植物如何区分「自我」与「非我」根系以避免同株竞争，这涉及哪些分子信号？
How do plants distinguish self from non-self roots to avoid competition among their own, and what molecular signals are involved?
实验显示同株根系相遇时不改变生长方向，而异株相遇会回避，表明植物通过根系分泌物的化学指纹识别亲缘。涉及的信号可能包括根际黄酮类与挥发物，以及由自交不亲和相关通路调控的识别机制。
Experiments show roots of the same plant do not alter growth when meeting, while roots from different individuals avoid each other, indicating plants recognize kinship via chemical fingerprints in root exudates. Candidate signals include rhizosphere flavonoids and volatiles, with recognition partly governed by pathways related to self-incompatibility.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Dudley & File,《Kin recognition in an annual plant》,Biology Letters,2007 (DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2007.0232)
Dudley & File, 'Kin recognition in an annual plant', Biology Letters, 2007, DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2007.0232
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1098/rsbl.2007.0232
#根系识别 #自我非我 #根际分泌物 #亲缘识别
植物是否具有类似神经系统的长距离电信号系统，「植物神经生物学」主张什么？
Do plants possess a long-distance electrical signaling system akin to nerves, and what does plant neurobiology propose?
植物没有神经元，但拥有通过维管束与胞间连丝传播的动作电位与系统性信号（如受伤诱导的电信号），可协调防御与生长。植物神经生物学主张用信号网络视角理解这些可塑性，但反对把植物等同于有意识的动物神经系统。
Plants lack neurons but have action potentials and systemic signals traveling through vascular bundles and plasmodesmata, such as wound-induced electrical waves, that coordinate defense and growth. Plant neurobiology proposes understanding these plastic signaling networks as a framework, while rejecting the notion that plants are conscious animal-like nervous systems.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Nature Plants (2019) 5:1-8，植物长距离信号综述
Nature Plants (2019) 5:1-8, review on long-distance plant signaling
#植物神经生物学 #系统信号 #动作电位 #胞间连丝
干旱来袭时叶片气孔可在几分钟内关闭,植物从“察觉缺水”到“关上气门”之间走完了一条怎样的分子级联?
Within minutes of drought stress a leaf can seal its stomata—what molecular cascade connects the initial perception of water loss to closure of these pores?
脱落酸与受体PYR/PYL结合后,受体便扣住原本持续压制SnRK2激酶的PP2C磷酸酶。被释放的SnRK2随即磷酸化阴离子通道SLAC1,通道开放驱动保卫细胞钾离子与阴离子外流,膨压骤降,气孔随之收拢。这条从受体经磷酸酶、激酶到通道的线性通路,是植物信号转导中被解析得最完整的范例之一。
Abscisic acid binds its PYR/PYL receptors, which then sequester PP2C phosphatases that otherwise keep SnRK2 kinases suppressed. Freed SnRK2 phosphorylates the SLAC1 anion channel; its opening drives potassium and anion efflux from guard cells, turgor collapses, and the pore closes. This linear chain from receptor through phosphatase and kinase to channel ranks among the most completely resolved signaling pathways in plants.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Ma 等鉴定ABA受体PYR1的论文,《Science》2009年第324卷第1064页。
Ma Y et al., Regulators of PP2C phosphatase activity function as abscisic acid sensors, Science 324(5930): 1064 (2009).
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 EUROPEPMC 标识 19407143：Regulators of PP2C phosphatase act
#植物激素 #脱落酸信号通路
生长素极性运输的化学渗透模型是如何解释植物体内生长素不对称分布形成的?
How does the chemiosmotic model of polar auxin transport explain the establishment of asymmetric auxin distribution across plant tissues?
