什么是自催化反应？
What is an autocatalytic reaction?
自催化反应中，某一生成物本身充当后续反应的催化剂，使反应速率随产物积累而加快。典型例子是高锰酸钾与草酸反应初期慢、随后因生成物催化而加速。自催化常表现为S形浓度-时间曲线。
In an autocatalytic reaction, a product itself acts as the catalyst for later steps, so the rate accelerates as product accumulates. A classic example is permanganate with oxalic acid, slow at first then speeding up via product catalysis. Autocatalysis often gives an S-shaped concentration-time curve.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
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Gray, P.; Scott, S. K. 《化学振荡与不稳定性》（Oxford University Press）自催化章节, 1990
Gray, P.; Scott, S. K. Chemical Oscillations and Instabilities, Oxford University Press, 1990 (autocatalysis)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1093/oso/9780198556466.001.0001：Chemical
#自催化 #产物 #速率
什么是催化剂中毒？
What is catalyst poisoning?
催化剂中毒指某些杂质（如硫、磷、重金属离子）强烈吸附在活性中心上，占据或破坏活性位点，使催化活性显著下降甚至永久失活。中毒可分为可逆与不可逆两类。工业上需对原料进行深度净化以防止中毒。
Catalyst poisoning occurs when impurities such as sulfur, phosphorus or heavy-metal ions strongly adsorb onto active sites, occupying or destroying them and sharply lowering activity, sometimes permanently. Poisoning can be reversible or irreversible. Industry must deeply purify feedstocks to prevent it.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
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Butt, J. B.; Petersen, E. E. 《催化剂的活化、失活与中毒》（Academic Press）, 1988
Butt, J. B.; Petersen, E. E. Activation, Deactivation, and Poisoning of Catalysts, Academic Press, 1988
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1016/b978-0-12-147695-3.x5001-7：Activatio
#催化剂中毒 #活性中心 #失活
什么是光催化？
What is photocatalysis?
光催化利用半导体（如二氧化钛）在光照下激发产生电子-空穴对，参与表面氧化还原反应，从而分解污染物或分解水制氢。它属于非均相催化，可在常温常压下进行。光催化在环境净化和清洁能源中前景广阔。
Photocatalysis uses a semiconductor such as titanium dioxide that, under light, generates electron-hole pairs participating in surface redox reactions to degrade pollutants or split water for hydrogen. It is heterogeneous catalysis operating at room conditions. It holds promise for environmental cleanup and clean energy.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
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Fujishima, A.; Honda, K. 《半导体电极上水的电化学光分解》，《Nature》, 1972
Fujishima, A.; Honda, K. 'Electrochemical Photolysis of Water at a Semiconductor Electrode,' Nature, 1972, 238, 37–38
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1038/238037a0：Electrochemical Photolysis
#光催化 #半导体 #二氧化钛
什么是哈伯法合成氨的催化剂？
What catalyst is used in the Haber process for ammonia?
哈伯法在铁基催化剂作用下，把氮气和氢气合成氨，是化肥工业的基础。该反应需要高温高压，催化剂显著降低活化能。
The Haber process uses an iron-based catalyst to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, forming the basis of the fertilizer industry. It needs high temperature and pressure, and the catalyst greatly lowers the activation energy.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
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Brown, LeMay 等,《Chemistry: The Central Science》第14版,Pearson,2017
T. L. Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2017
#哈伯法 #合成氨 #铁催化剂
催化剂为什么不能改变化学平衡的位置？
Why can’t a catalyst change the position of equilibrium?
催化剂同等降低正、逆反应的活化能，只加快到达平衡的速度，但不改变平衡常数和最终产率。
A catalyst lowers the activation energy of both forward and reverse reactions equally—it speeds reaching equilibrium but changes neither K nor the final yield.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
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Brown, LeMay 等,《Chemistry: The Central Science》第14版,Pearson,2017
T. L. Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2017
#催化剂 #平衡 #活化能
沸石为什么能作为催化剂载体？
Why can zeolites serve as catalyst supports?
