铀-铅(U-Pb)定年为什么能给出高精度的岩石形成年龄?它利用了哪两条衰变链?
Why can U-Pb dating give high-precision rock-formation ages, and which two decay chains does it use?
U-Pb 定年同时使用 238U→206Pb(半衰期约 44.7 亿年)和 235U→207Pb(约 7.04 亿年)两条衰变链,并用 207Pb/206Pb 比值相互校验,消除部分开放体系扰动。锆石等高铀低铅矿物封闭温度高、抗蚀变,因此可获得高精度年龄。
U-Pb dating uses both the 238U→206Pb chain (half-life ~4.47 Ga) and the 235U→207Pb chain (~0.704 Ga) and cross-checks with the 207Pb/206Pb ratio to correct some open-system disturbances. Minerals like zircon, with high U, low initial Pb, high closure temperature and resistance to alteration, yield precise ages.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:作者 / 书名 / 版次 / 出版社 / 年份齐备,仅缺独立比对证据;已在可信度报告单列披露,不再重复核验。
陈骏、王鹤年《地球化学》(科学出版社) 第 9 章 ; 另见: S. A. Bowring & T. H. Housh, Science 1995, 269, 1535 (AAAS)
S. A. Bowring & T. H. Housh, Science 1995, 269, 1535 (AAAS) ; see also: 陈骏、王鹤年《地球化学》(科学出版社) 第 9 章
#铀铅定年 #衰变链 #锆石
同位素分馏(isotope fractionation)是什么意思?它为何能反映古温度变化?
What is isotope fractionation, and why can it reflect past temperature changes?
同位素分馏是物理化学过程中轻重同位素因质量差异而发生非均匀分配的现象。例如海水中的有孔虫壳 CaCO3 中 18O/16O 比值随形成温度改变,通过测定其偏移可反演古海温与冰期旋回。
Isotope fractionation is the mass-dependent uneven partitioning of light and heavy isotopes during physicochemical processes. For example, the 18O/16O ratio in foraminiferal CaCO3 shells varies with the temperature of formation, so its offset is used to reconstruct past sea-surface temperatures and glacial cycles.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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陈骏、王鹤年《地球化学》(科学出版社) 第 8 章 ; 另见: H. C. Urey, J. Chem. Soc. 1947, 562 (The Thermodynamic Properties of Isotopic Substances)
H. C. Urey, J. Chem. Soc. 1947, 562 (The Thermodynamic Properties of Isotopic Substances) ; see also: 陈骏、王鹤年《地球化学》(科学出版社) 第 8 章
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1039/jr9470000562:The thermodynamic prope
#同位素分馏 #古温度 #氧同位素
什么是同位素示踪技术?举一个在环境或生物化学中的应用。
What is isotope tracer technology, and give an application in environmental or biochemical science.
同位素示踪用可探测的同位素标记原子,跟踪物质在体系中的去向与转化路径。例如用 15N 标记肥料追踪氮在土壤-植物-水体中的迁移,或用 2H(氘)标记代谢物研究生物合成途径。
Isotope tracing uses detectable isotope-labeled atoms to follow the fate and transformation paths of substances in a system. For example, 15N-labeled fertilizer tracks nitrogen movement through soil-plant-water, and deuterated (2H) metabolites reveal biosynthetic pathways.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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陈骏、王鹤年《地球化学》(科学出版社) 第 10 章 ; 另见: B. Fry, Stable Isotope Ecology, Springer 2006
B. Fry, Stable Isotope Ecology, Springer 2006 ; see also: 陈骏、王鹤年《地球化学》(科学出版社) 第 10 章
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1007/0-387-33745-8:Stable Isotope Ecology
#同位素示踪 #15N标记 #代谢途径
稳定同位素比率通常表示成 δ 值,比如 δ18O,它的定义和用途是什么?
Stable isotope ratios are often expressed as δ values such as δ18O; what is its definition and use?
δ 值是样品同位素比值相对国际标准物质的偏差,以千分数报告:δ = (R_sample/R_standard − 1) × 1000,单位为 ‰;例如 δ18O 对水以 VSMOW 为标准、对碳酸盐常以 VPDB 为标准。它把万分级的微小组成差异放大到便于比较的尺度,广泛用于古气候重建、水循环示踪与食品产地溯源。
A delta value is the deviation of a sample's isotope ratio from that of an international standard, reported per mille: delta = (R_sample/R_standard - 1) x 1000, in units of per mille. For example, delta-18O is referenced to VSMOW for water and commonly to VPDB for carbonates. It magnifies extremely small compositional differences onto a comparable scale and is widely used in paleoclimate reconstruction, hydrological tracing, and food provenance.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:作者 / 书名 / 版次 / 出版社 / 年份齐备,仅缺独立比对证据;已在可信度报告单列披露,不再重复核验。
陈骏、王鹤年《地球化学》(科学出版社) 第 8 章 ; 另见: T. B. Coplen, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2011, 25, 2538 (IUPAC δ 记号使用指南)
T. B. Coplen, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2011, 25, 2538 (IUPAC δ 记号使用指南) ; see also: 陈骏、王鹤年《地球化学》(科学出版社) 第 8 章
#δ值 #同位素比率 #千分数
什么是同位素?稳定同位素和放射性同位素有何区别?
What are isotopes, and how do stable isotopes differ from radioactive isotopes?
同位素是质子数相同、中子数不同的同一元素原子,化学性质相近。稳定同位素不发生自发衰变,放射性同位素则通过 α、β 或 γ 衰变变为其他核素,并可用于定年与示踪。
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same proton number but different neutron numbers, so their chemistry is similar. Stable isotopes do not decay spontaneously, whereas radioactive isotopes transform via α, β, or γ decay and are useful for dating and tracing.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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陈骏、王鹤年《地球化学》(科学出版社) 第 2 章
K. K. Turekian, Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd ed., Elsevier
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL18418896W:Treatise on geochemist
#同位素 #稳定同位素 #放射性同位素
放射性碳定年(14C 定年)的基本原理是什么?它的适用年龄范围大约是多少?
What is the basic principle of radiocarbon (14C) dating, and what age range is it roughly applicable to?
14C 由宇宙射线在大气中生成并进入生物圈,生物死亡后停止摄入,体内 14C 按 5730 年的半衰期指数衰减。通过测量残留 14C 比例可推算死亡年代,通常适用于数百年到约五万年内的样品。
14C is produced in the atmosphere by cosmic rays and incorporated into living organisms; after death intake stops and the 14C decays with a 5730-year half-life. Measuring the remaining 14C fraction gives the time since death, typically for samples from a few hundred to about fifty thousand years old.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
陈骏、王鹤年《地球化学》(科学出版社) 第 9 章
W. F. Libby, Radiocarbon Dating, 2nd ed., University of Chicago Press
#碳14定年 #半衰期 #年代学
为什么温泉有一股臭鸡蛋味?
Why do hot springs smell like rotten eggs?
地下热水带出了一种含硫的物质,它会发出像臭鸡蛋一样的味道。这种气体叫硫化氢,是地下水流过含硫岩石时带出来的,温泉里常有。
Underground hot water carries sulfur compounds that release a rotten-egg smell. The gas is hydrogen sulfide, picked up when water flows past sulfur-rich rocks, and it is common in hot springs.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
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Brown, LeMay 等,《Chemistry: The Central Science》第14版,Pearson,2017
T. L. Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2017
#温泉 #硫磺 #气味