该模型指出:中性吲哚乙酸可自由扩散进入细胞,而在偏碱的胞质中被解离为阴离子并被滞留;排出则依赖定位于细胞特定侧面的PIN蛋白家族外流转运体。由于各细胞的PIN蛋白不对称分布在质膜上(如根表皮细胞将其置于底端),生长素只能单向流动,形成贯穿组织的运输流。环境信号通过重新定位PIN或调节其转录改变运输方向,从而在向光性、向重力性等反应中建立局部生长素浓度梯度,指导差异生长。
The chemiosmotic model holds that neutral indole-3-acetic acid diffuses into cells but dissociates into an anion in the relatively alkaline cytoplasm, trapping it until efflux carriers intervene. Efflux is mediated by PIN-family transporters whose localization on particular faces of each cell—basally in root epidermal cells, for example—channels auxin unidirectionally through the tissue. Environmental cues redirect flow by repositioning PINs or altering their transcription, generating local auxin gradients during phototropism and gravitropism that drive differential cell elongation.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Vanneste S & Friml J, Auxin: a trigger for change in plant development, Cell 136(6):1005-1016 (2009)
Vanneste S & Friml J, Auxin: a trigger for change in plant development, Cell 136(6):1005-1016 (2009)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.001
#植物激素 #极性运输
春化作用如何使植物「记忆」寒冬以正常开花？
How does vernalization let plants memorize winter cold to flower properly?
春化是植物经历持续低温后获得开花能力的过程。拟南芥中以 FLC 基因为关键阻遏物，低温通过促进其染色质沉默而关闭 FLC，解除对开花的抑制，并保持这一表观遗传「记忆」直到开花。
Vernalization is the acquisition of flowering competence after prolonged cold. In Arabidopsis, the repressor gene FLC is key: cold promotes its chromatin silencing, lifting the block on flowering and maintaining this epigenetic memory until flowering.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#春化作用 #FLC #表观遗传记忆 #开花
植物的向光性由哪种植物激素介导，其分子感受机制是什么？
Which plant hormone mediates phototropism, and what is its molecular sensing mechanism?
向光性主要由生长素（auxin）的不对称分布驱动：蓝光受体 phototropin 被照后促使生长素向背光侧运输，使该侧细胞伸长更快而向光弯曲。这体现了植物把光方向转化为定向生长的能力。
Phototropism is driven mainly by asymmetric auxin distribution: upon blue light, the receptor phototropin triggers auxin transport to the shaded side, where cells elongate faster and the organ bends toward light. This shows how plants convert light direction into directed growth.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Nature (2019) 574:560-563，植物光向性机制研究
Nature (2019) 574:560-563, study on plant phototropism mechanism
#向光性 #生长素 #光受体 #弯曲生长
含羞草叶片触碰后迅速闭合属于哪种运动，其信号传导如何发生？
What type of movement is the rapid leaf closure of Mimosa pudica upon touch, and how is its signal transmitted?
这是一种感震运动（thigmonasty），由动作电位沿维管束快速传播引发。动作电位使叶枕细胞失水膨压下降，小叶下垂；它不依赖生长而是膨压变化，可在数秒内完成并在一段时间后才恢复。
This is a thigmonastic movement driven by action potentials propagating rapidly along vascular bundles. The electrical signal causes water loss and reduced turgor in the pulvinus, dropping the leaflets; it relies on turgor change rather than growth and completes within seconds, recovering only after a while.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Nature (2014) 514:545-548，植物动作电位研究
Nature (2014) 514:545-548, study on plant action potentials
#含羞草 #感震运动 #动作电位 #膨压
化感作用（allelopathy）如何影响植物种间关系与农业布局？
How does allelopathy affect interspecific plant relationships and agricultural planning?
化感植物向环境释放次生代谢物（如胡桃醌、萜类），抑制邻近植物萌发与生长，形成竞争优势。农业上连作障碍与某些作物搭配减产常与此相关，合理轮作与品种搭配可缓解。
Allelopathic plants release secondary metabolites such as juglone and terpenoids that suppress neighbors' germination and growth, gaining a competitive edge. In agriculture, continuous-cropping obstacles and yield loss from certain combinations often trace to this, which crop rotation and pairing can mitigate.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Nature (2019) 570:518-524，植物化感作用综述
Nature (2019) 570:518-524, review on plant allelopathy
#化感作用 #次生代谢物 #连作障碍 #轮作