沸石是具有规整微孔结构的铝硅酸盐，比表面积巨大且孔径均一，可均匀分散活性组分并限域反应物分子。其酸性位点本身也能催化反应，并凭借择形效应提高选择性。因此沸石广泛用于裂化、异构化等过程。
Zeolites are aluminosilicates with regular microporous structures, huge specific surface area and uniform pore sizes that disperse active species and confine reactant molecules. Their acidic sites can catalyze directly and, via shape selectivity, raise selectivity. Hence zeolites are widely used in cracking and isomerization.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
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Corma, A. 《无机固体酸及其在酸催化烃类反应中的应用》，《Chemical Reviews》, 1995
Corma, A. 'Inorganic Solid Acids and Their Use in Acid-Catalyzed Hydrocarbon Reactions,' Chemical Reviews, 1995, 95, 559–614
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1021/cr00035a006：Inorganic Solid Acids an
#沸石 #载体 #择形催化
什么是催化循环？
What is a catalytic cycle?
催化循环描述催化剂在反应中经历一系列中间态后再生、可再次参与反应的过程。每一步通常有明确的基元反应，催化剂在循环首尾状态不变。理解催化循环有助于设计更高效的催化剂与反应路径。
A catalytic cycle describes how a catalyst passes through a series of intermediates and is regenerated to participate again, with each step a defined elementary reaction and the catalyst unchanged from start to end. Understanding the cycle helps design more efficient catalysts and pathways.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Atkins 与 de Paula《物理化学》（第10版，牛津大学出版社）催化循环章节
Atkins, P. W.; de Paula, J. Physical Chemistry, 10th ed., Oxford University Press (catalytic cycles)
#催化循环 #中间体 #再生
什么是催化活性中心？
What is a catalytic active site?
活性中心是催化剂表面或内部能够吸附反应物并促成化学键断裂与形成的特定原子或原子团。反应物在活性中心上被活化，经历吸附、反应、脱附过程。活性中心的数量与性质决定催化剂的活性和选择性。
An active site is a specific atom or group on a catalyst's surface or interior that adsorbs reactants and promotes bond breaking and formation. Reactants are activated there through adsorption, reaction and desorption. The number and nature of active sites determine a catalyst's activity and selectivity.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
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出处备注：作者 / 书名 / 版次 / 出版社 / 年份齐备，仅缺独立比对证据；已在可信度报告单列披露，不再重复核验。
Thomas, J. M.; Thomas, W. J. 《非均相催化的原理与实践》（Wiley-VCH）活性中心章节, 1997
Thomas, J. M.; Thomas, W. J. Principles and Practice of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Wiley-VCH, 1997 (active sites)
#活性中心 #吸附 #催化剂
不对称（手性）催化为什么能几乎只生成一种对映体？
How can asymmetric (chiral) catalysis produce essentially only one enantiomer?
手性催化剂本身具有不对称的立体环境，反应物在其活性中心有两种对映面的结合方式，其中能量更低的一种占优势，从而只加速生成某一种对映体。2001 年诺贝尔化学奖即授予 Knowles、Noyori、Sharpless 在不对称催化领域的贡献。
A chiral catalyst presents an asymmetric environment at its active site, so the reactant can bind in two mirror-image orientations with different energies; the lower-energy pathway dominates and selectively accelerates formation of one enantiomer. The 2001 Nobel Prize in Chemistry honored Knowles, Noyori, and Sharpless for asymmetric catalysis.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
W. S. Knowles, R. Noyori, K. B. Sharpless，《Science》，1996年，第274卷，1626至1638页
W. S. Knowles, R. Noyori, K. B. Sharpless, Science, 1996, vol. 274, pp. 1626-1638
#不对称催化 #手性催化剂 #对映体选择性 #诺贝尔化学奖
纳米催化为什么活性更高？
Why is nanocatalysis more active?
