动作电位是如何产生和传导的？
How is an action potential generated and conducted?
当神经元受到足够刺激，电压门控钠通道开放使 Na+ 内流、膜快速去极化；随后钾通道开放使 K+ 外流复极，形成一次尖峰。动作电位沿轴突不衰减地传导，其「全或无」特性保证信号可靠传递。
When a neuron is sufficiently stimulated, voltage-gated sodium channels open and Na+ influx rapidly depolarizes the membrane; then potassium channels open and K+ efflux repolarizes it, producing a spike. The action potential travels along the axon without decay, and its all-or-none nature ensures reliable signaling.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
《神经科学》
Principles of Neural Science (Kandel)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787121465109（豆瓣书目条目: 神经科学）
#动作电位 #去极化 #钠通道 #轴突
左右脑真的分工不同吗？
Do the left and right brain really have different jobs?
左右脑确有大致侧重：左脑多管语言逻辑，右脑多管空间与面孔识别，但多数任务由两侧协同完成。
The hemispheres do lean differently—left often handles language and logic, right handles space and faces—but most tasks use both together.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#左右脑 #分工 #协同
血脑屏障有什么作用，它是如何构成的？
What does the blood-brain barrier do and how is it built?
血脑屏障由脑毛细血管内皮细胞间紧密连接及周细胞、星形胶质细胞共同构成，限制大多数大分子、病原体和药物进入脑组织。它保护神经元免受血液波动和毒素干扰，但也给中枢神经药物递送带来挑战。
The blood-brain barrier is formed by tight junctions between brain capillary endothelial cells together with pericytes and astrocyte end-feet, restricting most large molecules, pathogens, and drugs from entering brain tissue. It shields neurons from blood-borne fluctuations and toxins but challenges drug delivery to the CNS.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
《神经科学》
Principles of Neural Science (Kandel)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787121465109（豆瓣书目条目: 神经科学）
#血脑屏障 #紧密连接 #毛细血管 #中枢神经
什么是脑机接口？
What is a brain-computer interface?
脑机接口是在大脑与外部设备之间建立直接通信的技术，可读取神经信号或向脑回送刺激。它帮助瘫痪者用意念控制机械臂，也为治疗神经疾病提供新途径。该领域正快速从实验室走向临床。
A brain-computer interface builds a direct communication link between the brain and an external device, reading neural signals or sending stimulation back. It lets paralyzed people control a robotic arm by thought and offers new routes to treat neurological disease. The field is moving quickly from lab to clinic.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Nature Biotechnology（神经接口技术）
Nature Biotechnology (neural interface technology)
#脑机接口 #神经 #技术
什么是神经递质？举例说明。
What are neurotransmitters? Give examples.
神经递质是神经元之间传递信号的化学分子，如多巴胺关联奖赏与动力，血清素影响情绪与睡眠。
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers between neurons; dopamine relates to reward and motivation, serotonin affects mood and sleep.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#神经递质 #多巴胺 #血清素
为什么说中脑多巴胺神经元发放的是奖赏预测误差而非奖赏本身,它如何充当学习的教学信号?
Why do midbrain dopamine neurons fire for reward prediction error rather than reward itself, and how does that serve as a teaching signal for learning?
多巴胺放电量反映实际奖赏减去预期的差值,而非愉悦本身。Schultz在清醒猴的黑质致密部与腹侧被盖区记录:意外获得果汁时多巴胺成簇发放;反复训练后放电前移到预测线索出现的一刻,奖赏如期而至反而不再响应;预期落空时放电跌破基线。三种模式正好实现Rescorla-Wagner学习规则,多巴胺由此作为教学信号驱动突触可塑性与策略更新。
Dopamine firing scales with actual reward minus expectation, not with pleasure itself. Recording in the substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area of alert monkeys, Schultz saw bursts to unpredicted juice; after training, activity shifted to the predictive cue and vanished when reward arrived as expected, while omitted rewards drove firing below baseline. These three patterns implement the Rescorla-Wagner rule, letting dopamine act as a teaching signal that drives synaptic plasticity and policy updating.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Schultz W、Dayan P与Montague PR论文《A neural substrate of prediction and reward》,Science 1997(弗里堡大学Schultz实验室)
Schultz W, Dayan P & Montague PR, 'A neural substrate of prediction and reward', Science, 1997 (Schultz lab, University of Fribourg)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1126/science.275.5306.1593：A Neural Subst
#多巴胺 #奖赏预测误差 #强化学习
长时程增强与记忆有什么关系？
What is the link between long-term potentiation and memory?
