什么是数字签名，它如何证明消息未被篡改？
What is a digital signature and how does it prove a message is unaltered?
发送方用私钥对消息哈希值签名，接收方用公钥验证；若消息被改动，哈希对不上，签名即失效，从而证明完整性。
The sender signs a hash of the message with a private key; the receiver verifies with the public key. Any change alters the hash and invalidates the signature, proving integrity.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Ferguson、Schneier、Kohno,《Cryptography Engineering》Wiley,2010
N. Ferguson, B. Schneier and T. Kohno, Cryptography Engineering, Wiley, 2010
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL16596906W：Cryptography engineeri
#数字签名 #认证 #完整性
什么是彩虹表攻击，盐值如何防御它？
What is a rainbow table attack and how does salting defend against it?
彩虹表是预先算好的密码哈希对照表，可快速反查弱密码。给每个密码加随机"盐值"再哈希，能让相同密码产生不同结果，使彩虹表失效。
A rainbow table is a precomputed hash lookup to reverse weak passwords. Adding a random 'salt' before hashing makes identical passwords yield different hashes, defeating the table.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Ferguson、Schneier、Kohno,《Cryptography Engineering》Wiley,2010
N. Ferguson, B. Schneier and T. Kohno, Cryptography Engineering, Wiley, 2010
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL16596906W：Cryptography engineeri
#彩虹表 #盐值 #密码
什么是公钥和私钥（非对称加密）？
What are public and private keys (asymmetric encryption)?
非对称加密使用一对密钥：公钥可公开用来加密，私钥保密用来解密，他人用公钥加密的信息只有持有私钥者能解开。
Asymmetric encryption uses a key pair: a public key anyone can use to encrypt, and a private key kept secret to decrypt, so only the private-key holder can read the message.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Ferguson、Schneier、Kohno,《Cryptography Engineering》Wiley,2010
N. Ferguson, B. Schneier and T. Kohno, Cryptography Engineering, Wiley, 2010
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL16596906W：Cryptography engineeri
#非对称加密 #公钥 #私钥
什么是零知识证明？
What is a zero-knowledge proof?
零知识证明让一方在不透露任何额外信息的情况下，向另一方证明某个陈述为真，常用于隐私保护认证。
A zero-knowledge proof lets one party prove a statement is true to another without revealing anything beyond its truth, used in privacy-preserving authentication.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Ferguson、Schneier、Kohno,《Cryptography Engineering》Wiley,2010
N. Ferguson, B. Schneier and T. Kohno, Cryptography Engineering, Wiley, 2010
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL16596906W：Cryptography engineeri
#零知识 #密码学 #隐私
哈希函数和加密有什么区别？
What is the difference between a hash function and encryption?
哈希把任意数据变成固定长度的摘要且通常不可逆，用于校验完整性；加密可逆，需密钥还原原始数据。
A hash turns data into a fixed-length digest that is usually irreversible, used to verify integrity; encryption is reversible with a key to recover the original data.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Ferguson、Schneier、Kohno,《Cryptography Engineering》Wiley,2010
N. Ferguson, B. Schneier and T. Kohno, Cryptography Engineering, Wiley, 2010
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL16596906W：Cryptography engineeri
#哈希 #加密 #密码学
什么是恶意软件？
What is malware?
恶意软件是专门用来损害设备或窃取信息的程序，包括病毒、木马、勒索软件等。
Malware is software made to harm devices or steal information, including viruses, trojans, and ransomware.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Ferguson、Schneier、Kohno,《Cryptography Engineering》Wiley,2010
N. Ferguson, B. Schneier and T. Kohno, Cryptography Engineering, Wiley, 2010
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL16596906W：Cryptography engineeri
#恶意软件 #病毒 #安全
什么是勒索软件？
What is ransomware?
勒索软件会加密你的文件并索要赎金才肯解锁，平时应靠备份和及时更新系统来防范。
Ransomware encrypts your files and demands payment to unlock them; defenses include backups and timely system updates.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Ferguson、Schneier、Kohno,《Cryptography Engineering》Wiley,2010
N. Ferguson, B. Schneier and T. Kohno, Cryptography Engineering, Wiley, 2010
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL16596906W：Cryptography engineeri
#勒索软件 #备份 #安全
什么是钓鱼攻击？
What is a phishing attack?
钓鱼攻击用伪造的邮件或网站冒充可信机构，诱骗你交出账号密码或银行卡信息。
A phishing attack uses fake emails or websites that mimic trusted organizations to trick you into giving away passwords or card details.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Ferguson、Schneier、Kohno,《Cryptography Engineering》Wiley,2010
N. Ferguson, B. Schneier and T. Kohno, Cryptography Engineering, Wiley, 2010
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL16596906W：Cryptography engineeri
#钓鱼 #诈骗 #安全
什么是两步验证？
What is two-step verification?
两步验证在输入密码后还要第二次证明身份，比如短信验证码，即使密码泄露别人也难登录。
Two-step verification asks for a second proof of identity after the password, like a text code, so a leaked password alone is not enough.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Ferguson、Schneier、Kohno,《Cryptography Engineering》Wiley,2010
N. Ferguson, B. Schneier and T. Kohno, Cryptography Engineering, Wiley, 2010
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL16596906W：Cryptography engineeri
#认证 #两步验证 #安全
什么是防火墙？
What is a firewall?
防火墙是保护网络或电脑的"门卫"，按规则检查进出的数据，挡住可疑的连接。
A firewall is a guard at the door of a network or computer that checks incoming and outgoing data and blocks suspicious connections.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Ferguson、Schneier、Kohno,《Cryptography Engineering》Wiley,2010
N. Ferguson, B. Schneier and T. Kohno, Cryptography Engineering, Wiley, 2010
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL16596906W：Cryptography engineeri
#安全 #防火墙