纳米尺度催化剂表面原子比例剧增，暴露在外的活性位点多，比表面积大，从而显著提升活性。同时量子尺寸效应和表面配位不饱和也改变电子结构、增强吸附活化能力。但纳米颗粒易团聚失活，需要稳定分散。
At the nanoscale, the fraction of surface atoms surges, exposing many active sites and a huge specific surface area, markedly raising activity. Quantum-size effects and unsaturated surface coordination also alter the electronic structure and strengthen adsorption-activation. But nanoparticles tend to agglomerate and deactivate, so stable dispersion is needed.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
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出处备注：作者 / 书名 / 版次 / 出版社 / 年份齐备，仅缺独立比对证据；已在可信度报告单列披露，不再重复核验。
Astruc, D. 编《纳米颗粒与催化》（Wiley-VCH）, 2008
Astruc, D. (ed.) Nanoparticles and Catalysis, Wiley-VCH, 2008
#纳米催化 #比表面积 #活性位点
催化剂为什么能加快反应，却不会出现在最终产物里？它是怎么做到的？
How can a catalyst speed up a reaction without appearing in the final products?
催化剂提供了新的反应路径，显著降低反应的活化能，使更多分子能翻过能量障碍，反应因此变快。催化剂会先和反应物结合，再在后续步骤中重新释放出来，所以自身在反应前后的化学组成和数量不变，不会写进总反应方程式。但催化剂不能改变反应热和平衡位置，只能让体系更快到达平衡。
A catalyst opens a new reaction pathway with a much lower activation energy, so far more molecules can surmount the energy barrier and the reaction accelerates. It binds the reactants in an early step and is regenerated in a later one, so its own composition and amount are unchanged overall and it never appears in the balanced equation. A catalyst cannot change the heat of reaction or the equilibrium position; it only lets the system get there faster.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
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Brown, LeMay 等,《Chemistry: The Central Science》第14版,Pearson,2017
T. L. Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2017
#催化剂 #活化能 #反应路径
为什么催化剂在反应前后质量不变？
Why does a catalyst keep its mass before and after a reaction?
催化剂只改变反应途径而不被消耗，它在反应中被暂时结合，又在产物生成后释放出来。因此反应结束时的催化剂与开始时一样多。
A catalyst only changes the reaction pathway and is not consumed; it is temporarily bound during the reaction and released when products form. So the amount of catalyst at the end equals that at the start.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Brown, LeMay 等,《Chemistry: The Central Science》第14版,Pearson,2017
T. L. Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2017
#催化剂 #不消耗 #质量
二氧化钛（TiO₂）光催化分解污染物时，紫外光究竟起了什么作用？
In TiO₂ photocatalysis for breaking down pollutants, what role does ultraviolet light play?
紫外光子的能量大于 TiO₂ 的带隙（约 3.2 eV），把电子从价带激发到导带，留下带正电的空穴。电子把氧分子还原成超氧自由基，空穴把水氧化成羟基自由基，这些高活性物种再去氧化分解有机物污染物。
UV photons exceed TiO₂'s band gap (~3.2 eV), exciting electrons from the valence band to the conduction band and leaving holes behind. Electrons reduce O₂ to superoxide radicals and holes oxidize water to hydroxyl radicals, and these reactive species decompose organic pollutants.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
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Fujishima & Honda, "Nature" 1972, 238, 37（TiO₂ 光解水开创性论文）
Fujishima & Honda, "Electrochemical Photolysis of Water at a Semiconductor Electrode," Nature 1972, 238, 37
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1038/238037a0：Electrochemical Photolysis
#光催化 #二氧化钛 #带隙 #羟基自由基
酶催化剂有什么特点？
What are the characteristics of enzyme catalysts?
酶是高效、专一的生物催化剂，通常只在温和的温度和酸碱条件下工作。它们能加速特定反应数百万倍，但高温或强酸强碱会使酶失活。
Enzymes are efficient, specific biological catalysts that usually work only under mild temperatures and pH. They can speed a specific reaction millions of times, but high heat or strong acid or base deactivates them.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Brown, LeMay 等,《Chemistry: The Central Science》第14版,Pearson,2017
T. L. Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2017
#酶 #专一性 #失活
什么是均相催化和非均相催化？
What are homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis?