长时程增强指反复协同的电活动使突触传递持续增强，被认为是学习与记忆的细胞基础。Bliss 与 Lømo 在 1973 年于海马首次记录到这一现象，Kandel 后续用海兔证明其可塑性机制。
Long-term potentiation is a lasting strengthening of synaptic transmission after repeated coincident activity, taken as the cellular basis of learning and memory. Bliss and Lømo first recorded it in the hippocampus in 1973; Kandel later proved the plasticity mechanism in Aplysia.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Bliss 与 Lømo 1973 年论文；Kandel《神经科学原理》
Bliss & Lømo (1973); Kandel, Principles of Neural Science
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL18370192W：Principles of neural s
#长时程增强 #突触可塑 #海马
中枢神经系统和周围神经系统有什么区别？
What is the difference between the central and peripheral nervous systems?
中枢神经系统由脑和脊髓组成，是处理和决策的中心；周围神经系统包括脑神经、脊神经及自主神经，负责把信息在身体与中枢之间来回传递。二者配合，让机体既能感知环境又能作出反应。
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord and is the center for processing and decision-making; the peripheral nervous system, cranial and spinal nerves plus the autonomic nerves, carries information between the body and the center. Together they let the body sense and respond to its environment.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
《神经科学》
Principles of Neural Science (Kandel)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787121465109（豆瓣书目条目: 神经科学）
#中枢神经系统 #周围神经 #脑 #脊髓
视网膜怎样把光变成神经信号？
How does the retina convert light into nerve signals?
视杆与视锥中的视色素吸收光子后触发光转导级联，关闭 Na⁺ 通道、使感光细胞超极化，再经双极与神经节细胞编码成动作电位传向大脑。Wald 在 1935 年阐明视黄醛循环并因此获 1967 年诺奖。
Rod and cone pigments absorb photons and trigger a transduction cascade that closes Na⁺ channels, hyperpolarizing the photoreceptor, then bipolar and ganglion cells encode spikes to the brain. Wald clarified the retinal cycle in 1935 (Nobel 1967).
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Kandel《神经科学原理》；Wald 1935 年视觉循环（1967 诺奖）
Kandel, Principles of Neural Science; Wald, visual cycle (1935, Nobel 1967)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL18370192W：Principles of neural s
#视网膜 #视色素 #光转导
什么是突触可塑性？
What is synaptic plasticity?
突触可塑性指神经元之间连接强度可随活动和经验而改变的能力。它被认为是学习和记忆的生理基础，常用长时程增强来描述。反复练习会让相关神经回路更高效。
Synaptic plasticity is the ability of connections between neurons to change strength with activity and experience. It is considered the physiological basis of learning and memory, often described as long-term potentiation. Repeated practice makes the relevant circuits more efficient.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#突触可塑性 #学习 #记忆
神经递质在大脑中起什么作用？
What role do neurotransmitters play in the brain?
神经递质是神经元释放的化学信使，在突触间传递信号，影响情绪、睡眠、学习和运动等。多巴胺、血清素、谷氨酸等各有分工，失衡与抑郁、帕金森病等许多疾病相关。
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers released by neurons to relay signals across synapses, influencing mood, sleep, learning, and movement. Dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and others each have roles, and their imbalance is linked to depression, Parkinson's, and many disorders.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
《神经科学》
Principles of Neural Science (Kandel)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787121465109（豆瓣书目条目: 神经科学）
#神经递质 #多巴胺 #血清素 #突触
什么是反射，它为什么快？
What is a reflex, and why is it fast?
反射是机体对刺激做出的快速、不随意的固定反应，如手碰到烫物立刻缩回。它走「反射弧」：感受器→传入神经→脊髓中枢→传出神经→效应器，常在脊髓就完成，不必先经大脑，所以又快又省。
A reflex is a rapid, involuntary, fixed response to a stimulus, like pulling a hand from something hot. It follows a reflex arc, receptor, sensory neuron, spinal cord center, motor neuron, effector, often completed in the spinal cord without first involving the brain, which makes it fast and efficient.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
《神经科学》
Principles of Neural Science (Kandel)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787121465109（豆瓣书目条目: 神经科学）
#反射 #反射弧 #脊髓 #不随意
神经元和突触是如何传递信息的？
How do neurons and synapses transmit information?
