二噁英为什么极毒又难除？
Why are dioxins extremely toxic and persistent?
多氯二苯并二噁英脂溶、稳定，并沿食物链生物放大；它结合 Ah 受体扰乱基因表达。
Polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins are lipophilic and stable, biomagnifying up the food chain; they bind the Ah receptor and disrupt gene expression.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Brown, LeMay 等,《Chemistry: The Central Science》第14版,Pearson,2017
T. L. Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2017
#二噁英 #生物放大 #持久污染物
海洋酸化的化学本质是什么？
What is the chemistry of ocean acidification?
大气 CO₂ 溶入海水生成 H₂CO₃，降低 pH 并减少 CO₃²⁻，使珊瑚与贝类更难形成 CaCO₃ 外壳。
Atmospheric CO₂ dissolves to form H₂CO₃, lowering pH and depleting CO₃²⁻, making it harder for corals and shellfish to build CaCO₃ shells.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Brown, LeMay 等,《Chemistry: The Central Science》第14版,Pearson,2017
T. L. Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2017
#海洋酸化 #碳酸平衡 #CO2
地下水砷毒性的关键是“形态”吗？
Is 'speciation' the key to arsenic toxicity in groundwater?
无机砷（As(III)、As(V)）远毒于有机砷；As(III) 更易吸收且难沉淀，除砷需先氧化再加吸附或共沉淀。
Inorganic As(III)/As(V) is far more toxic than organic arsenic; As(III) is more absorbable and less precipitable, so removal needs oxidation then adsorption or co-precipitation.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Brown, LeMay 等,《Chemistry: The Central Science》第14版,Pearson,2017
T. L. Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2017
#砷 #形态 #地下水
为什么光化学烟雾会形成？
Why does photochemical smog form?
起点是 NO₂ 见光分解：波长小于约 420 nm 的光把 NO₂ 打成 NO 和一个氧原子，氧原子与 O₂ 结合成臭氧。问题是城里有一堆挥发性有机物，它们在阳光下降解出的自由基把 NO 又氧化回 NO₂，却不消耗臭氧——于是臭氧只积累不减少，到下午达到峰值。同时生成的过氧乙酰硝酸酯(PAN)和气溶胶一起，构成那种刺激眼睛、让能见度下降的光化学烟雾。这也是它和「煤烟型」烟雾相反的地方: 太阳越烈，污染越重。
It starts with photolysis of NO2: light shorter than about 420 nm splits NO2 into NO plus an oxygen atom, and that atom adds to O2 to make ozone. The trouble is the volatile organic compounds in a city: radicals from their breakdown re-oxidise NO back to NO2 without consuming the ozone, so ozone only accumulates, peaking in the afternoon. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and aerosols formed alongside it make up the eye-stinging, visibility-reducing smog. This is the opposite of coal smoke type smog: the stronger the sun, the worse the pollution.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Brown, LeMay 等,《Chemistry: The Central Science》第14版,Pearson,2017
T. L. Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2017
#光化学 #烟雾 #氮氧化物
为什么有些湖泊能扛住酸雨，有些却很快变酸？
Why do some lakes resist acid rain while others acidify quickly?
含碳酸盐岩石的湖泊有碱度缓冲，能中和酸；缺乏缓冲的湖泊酸度积累，鱼和微生物会受害。
Lakes with carbonate rocks have alkalinity to neutralize acid; poorly buffered lakes accumulate acidity, harming life.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Brown, LeMay 等,《Chemistry: The Central Science》第14版,Pearson,2017
T. L. Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2017
#酸雨 #缓冲 #湖泊
胺法怎么从烟气里抓 CO₂？
How does amine scrubbing capture CO₂ from flue gas?
醇胺（如 MEA）与 CO₂ 可逆生成氨基甲酸盐，加热再生；是电厂碳捕集主流技术，但能耗较高。
Alkanolamines like MEA reversibly form carbamates with CO₂ and are regenerated by heating; it is the leading power-plant capture method but energy-intensive.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Brown, LeMay 等,《Chemistry: The Central Science》第14版,Pearson,2017
T. L. Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2017
#胺法 #CO2捕集 #再生
铅为什么对小孩的神经有毒？
Why is lead toxic to children's nerves?
Pb²⁺ 冒充 Ca²⁺ 或 Zn²⁺ 干扰酶与神经递质，损害发育中大脑，影响智力。
Pb²⁺ mimics Ca²⁺ or Zn²⁺, disrupting enzymes and neurotransmitters and damaging the developing brain and intelligence.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Brown, LeMay 等,《Chemistry: The Central Science》第14版,Pearson,2017
T. L. Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2017
#铅 #神经毒 #重金属
微塑料怎么会“携带”污染物？
How do microplastics 'carry' pollutants?
其疏水表面吸附持久性有机物和重金属，成为污染物迁移的载体，并进入食物链。
Their hydrophobic surface adsorbs persistent organics and heavy metals, acting as carriers that enter the food chain.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Brown, LeMay 等,《Chemistry: The Central Science》第14版,Pearson,2017
T. L. Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2017
#微塑料 #吸附 #载体
洗衣机怎么会制造微塑料？
How does a washing machine make microplastics?
每次洗涤化纤衣物会脱落大量极细纤维，随污水排入河流海洋，被鱼虾吃下并在食物链里累积。
Each wash sheds tiny synthetic fibers from clothes into wastewater, reaching oceans where they enter and accumulate up the food chain.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Brown, LeMay 等,《Chemistry: The Central Science》第14版,Pearson,2017
T. L. Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2017
#微塑料 #纤维 #污染
为什么干洗要用有机溶剂？
Why does dry cleaning use solvent?
溶剂能溶解油渍却不让衣物缩水或变形。
Solvent dissolves grease without shrinking or warping fabrics.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Brown, LeMay 等,《Chemistry: The Central Science》第14版,Pearson,2017
T. L. Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2017
#干洗 #溶剂 #油渍
CO₂ 矿化封存是把 CO₂ 变成石头吗？
Does CO₂ mineralization turn CO₂ into stone?
让 CO₂ 与含钙、镁的硅酸盐或工业废渣反应生成稳定的碳酸盐，永久固定；速率慢但最耐久。
CO₂ reacts with Ca/Mg silicates or industrial wastes to form stable carbonates, fixing it permanently; slow but most durable.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Brown, LeMay 等,《Chemistry: The Central Science》第14版,Pearson,2017
T. L. Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2017
#CO2矿化 #封存 #碳酸盐
新装修味道大是什么气体？
What gas causes the strong new-renovation smell?
甲醛、苯系物等 VOCs 从板材和涂料中释放，刺激呼吸道，需要通风散味。
VOCs like formaldehyde and benzene compounds off-gas from boards and paints, irritating airways, so ventilation is needed.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Brown, LeMay 等,《Chemistry: The Central Science》第14版,Pearson,2017
T. L. Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2017
#VOC #甲醛 #室内