均相催化中催化剂与反应物处于同一相（如都在溶液或气相），接触充分、效率高，但分离回收难。非均相催化中催化剂与反应物处于不同相（如固体催化剂作用于气体或液体），易于分离和重复使用。工业上多使用非均相催化。
In homogeneous catalysis the catalyst and reactants are in the same phase (both in solution or gas), giving thorough contact and high efficiency but difficult separation. In heterogeneous catalysis they are in different phases (e.g. a solid catalyst acting on gas or liquid), which is easy to separate and reuse. Industry mostly uses heterogeneous catalysis.
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Atkins 与 de Paula《物理化学》（第10版，牛津大学出版社）均相与非均相催化章节
Atkins, P. W.; de Paula, J. Physical Chemistry, 10th ed., Oxford University Press (homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis)
#均相催化 #非均相催化 #相
双氧水（过氧化氢）在室温下分解很慢，为什么加入二氧化锰后立即大量冒泡？
Hydrogen peroxide decomposes slowly at room temperature; why does adding manganese dioxide make it bubble vigorously at once?
过氧化氢分解 2H2O2 生成 2H2O+O2 的活化能较高，室温下能越过能量障碍的分子很少。二氧化锰作为催化剂吸附并分解过氧化氢分子，提供一条活化能低得多的路径，反应速率骤增，放出的氧气就成了大量气泡。反应结束后二氧化锰仍保持原状，可反复使用，这正是催化剂参加反应又回归原貌的典型例子。
The decomposition 2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2 has a fairly high activation energy, so at room temperature few molecules can clear the barrier. Manganese dioxide acts as a catalyst, adsorbing and breaking down H2O2 molecules along a much lower-energy path, so the rate jumps and the oxygen released forms a burst of bubbles. The manganese dioxide is left unchanged and reusable - a classic example of a catalyst taking part and then regenerating.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
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出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
中国科学院
ACS, Journal of Chemical Education
#过氧化氢 #催化分解 #二氧化锰
为什么有些反应需要加热才能开始？
Why do some reactions need heating to start?
加热能提供越过活化能所需要的能量，让反应物分子达到可反应的状态。加催化剂或提高温度都能加快这类反应。
Heating supplies the energy needed to overcome activation energy, bringing reactant molecules to a reactive state. Adding a catalyst or raising temperature speeds up such reactions.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Brown, LeMay 等,《Chemistry: The Central Science》第14版,Pearson,2017
T. L. Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2017
#加热 #活化能 #反应
沸石为什么是重要的工业催化剂？
Why are zeolites important industrial catalysts?
沸石是具有均匀孔道和强酸位的微孔铝硅酸盐，能按分子大小筛分反应物并稳定碳正离子中间体，广泛用于石油裂化与异构化。Corma 等的综述总结了其在炼油中的核心地位。
Zeolites are microporous aluminosilicates with uniform pores and strong acid sites; they size-select reactants and stabilize carbocation intermediates, widely used in petroleum cracking and isomerization. Corma's reviews summarize their central role in refining.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
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出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
Corma 沸石催化综述；Thomas 与 Thomas《多相催化原理》
Corma, zeolite catalysis reviews; Thomas & Thomas, Principles of Heterogeneous Catalysis
#沸石 #分子筛 #酸催化
铂为什么常用作催化剂？
Why is platinum often used as a catalyst?
铂属于贵金属，化学性质稳定且表面易吸附反应物分子，能显著改变反应路径降低活化能。它常用于汽车尾气催化转化、氨氧化制硝酸等。但铂成本高，且易被硫化物等毒化失活。
Platinum is a noble metal that is chemically stable and readily adsorbs reactant molecules on its surface, markedly changing the pathway and lowering activation energy. It is used in catalytic converters and ammonia oxidation to nitric acid. But platinum is costly and can be poisoned and deactivated by sulfides.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
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来源 · Source
Ertl, G. 《表面反应：从原子到复杂性》，《Angewandte Chemie International Edition》, 2008（诺贝尔奖演讲；铂催化）
Ertl, G. 'Reactions at Surfaces: From Atoms to Complexity,' Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2008, 47, 3524–3535 (Nobel Lecture; platinum catalysis)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1002/anie.200800480：Reactions at Surfaces
#铂 #催化剂 #吸附
什么是催化裂化？
What is catalytic cracking?
