什么是慢性阻塞性肺疾病？
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
慢阻肺是一组以持续气流受限为特征的肺部疾病，主要包括慢性支气管炎和肺气肿。长期吸烟或空气污染是主因，患者常慢性咳嗽、咳痰和活动后气促。它通常不可逆，但戒烟可延缓进展。
COPD is a group of lung diseases marked by persistent airflow limitation, mainly chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Long-term smoking or air pollution is the main cause; patients have chronic cough, sputum, and breathlessness on exertion. It is mostly irreversible, but quitting smoking slows progression.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#慢阻肺 #肺气肿 #气流受限
高原反应是怎么回事？
What causes altitude sickness?
高原空气稀薄、氧气分压低，身体一时难以获得足够氧气，出现头痛、气短和乏力。为代偿，身体会加快呼吸、增加红细胞生成。缓慢上升并充分适应可减轻症状。
At high altitude the air is thin and oxygen partial pressure is low, so the body briefly fails to get enough oxygen, causing headache, breathlessness, and fatigue. To compensate, breathing speeds up and red cell production increases. Ascending slowly helps the body adapt.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#高原反应 #缺氧 #适应
吸烟如何损害肺部？
How does smoking damage the lungs?
烟草烟雾中的有害物质会破坏气道纤毛和肺泡结构。长期吸烟导致慢性支气管炎和肺气肿，降低气体交换能力。它也是肺癌的主要危险因素。
Harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke damage the airway cilia and alveolar structure. Long-term smoking leads to chronic bronchitis and emphysema, lowering gas-exchange capacity. It is also a leading risk factor for lung cancer.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#吸烟 #肺损伤 #肺气肿
肺泡为什么适合气体交换？
Why are alveoli suited for gas exchange?
肺泡是肺部末端微小的气囊，数量极多，总表面积可达约70平方米。其壁仅一层细胞，外裹丰富毛细血管，使氧气和二氧化碳能快速扩散。这种结构极大提高了交换效率。
Alveoli are tiny air sacs at the ends of the airways, enormous in number with a total surface near 70 square meters. Their walls are one cell thick and wrapped in dense capillaries, letting oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse rapidly. This structure maximizes exchange efficiency.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#肺泡 #气体交换 #表面积
氧气如何被运输到全身？
How is oxygen transported throughout the body?
吸入的氧气进入肺泡后扩散进血液，主要由红细胞中的血红蛋白携带。含氧血经心脏泵向全身动脉，再经毛细血管释放给组织。大部分氧气以结合形式运输，少量溶于血浆。
Inhaled oxygen diffuses from alveoli into blood, mostly carried by hemoglobin in red cells. Oxygen-rich blood is pumped by the heart through arteries and released to tissues via capillaries. Most oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a little dissolved in plasma.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#氧气运输 #血红蛋白 #红细胞
为什么人会打哈欠？
Why do people yawn?
打哈欠常见于困倦或空气闷热时，可能与增加脑部供氧、散热和提神有关。一次深呼吸加张大嘴，能短暂提高心率并吸入较多空气。它也可能在群体中传染，与社交和警觉调节相关。
Yawning often occurs when tired or in stuffy air, possibly to boost brain oxygen, cool it, and increase alertness. A deep breath with an open mouth briefly raises heart rate and draws in extra air. It can also be contagious, linked to social and arousal regulation.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#打哈欠 #供氧 #疲劳
什么是哮喘？
What is asthma?
哮喘是一种慢性气道炎症，发作时气道收缩、黏液增多，导致喘息和呼吸困难。常见诱因包括花粉、尘螨、运动和冷空气。规范使用支气管扩张剂可迅速缓解发作。
Asthma is a chronic airway inflammation in which the airways narrow and produce extra mucus, causing wheezing and breathlessness. Triggers include pollen, dust mites, exercise, and cold air. Bronchodilators used as prescribed relieve attacks quickly.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#哮喘 #气道 #炎症
为什么呛水会咳嗽？
Why do we cough when we choke on water?
水和食物本应走食管，若误入气管，气道里的感受器会触发咳嗽反射。咳嗽以高速气流把异物排出，保护肺部不被堵塞。这是呼吸系统的一种保护性机制。
Water and food should go down the esophagus; if they enter the windpipe, airway sensors trigger a cough reflex. The cough expels the material with a fast air stream, protecting the lungs from blockage. It is a protective mechanism of the respiratory system.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#呛咳 #咳嗽反射 #气道保护
人为什么要呼吸？
Why do people breathe?
呼吸为身体获取氧气并排出二氧化碳。氧气用于细胞产生能量，二氧化碳是这一过程的废物。没有持续供氧，细胞几分钟就会受损。
Breathing brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Oxygen fuels the cells' energy production, while carbon dioxide is the waste of that process. Without a steady oxygen supply, cells are damaged within minutes.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#呼吸 #氧气 #二氧化碳
二氧化碳是怎么排出体外的？
How is carbon dioxide expelled from the body?
细胞代谢产生的二氧化碳进入血液，经静脉送回右心再到肺部。在肺泡处，二氧化碳扩散进气道并随呼气被排出。这个过程与氧气吸入方向相反却同步进行。
Carbon dioxide made by cells enters the blood, returns via veins to the right heart and then the lungs. At the alveoli it diffuses into the airways and is breathed out. This runs opposite to but alongside oxygen intake.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#二氧化碳 #呼气 #肺泡
横膈膜在呼吸中起什么作用？
What role does the diaphragm play in breathing?
横膈膜是位于胸腹之间的肌肉薄膜。吸气时它收缩下降，胸腔扩大、压力降低，空气被吸入；呼气时它放松回升，把气体挤出。它是呼吸的主要动力来源。
The diaphragm is a muscular sheet between chest and abdomen. When it contracts and flattens during inhalation, the chest expands and pressure drops, drawing air in; on relaxation it rises and pushes air out. It is the main engine of breathing.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#横膈膜 #呼吸 #胸腔
每分钟正常呼吸次数是多少？
What is a normal breathing rate per minute?
安静状态下，成年人每分钟呼吸约12到20次。儿童呼吸频率略快，婴幼儿更快。运动、发热或紧张时呼吸会暂时加快。
At rest, an adult breathes about 12 to 20 times per minute. Children breathe somewhat faster, infants fastest. Exercise, fever, or stress temporarily speeds it up.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Urry 等,《Campbell Biology》第11版,Pearson,2017
L. A. Urry et al., Campbell Biology, 11th ed., Pearson, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-0-13-409341-3 (11th ed., Pearson)
#呼吸频率 #正常 #呼吸