神经元通过电信号（动作电位）沿轴突传导，到达神经末梢时释放化学神经递质越过突触间隙，作用于下一个神经元。这种“电—化学—电”的转换使神经信号在脑中快速传递。
A neuron carries signals as electrical action potentials along its axon; at the terminal it releases chemical neurotransmitters across the synaptic gap to act on the next neuron. This “electrical–chemical–electrical” handoff lets signals race through the brain.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Kandel 等《神经科学原理》（Principles of Neural Science）
Kandel et al., "Principles of Neural Science"
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787111430810（豆瓣书目条目: 神经科学原理）
#神经元 #突触 #神经递质
什么是反射？
What is a reflex?
反射是机体对刺激做出的快速、不随意的反应，常常不经过大脑思考。例如手碰到烫物会立即缩回，由脊髓完成。这能在危险时抢先保护身体。
A reflex is a quick, involuntary response to a stimulus, often without the brain's conscious thought. For example, a hand pulls back instantly from something hot, handled by the spinal cord. This protects the body ahead of deliberate thinking.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#反射 #脊髓 #反应
大脑皮层负责哪些功能？
What functions does the cerebral cortex handle?
大脑皮层是大脑最外层的灰质皱褶，负责意识、语言、记忆、决策和感觉运动整合等高级功能。它分为额叶、顶叶、颞叶、枕叶等区域，各司其职又相互协作。
The cerebral cortex is the brain's outer layer of folded gray matter, handling higher functions like consciousness, language, memory, decision-making, and sensory-motor integration. It is divided into regions such as frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes that specialize yet cooperate.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
《神经科学》
Principles of Neural Science (Kandel)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787121465109（豆瓣书目条目: 神经科学）
#大脑皮层 #灰质 #额叶 #高级功能
睡眠对大脑和身体有什么重要作用？
What important roles does sleep play for the brain and body?
睡眠期间大脑通过类淋巴（glymphatic）系统清除代谢废物（如 β-淀粉样蛋白），并巩固记忆、修复组织、调节免疫和激素。长期睡眠不足会增加肥胖、心脏病和认知下降的风险。
During sleep, the brain's glymphatic system clears metabolic waste (e.g., beta-amyloid), while memory is consolidated and tissue, immunity, and hormones are restored. Chronic sleep loss raises risks of obesity, heart disease, and cognitive decline.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）国家心肺血液研究所（NHLBI）《健康睡眠指南》；Xie 等 2013 年发表于《科学》（Science）的「睡眠驱动脑代谢物清除」研究
NIH National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), 'Your Guide to Healthy Sleep'; Xie, L. et al. (2013), 'Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain' (Science 342)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL39255094W：Your guide to healthy
#睡眠 #记忆巩固 #脑清除
多巴胺在大脑里起什么作用？
What role does dopamine play in the brain?
多巴胺是参与奖赏、动机与运动调控的关键神经递质；中脑多巴胺通路异常与帕金森氏症及成瘾相关。Carlsson 因揭示其作为神经递质的功能获 2000 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。
Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter in reward, motivation and movement control; dysfunction of midbrain dopamine pathways links to Parkinson's disease and addiction. Carlsson won the 2000 Nobel Prize for revealing its neurotransmitter role.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Kandel《神经科学原理》；Carlsson（2000 诺奖）
Kandel, Principles of Neural Science; Carlsson (Nobel 2000)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL18370192W：Principles of neural s
#多巴胺 #奖赏 #神经递质
记忆储存在哪里？
Where is memory stored?
记忆并非存在单一位置，而是分布在海马体、皮层等多个脑区。海马体负责把新经验转为长期记忆，之后再逐步转移到大脑皮层储存。反复回想能强化相关神经连接。
Memory is not stored in one spot but distributed across regions like the hippocampus and cortex. The hippocampus turns new experiences into long-term memory, which is later gradually shifted to the cortex for storage. Recalling things repeatedly strengthens the relevant neural links.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#记忆 #海马体 #大脑
包裹在轴突外的髓鞘为什么能让神经冲动的传导速度大大加快？
Why does the myelin sheath wrapped around an axon greatly speed up nerve impulse conduction?