催化裂化是在催化剂（如沸石）作用下，把重质长链烃断裂为轻质短链烃（汽油、柴油组分）的炼油过程。它提高了轻质油品的收率并改善品质。该过程在石油工业中至关重要。
Catalytic cracking uses a catalyst such as a zeolite to break heavy long-chain hydrocarbons into lighter short-chain ones (gasoline and diesel fractions) in refining. It raises the yield and quality of light oils. The process is essential to the petroleum industry.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
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出处备注：作者 / 书名 / 版次 / 出版社 / 年份齐备，仅缺独立比对证据；已在可信度报告单列披露，不再重复核验。
Satterfield, C. N. 《工业实践中的非均相催化》（第2版，McGraw-Hill）催化裂化章节, 1991
Satterfield, C. N. Heterogeneous Catalysis in Industrial Practice, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1991 (catalytic cracking)
#催化裂化 #沸石 #石油
为什么铂、钯、镍等过渡金属常常被用作催化剂？这和它们的 d 轨道有什么关系？
Why do transition metals such as platinum, palladium, and nickel often serve as catalysts, and what role do their d orbitals play?
过渡金属拥有未充满的 d 轨道，能与反应物形成强弱适中的化学吸附键：足够强以活化分子，又不会强到让产物无法脱附而"中毒"。这种可调节的吸附强度使它们在加氢、氧化等反应中成为高效的活性中心。
Transition metals possess partially filled d orbitals that form chemisorption bonds of intermediate strength with reactants—strong enough to activate molecules, weak enough to release products without poisoning. This tunable adsorption makes them efficient active sites for hydrogenation, oxidation, and related reactions.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
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Housecroft & Sharpe,《Inorganic Chemistry》第5版,Pearson,2018
C. E. Housecroft and A. G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 5th ed., Pearson, 2018
#过渡金属催化 #d轨道 #化学吸附 #活性位点
汽车三元催化器在做什么？
What does a car's three-way catalytic converter do?
它用铂、钯、铑等贵金属涂层把尾气中的 CO 与未燃烃氧化为 CO₂ 和水，同时把氮氧化物还原为氮气，三类污染物同步转化。Twigg 的《催化剂手册》详述了其操作条件。
Its platinum, palladium and rhodium coating oxidizes CO and unburned hydrocarbons to CO₂ and water while reducing nitrogen oxides to N₂, treating all three pollutants at once. Twigg's 'Catalyst Handbook' details its operating conditions.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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Twigg《催化剂手册》；美国环保署（EPA）机动车排放标准
Twigg, Catalyst Handbook; US EPA vehicle emission standards
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1201/9781315138862：Catalyst Handbook（2018
#三元催化 #尾气净化 #贵金属
均相催化与多相催化差别在哪？
What distinguishes homogeneous from heterogeneous catalysis?
均相催化剂与反应物同相（如溶液中的金属配合物），活性位点均一、选择性高但难回收；多相催化剂为另一相（如固体表面），易分离却可能传质受限。二者机理分别由有机金属与表面科学阐述。
A homogeneous catalyst shares a phase with reactants (e.g., a metal complex in solution), giving uniform sites and high selectivity but hard recovery; a heterogeneous one is a separate phase (solid surface), easy to separate yet mass-transport limited. Their mechanisms belong to organometallic and surface science respectively.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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Atkins《物理化学》；Thomas 与 Thomas《多相催化原理》
Atkins, Physical Chemistry; Thomas & Thomas, Principles of Heterogeneous Catalysis
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL1907523W：Physical chemistry（首版 1
#均相催化 #多相催化 #表面活性
什么是催化剂的选择性？
What is catalyst selectivity?
