connections.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#记忆 #海马体 #突触
什么是癫痫？
What is epilepsy?
癫痫是大脑神经元异常、过度同步放电引起的慢性疾患，表现为反复发作的抽搐或意识改变。病因可为遗传、脑损伤或感染等多种因素。抗癫痫药物可控制多数患者的发作。
Epilepsy is a chronic disorder of abnormally excessive, synchronized neuronal firing, causing recurrent seizures with convulsions or altered consciousness. Causes include genetics, brain injury, and infection. Anti-epileptic drugs control seizures in most patients.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#癫痫 #神经元异常 #抽搐
神经递质是什么？
What are neurotransmitters?
神经递质是神经元之间传递信号的化学分子，如多巴胺、血清素和谷氨酸。它们在突触释放后作用于受体，影响情绪、运动和认知。药物常通过调节递质来治疗疾病。
Neurotransmitters are chemical molecules that carry signals between neurons, such as dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate. Released at synapses, they act on receptors and influence mood, movement, and cognition. Many drugs treat disease by tuning these messengers.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#神经递质 #突触 #多巴胺
为什么长时间用脑会疲劳？
Why does the brain feel tired after long use?
高强度用脑时神经元持续放电耗能，并积累代谢副产物。注意力等资源被大量消耗，导致反应变慢和注意力下降。休息和睡眠能帮助恢复。
During intense mental work, neurons keep firing and burn energy while metabolic byproducts build up. Attentional resources are heavily consumed, slowing reactions and lowering focus. Rest and sleep help recovery.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#脑疲劳 #代谢 #休息
神经元如何传递信号？
How do neurons transmit signals?
神经元受到刺激时会产生电信号沿轴突传导，到达末端释放化学递质。递质跨越突触作用于下一个神经元，从而把信息接力传下去。这种电-化学方式是神经通讯的基础。
When stimulated, a neuron generates an electrical signal that travels along its axon and triggers release of chemical messengers at the end. The messengers cross the synapse to act on the next neuron, relaying information. This electro-chemical scheme underlies neural communication.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#神经元 #突触 #神经信号
小脑负责什么？
What does the cerebellum do?
小脑主要协调随意运动，让动作平稳精准。它还参与平衡维持和姿势控制。小脑受损会导致步态不稳和动作笨拙。
The cerebellum mainly coordinates voluntary movement, making actions smooth and precise. It also helps maintain balance and posture. Damage to it causes unsteady gait and clumsy movement.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#小脑 #平衡 #协调
什么是神经元轴突和树突？
What are axons and dendrites of a neuron?
树突像树枝，负责接收来自其他神经元的信号。轴突是一条细长的突起，把信号从细胞体传向末端。多数轴突外包髓鞘以加快传导。
Dendrites are branch-like structures that receive signals from other neurons. The axon is a long thin projection that carries signals from the cell body to its endings. Most axons are wrapped in myelin to speed conduction.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#轴突 #树突 #神经元
睡眠对大脑有什么作用？
What does sleep do for the brain?
睡眠时大脑整理和巩固白天的记忆，并清除代谢废物。深度睡眠有助于身体修复和恢复精力。长期缺眠会损害注意力、情绪和免疫功能。
During sleep the brain sorts and consolidates the day's memories and clears metabolic waste. Deep sleep helps the body repair and restore energy. Chronic sleep loss harms attention, mood, and immunity.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#睡眠 #记忆 #修复
脑干控制哪些基本功能？
Which basic functions does the brainstem control?
脑干连接大脑与脊髓，负责呼吸、心跳、血压和吞咽等生命基本活动。它还含有调节睡眠与觉醒的网络。脑干受损可危及生命。
The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls vital activities like breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, and swallowing. It also holds networks that regulate sleep and wakefulness. Damage to it can be life-threatening.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#脑干 #生命体征 #呼吸
"血脑屏障"如何既保护大脑又仍让营养进入？
How does the blood–brain barrier protect the brain while still letting in nutrients?
脑毛细血管内皮细胞由紧密连接牢牢封住，形成"血脑屏障"，阻挡大多数细菌、毒素和大分子进入大脑。但葡萄糖、氨基酸等必需营养可通过特异性转运蛋白主动运入，做到既隔离又供给。
Brain capillaries are sealed by tight junctions that form the blood–brain barrier, blocking most bacteria, toxins, and large molecules from entering the brain. Yet essential nutrients like glucose and amino acids cross via specific transporter proteins, keeping the brain both isolated and supplied.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Abbott 等，《血脑屏障的结构与功能》，《神经生物学疾病》2010年
Abbott et al., "Structure and function of the blood–brain barrier," Neurobiology of Disease (2010)
#血脑屏障 #紧密连接 #物质转运 #神经保护
为什么我们转圈后停下会觉得天旋地转？
Why do we feel dizzy after spinning around?
内耳里有像小水车的"半规管"和耳石器官，里面装着液体和小晶体，转身时液体会晃动并把信号传给大脑。突然停下时液体还在晃，大脑收到"还在转"的错误信号，于是我们感到眩晕。
Inside the ear, the semicircular canals and otolith organs hold fluid and tiny crystals; when you spin, the fluid sloshes and signals the brain. When you stop abruptly the fluid keeps moving, sending a false "still spinning" signal, which is why the world seems to whirl.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Purves 等，《神经科学》（第6版，Sinauer，2018）
Purves et al., Neuroscience (6th ed., Sinauer, 2018)
#平衡感 #半规管 #眩晕 #内耳
痛觉有什么意义？
What is the purpose of pain?
痛觉是身体的报警系统，提示组织可能正在受损。它促使我们避开伤害源并采取保护动作。没有痛觉的人极易受到反复创伤而不自知。
Pain is the body's alarm system, signaling that tissue may be harmed. It prompts us to avoid the source and take protective action. People who cannot feel pain are prone to repeated, unnoticed injuries.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#痛觉 #保护 #报警