髓鞘由施万细胞或少突胶质细胞反复缠绕轴突构成，是高脂低电容的绝缘层，可大幅减少跨膜漏电与离子流动。动作电位只在两段髓鞘间裸露的郎飞结重新触发，因为电压门控钠通道集中分布于结区；局部电流遂沿轴突内部快速跃迁至下一结点。跳跃式传导将速度提高数十倍，并节省重建离子梯度的能量。多发性硬化的传导缺陷正源于髓鞘受损。
Myelin, wound around axons by Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes, is a fatty, low-capacitance insulator that sharply reduces transmembrane current leakage. Action potentials are re-triggered only at the bare nodes of Ranvier between myelin segments, where voltage-gated sodium channels cluster, so local currents leap rapidly down the axon interior to the next node. This saltatory conduction raises speed tens of times over and conserves the energy spent rebuilding ion gradients. The conduction defects of multiple sclerosis stem from damaged myelin.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Kandel 等主编 Principles of Neural Science 第6版，McGraw-Hill，2021年
Kandel, Koester, Mack & Siegelbaum, Principles of Neural Science, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2021
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL18370192W：Principles of neural s
#髓鞘 #跳跃式传导 #郎飞结 #电压门控钠通道
神经冲动到达突触末端后，信号是怎样跨过两个神经元之间约20纳米的间隙传给下一个细胞的？
When a nerve impulse reaches a synaptic terminal, how does the signal cross the roughly 20-nanometer gap to the next cell?
冲动到达末梢引起去极化，电压门控钙通道开放，钙离子内流成为触发信号。囊泡上的SNARE复合体在钙感应蛋白协助下把突触囊泡锚定并融入突触前膜，以胞吐释放神经递质；递质扩散过间隙，与突触后受体结合并开启离子通道，产生分级电位。只有突触前末梢能释放递质，传递天然单向，并带来约半毫秒的突触延搁。这是神经系统信息传递的基本机制。
The arriving impulse depolarizes the terminal, opening voltage-gated calcium channels so that calcium influx acts as the trigger. With help from calcium sensors, SNARE complexes on vesicles dock and fuse the synaptic vesicle with the presynaptic membrane, releasing neurotransmitter by exocytosis; the transmitter diffuses across the cleft and binds postsynaptic receptors, opening ion channels that generate graded potentials. Because only the presynaptic terminal releases transmitter, transmission is inherently one-way and carries a delay of about half a millisecond—the universal mechanism of communication in the nervous system.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Sutton R.B.、Fasshauer D.、Jahn R. 与 Brünger A.T.《Crystal structure of a SNARE complex involved in synaptic exocytosis at 2.4 Å resolution》,Nature,1998年第395卷第347-353页
Sutton R.B., Fasshauer D., Jahn R. & Brünger A.T., "Crystal structure of a SNARE complex involved in synaptic exocytosis at 2.4 Å resolution," Nature 395:347-353 (1998)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1038/26412：Crystal structure of a SNARE c
#化学突触 #SNARE #神经递质释放 #钙离子
人为什么会做梦？
Why do people dream?
梦多发生在快速眼动睡眠阶段，此时大脑活动接近清醒状态。一种观点认为做梦有助于整理记忆、处理情绪和练习应对。目前科学界对梦的确切功能仍有多种假说。
Dreams mostly occur during rapid eye movement sleep, when brain activity resembles wakefulness. One view is that dreaming helps organize memories, process emotions, and rehearse responses. Scientists still hold several hypotheses about its exact function.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#做梦 #睡眠 #记忆
脊髓有什么作用？
What does the spinal cord do?
脊髓是大脑与身体之间的信息高速公路，传递感觉与运动信号，也能独立完成一些简单反射。
The spinal cord is the information highway between brain and body, carrying sensory and motor signals and handling simple reflexes.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#脊髓 #反射 #传导
大脑的主要工作是什么？
What is the main job of the brain?