选择性指催化剂促使反应朝向某一特定产物而非多种副产物的能力。优良催化剂不只加快反应，更要抑制副反应、提高目标产物比例。炼油与合成氨等工业高度依赖选择性催化。
Selectivity is a catalyst's ability to steer a reaction toward a specific product rather than various byproducts. A good catalyst does more than speed things up; it suppresses side reactions and raises the target product fraction. Refining and ammonia synthesis rely heavily on selective catalysis.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Atkins 与 de Paula《物理化学》（第10版，牛津大学出版社）催化选择性章节
Atkins, P. W.; de Paula, J. Physical Chemistry, 10th ed., Oxford University Press (catalyst selectivity)
#选择性 #催化剂 #副反应
南极臭氧洞为什么总在南半球早春达到最深,而不是出现在极夜期间?
Why does the Antarctic ozone hole reach its deepest in early spring rather than during the polar night?
臭氧销毁需要阳光,而活性氯在极夜期间就已积累。极夜低温使极涡内形成极地平流层云,云粒表面把氯储库物种(HCl、ClONO2)转化为Cl2等活性氯;早春太阳回归后光解释放氯原子,经ClO二聚体催化循环,每个氯原子可销毁数万个臭氧分子,故空洞此时最深,并随气温回升、云层消散而减弱。
Ozone destruction needs sunlight, but the active chlorine is stockpiled during the polar night. Intense cold lets polar stratospheric clouds form inside the winter vortex, and on their surfaces reservoir species such as HCl and ClONO2 are converted into photolabile chlorine. When the sun returns in early spring, chlorine atoms are released at once and, through the ClO dimer catalytic cycle, each atom can destroy tens of thousands of ozone molecules, so the hole peaks then and fades as temperatures rise and the clouds vanish.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
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S. Solomon 等,《On the depletion of Antarctic ozone》,Nature,1986 (DOI: 10.1038/321755a0)
S. Solomon et al., 'On the depletion of Antarctic ozone', Nature, 1986, DOI: 10.1038/321755a0
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1038/321755a0
#臭氧洞 #极地平流层云 #催化循环
催化剂到底怎样降低活化能？
How exactly do catalysts lower the activation energy?
催化剂提供一条新的反应路径，通过暂时与反应物成键形成中间体，使决速步的能垒低于无催化途径，但本身在反应前后不被消耗。Atkins 与 Thomas 均在教材中强调它只改变速率、不改变平衡位置。
A catalyst offers an alternative pathway: by temporarily bonding with reactants to form intermediates it lowers the barrier of the rate-determining step, yet is not consumed. Atkins and Thomas stress it changes only the rate, never the equilibrium position.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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Atkins《物理化学》；Thomas 与 Thomas《多相催化原理》
Atkins, Physical Chemistry; Thomas & Thomas, Principles of Heterogeneous Catalysis
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL1907523W：Physical chemistry（首版 1
#催化剂 #活化能 #中间体
酶为什么被称为生物催化剂？
Why are enzymes called biological catalysts?
酶是蛋白质或RNA构成的生物大分子，能高效、专一地催化体内生化反应，且反应条件温和（常温常压近中性）。它们通过降低活化能加速反应，但自身不被消耗。酶的专一性来自其活性中心与底物的精确匹配。
Enzymes are biological macromolecules made of proteins or RNA that efficiently and specifically catalyze biochemical reactions under mild conditions (near room temperature, pressure and neutral pH). They speed reactions by lowering activation energy without being consumed. Their specificity comes from precise matching between the active site and the substrate.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Berg, J. M.; Tymoczko, J. L.; Stryer, L. 《生物化学》（第7版，W. H. Freeman）酶章节, 2012
Berg, J. M.; Tymoczko, J. L.; Stryer, L. Biochemistry, 7th ed., W. H. Freeman, 2012 (enzymes)
#酶 #生物催化 #专一性
催化剂在生活中有哪些例子？
What are some everyday examples of catalysts?
汽车排气管里的三元催化器能加速有害气体转化为无害气体。人体里的酶也是催化剂，帮我们消化食物。
The catalytic converter in a car exhaust speeds up the conversion of harmful gases into harmless ones. The enzymes in our bodies are also catalysts that help digest food.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
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Brown, LeMay 等,《Chemistry: The Central Science》第14版,Pearson,2017
T. L. Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2017
#催化剂 #酶 #催化器
食品工业为什么添加酶制剂？
Why are enzyme preparations added in the food industry?
