科学家说森林土壤里有“Wood Wide Web”（木维网），真菌像互联网把树连起来，这是真的吗？
Scientists speak of a “Wood Wide Web”—fungi linking trees like the internet. Is that real?
真的。树木根部常与菌根真菌共生，真菌丝在地下织成巨大网络，把一棵树的光合产物、水分和警报信号传给邻居，甚至让大树“接济”小树。这是微观合作支撑宏观森林的例子。
Real. Tree roots often partner with mycorrhizal fungi whose threads weave a vast underground network, shuttling sugars, water and alarm signals between neighbors—even letting big trees “subsidize” small ones. Microscopic cooperation sustaining a macroscopic forest.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Ed Yong,《I Contain Multitudes》Ecco/HarperCollins,2016;中译《我包罗万象》(郑李译),后浪丨北京联合出版公司,2019
Ed Yong, I Contain Multitudes, Ecco/HarperCollins, 2016; Chinese ed. (Zheng Li tr.), Beijing United Publishing (Houlang), 2019
#菌根 #木维网 #共生
根瘤菌与豆科植物的共生是怎样实现固氮的？
How do rhizobia symbiotically fix nitrogen with legumes?
根瘤菌侵入豆科植物的根形成根瘤，用固氮酶把大气中的氮转为氨，植物则提供碳源，实现生物固氮。
Rhizobia form nodules and use nitrogenase to convert atmospheric N2 to ammonia, fed by plant carbon, achieving biological nitrogen fixation.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Ed Yong,《I Contain Multitudes》Ecco/HarperCollins,2016;中译《我包罗万象》(郑李译),后浪丨北京联合出版公司,2019
Ed Yong, I Contain Multitudes, Ecco/HarperCollins, 2016; Chinese ed. (Zheng Li tr.), Beijing United Publishing (Houlang), 2019
#根瘤菌 #生物固氮
宿主与共生菌之间是如何谈判维持平衡的？
How do hosts and symbionts negotiate to maintain balance?
宿主用免疫和营养供给来调控菌量，菌则提供维生素或防御，双方形成可随环境调整的稳态契约。
Hosts tune symbiont numbers via immunity and nutrition while microbes return vitamins or defense, forming an adjustable homeostatic contract.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Ed Yong,《I Contain Multitudes》Ecco/HarperCollins,2016;中译《我包罗万象》(郑李译),后浪丨北京联合出版公司,2019
Ed Yong, I Contain Multitudes, Ecco/HarperCollins, 2016; Chinese ed. (Zheng Li tr.), Beijing United Publishing (Houlang), 2019
#宿主共生 #稳态
豆科植物的根部小瘤子凭什么能凭空造化肥?根和菌是怎么谈成的这笔交易?
How do root nodules on legumes manufacture fertilizer from thin air — how did plant and microbe strike the deal?
这是一场化学语言促成的联营。饥饿的豆科根部分泌类黄酮信号,土壤中的根瘤菌识别后激活结瘤基因,回赠脂壳寡糖信号分子,引导根毛弯曲卷包细菌形成侵染线;细菌入驻皮层后分化为类菌体,启动固氮酶把大气氮气还原为氨——这套酶怕氧,植物便提供豆血红蛋白精确调控氧浓度,既护酶又供能。作为交换,植物把光合产物糖类奉上。全球豆科作物每年固氮约两千万吨,轮作肥田的古老农谚背后正是这段分子谈判史。
It is a joint venture sealed in chemical language. Nitrogen-starved legume roots secrete flavonoids; rhizobia detect them, switch on nodulation genes and reply with lipo-chitooligosaccharide Nod factors that curl root hairs around invading bacteria. Inside nodules the bacteria differentiate into bacteroids running nitrogenase, which reduces atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia — but nitrogenase hates oxygen, so the plant supplies leghemoglobin to meter it precisely, protecting the enzyme while feeding respiration. The plant pays in photosynthate sugars. Legume crops fix roughly twenty million tonnes of nitrogen yearly — crop rotation folklore resting on this molecular negotiation.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Oldroyd,《Speak, friend, and enter: signalling systems that promote beneficial symbiotic associations in plants》,Nature Reviews Microbiology 第11卷,2013
G. E. D. Oldroyd, Speak, friend, and enter: signalling systems that promote beneficial symbiotic associations in plants, Nature Reviews Microbiology 11, 2013
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1038/nrmicro2990：Speak, friend, and enter
#生物固氮 #根瘤菌 #结瘤信号
地衣是植物吗，它其实是种什么关系？
Is lichen a plant, and what relationship is it really?
地衣是真菌与藻类（或蓝细菌）的共生体：真菌提供结构和水分，光合伙伴提供糖分。
Lichen is a fungus partnered with algae or cyanobacteria, the fungus gives structure and water, the partner supplies sugar.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Ed Yong,《I Contain Multitudes》Ecco/HarperCollins,2016;中译《我包罗万象》(郑李译),后浪丨北京联合出版公司,2019
Ed Yong, I Contain Multitudes, Ecco/HarperCollins, 2016; Chinese ed. (Zheng Li tr.), Beijing United Publishing (Houlang), 2019
#地衣 #共生
牛和白蚁为什么能消化草和木头？
Why can cows and termites digest grass and wood?
它们自身缺少分解纤维素的酶，靠肠道里的微生物帮忙把纤维素发酵成可吸收的营养，是动物与微生物的共生。
They lack enzymes to break cellulose, so gut microbes ferment it into absorbable nutrients, a symbiosis between animal and microbe.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Ed Yong,《I Contain Multitudes》Ecco/HarperCollins,2016;中译《我包罗万象》(郑李译),后浪丨北京联合出版公司,2019
Ed Yong, I Contain Multitudes, Ecco/HarperCollins, 2016; Chinese ed. (Zheng Li tr.), Beijing United Publishing (Houlang), 2019
#纤维素 #肠道共生
珊瑚和虫黄藻的共生关系为什么怕海水变暖？
Why does the coral-algae symbiosis suffer when seawater warms?
升温会让珊瑚排出虫黄藻（白化），失去主要的能量来源，长期白化会导致珊瑚死亡。
Warming makes corals expel their algal partners (bleaching), losing their main energy source and risking death.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Ed Yong,《I Contain Multitudes》Ecco/HarperCollins,2016;中译《我包罗万象》(郑李译),后浪丨北京联合出版公司,2019
Ed Yong, I Contain Multitudes, Ecco/HarperCollins, 2016; Chinese ed. (Zheng Li tr.), Beijing United Publishing (Houlang), 2019
#珊瑚白化 #共生