大脑是身体的指挥中心，负责思考、记忆、感觉和运动控制等。它通过脊髓和神经与全身相连，快速传递信号。大脑还调节心跳、呼吸等不自觉的活动。
The brain is the body's command center, handling thinking, memory, sensation, and movement control. It connects to the whole body through the spinal cord and nerves, passing signals rapidly. It also regulates automatic activities like heartbeat and breathing.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#大脑 #神经 #指挥
神经元是什么，它在身体里做什么？
What is a neuron and what does it do in the body?
神经元是神经系统的基本单位，专门接收、处理和传递电信号。它像一根带分支的电线，把信息从感官传到大脑、再从大脑送到肌肉，使我们能看、想、动。
A neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system, specialized to receive, process, and transmit electrical signals. Like a branched wire, it carries information from the senses to the brain and from the brain to muscles, letting us see, think, and move.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
《神经科学》
Principles of Neural Science (Kandel)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787121465109（豆瓣书目条目: 神经科学）
#神经元 #神经细胞 #电信号 #神经系统
神经元是什么？
What is a neuron?
神经元是神经系统的基本单元，专门接收、处理和传递信息。它有一条长轴突用来把信号送到远处，末端与其他细胞连接。大脑就是由数百亿个神经元网络构成的。
A neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system, specialized to receive, process, and transmit information. It has a long axon that carries signals to distant targets and connects with other cells at its ends. The brain is a network of tens of billions of neurons.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#神经元 #神经 #信号
大脑在我们身体里做什么？
What does the brain do in our body?
大脑是你头里软软的控制中心，它帮你思考、记事情、感受开心或难过，还指挥手脚去跑跳和拿东西。它一刻不停地工作，连你睡觉时也在帮你休息和长身体。
The brain is the soft control center inside your head; it helps you think, remember things, feel happy or sad, and tells your hands and feet to run, jump, and grab. It works nonstop, even helping you rest and grow while you sleep.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
《神经科学原理》(Eric R. Kandel 等著,科学出版社中文版)
Principles of Neural Science (Kandel)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL5836398W：Principles of Neural Sc
#大脑 #思考 #控制 #睡眠
为什么碰到疼会马上缩手？
Why do we pull back instantly when something hurts?
这是保护性反射，疼痛信号经脊髓直接下达肌肉指令，比传到大脑再反应更快。它能让身体在意识到疼痛前就避开伤害。之后大脑才接收到痛觉并感到疼。
This is a protective reflex: the pain signal reaches the spinal cord, which sends a muscle command directly, faster than routing to the brain. It lets the body escape harm before you even feel the pain. The brain registers the pain only afterwards.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#痛觉 #反射 #保护
为什么我们学骑车后很难忘记？
Why is it hard to forget how to ride a bike?
骑车变成身体的“肌肉记忆”，由小脑和习惯回路掌管，所以即使很久不骑也能很快找回。
Riding becomes 'muscle memory' run by the cerebellum and habit circuits, so even after years you pick it up quickly.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#记忆 #小脑 #习惯
突触传递为什么是量子式的,神经末梢怎样以突触囊泡为单位释放乙酰胆碱?
Why is synaptic transmission quantal, and how does a nerve terminal release acetylcholine one synaptic vesicle at a time?
因为递质以突触囊泡为最小包装单位整份释放。Katz等在蛙神经肌肉接头记录到自发的微终板电位,其幅度恰是最小单位的整数倍,表明单个囊泡一次倾出数千个乙酰胆碱分子;当动作电位抵达末梢,钙通道开放,钙离子结合突触结合蛋白解除对SNARE复合体的钳制,囊泡便在活性区与前膜融合,以全或无的胞吐完成一次传递。
Because transmitter is packaged in synaptic vesicles and released whole. At the frog neuromuscular junction Katz and colleagues recorded spontaneous miniature end-plate potentials whose amplitudes came in integer multiples of a smallest unit, showing that one vesicle dumps several thousand acetylcholine molecules at once. When an impulse invades the terminal, calcium channels open, calcium binds synaptotagmin to loosen the SNARE clamp, and vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane at active zones in an all-or-none exocytotic event.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
del Castillo J与Katz B论文《Quantal components of the end-plate potential》,Journal of Physiology 1954(伦敦大学学院生物物理实验室)
del Castillo J & Katz B, 'Quantal components of the end-plate potential', Journal of Physiology, 1954 (biophysics group, University College London)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1113/jphysiol.1954.sp005129：Quantal compo
#神经递质 #量子式释放 #突触囊泡