酶制剂能加快食品加工中的特定反应，比如果汁澄清、肉类嫩化和淀粉分解。它们在温和条件下高效工作，还能减少高温对风味的破坏。
Enzyme preparations speed up specific reactions in food processing, such as clarifying juice, tenderizing meat, and breaking down starch. They work efficiently under mild conditions and reduce heat damage to flavor.
难度 入门 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Brown, LeMay 等,《Chemistry: The Central Science》第14版,Pearson,2017
T. L. Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2017
#酶制剂 #食品 #加工
为什么加酵母的面团会变大？
Why does dough with yeast get bigger?
酵母中的酶催化糖类发酵，产生二氧化碳气体，气体被困在面团里使它膨胀。烤熟后这些气孔就让面包变得松软。
Enzymes in yeast catalyze the fermentation of sugars, producing carbon dioxide gas that is trapped in the dough and makes it rise. After baking, these pores make the bread soft and fluffy.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Brown, LeMay 等,《Chemistry: The Central Science》第14版,Pearson,2017
T. L. Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2017
#酵母 #发酵 #二氧化碳
什么是催化剂？
What is a catalyst?
催化剂是能改变化学反应速率而自身在反应前后质量和化学性质不变的物质。它通常加快反应，也可用于减慢某些反应（阻化剂）。催化剂不参与最终产物的组成。
A catalyst is a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in mass or chemical identity. It usually speeds up a reaction but can also slow some down (inhibitor). A catalyst does not appear in the final product's composition.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Atkins 与 de Paula《物理化学》（第10版，牛津大学出版社）催化作用章节
Atkins, P. W.; de Paula, J. Physical Chemistry, 10th ed., Oxford University Press (catalysis)
#催化剂 #反应速率 #阻化剂
催化剂如何改变反应速率？
How does a catalyst change reaction rate?
催化剂提供一条活化能更低的反应路径，使更多分子在给定温度下越过能垒，从而加快达到平衡的速度，但本身不被消耗，也不改变平衡位置或 ΔG。
A catalyst offers a lower-activation-energy pathway so more molecules cross the barrier at a given temperature, speeding the approach to equilibrium; it is not consumed and does not change the equilibrium position or ΔG.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Brown, LeMay 等,《Chemistry: The Central Science》第14版,Pearson,2017
T. L. Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2017
#催化剂 #活化能 #平衡
汽车里的催化转化器是干什么的？
What does a car's catalytic converter do?
催化转化器利用催化剂把废气中的一氧化碳、氮氧化物和未燃烃转化成危害较小的二氧化碳、氮气和水。它显著降低汽车尾气污染。
A catalytic converter uses a catalyst to turn exhaust carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and unburned hydrocarbons into less harmful carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water. It greatly reduces vehicle pollution.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Brown, LeMay 等,《Chemistry: The Central Science》第14版,Pearson,2017
T. L. Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2017
#催化转化器 #尾气 #污染
工业上为什么要把酶"固定化"（固定在载体上）后再使用？
Why are enzymes industrially "immobilized" onto a support before use?
固定化把酶固定在颗粒、膜或凝胶上，使它不再随产品流失，可以反复使用、降低成本。固定化还常提高酶对温度、pH 和有机溶剂的稳定性，并便于把酶与产物分离、实现连续化生产。
Immobilization attaches the enzyme to beads, membranes, or gels so it no longer washes away with the product and can be reused, cutting cost. It often also improves the enzyme's stability to heat, pH, and organic solvents and makes separation from product easy for continuous processing.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Buchholz, Kasche & Bornscheuer《生物催化剂与酶技术》（Biocatalysts and Enzyme Technology）
Buchholz, Kasche & Bornscheuer, "Biocatalysts and Enzyme Technology"
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL13638213W：Biocatalysts and enzym
#固定化酶 #生物催化剂 #重复利用 #工业催化