什么是逆温现象？
What is a temperature inversion?
逆温指气温随高度升高而增加、与通常递减相反的大气层结。它像一个盖子抑制空气上下交换，使污染物在近地面积聚，易形成雾霾。冬季晴朗静风的夜晚辐射逆温尤为常见。
A temperature inversion is a layer in which temperature increases with height, opposite to the usual decrease. It acts like a lid that suppresses vertical mixing, letting pollutants accumulate near the ground and fostering haze. Radiation inversions are especially common on clear, calm winter nights.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#逆温 #大气污染 #层结
高空急流是怎么形成的？为什么飞机航线常顺着它飞？
How does the jet stream form, and why do flights ride along it?
对流层上部，中纬度暖空气与极地冷空气之间的温度差使气压梯度随高度急剧增强，科里奥利力与之平衡，形成狭窄的强风带——极地急流。温度梯度越强，急流越强，冬季常更强且偏南。急流中的罗斯贝波弯曲带动高空气压系统移动，直接引导地面气旋路径，因此天气预报必须追踪急流。飞机顺风飞行可以省油省时，跨大西洋向东的航班常比向西快一两小时。
High in the troposphere, the temperature contrast between warm mid-latitude air and cold polar air makes the pressure gradient strengthen sharply with altitude; balanced by the Coriolis force, this produces a narrow band of strong winds—the polar jet stream. The stronger the temperature gradient, the stronger the jet, which is usually faster and farther south in winter. Rossby-wave undulations of the jet steer upper-level pressure systems and guide surface cyclone tracks, so forecasters must watch it. Planes fly with it to save fuel and time, making eastbound transatlantic flights one to two hours quicker than westbound ones.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#急流 #罗斯贝波 #大气环流
厄尔尼诺与大气之间如何相互作用？
How do El Nino and the atmosphere interact?
厄尔尼诺是海气耦合现象：海温异常首先改变上方大气的对流和风场，而风场变化又反过来影响海洋上层的冷暖分布。这种正反馈使异常得以维持和发展，并通过沃克环流的减弱在全球传播。理解这一耦合是季节气候预测的核心。
El Nino is an ocean-atmosphere coupled phenomenon: sea temperature anomalies first alter the convection and winds above, and those wind changes in turn reshape the warm and cold patterns in the upper ocean. This positive feedback lets the anomaly persist and grow, spreading globally through a weakened Walker circulation. Understanding this coupling is central to seasonal climate prediction.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#厄尔尼诺 #海气耦合 #沃克环流
山脉两侧的"雨影区"和焚风是怎么来的？
How do rain shadows and foehn winds arise on the two sides of a mountain range?
海洋暖湿气流遇到山脉被迫抬升，冷却到饱和后凝结成云和降水，在迎风坡大量降雨，如喜马拉雅南麓和台湾东北部。空气翻过山脊下降时被绝热压缩、增温，水汽早已耗尽，于是背风坡降水稀少，形成雨影区，如青藏高原北侧的柴达木盆地。背风坡下坡风因增温变干而被称为焚风，冬春可造成气温骤升、积雪快速融化。这是地形控制气候的经典范例。
Moist air from the sea is forced up over a mountain range, cools to saturation, and condenses into clouds and heavy rain on the windward side, as on the southern flank of the Himalaya and northeastern Taiwan. Once the air crosses the ridge it descends, is compressed and warmed adiabatically, and has already lost its moisture, so the leeward side gets little rain—the rain shadow, like the Qaidam Basin north of the Tibetan Plateau. The dry, warm descending wind, called a foehn, can sharply raise temperature and melt snow in winter and spring. This is a classic example of terrain controlling climate.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
中国气象局（地形与降水）
China Meteorological Administration (orographic precipitation)
#雨影 #焚风 #地形降水
马登-朱利安振荡是如何在次季节尺度上调制全球天气的？
How does the Madden-Julian Oscillation modulate global weather on subseasonal timescales?
MJO是热带大气向东传播、周期约30–60天的对流与环流异常带，能影响季风爆发、厄尔尼诺演变乃至北美寒潮与热带气旋活动。它提供介于天气预报与季节预测之间的次季节可预报性窗口。
The MJO is an eastward-propagating band of tropical convection and circulation anomalies with a 30-60 day period that influences monsoon onset, El Nino evolution, North American cold outbreaks, and tropical cyclone activity. It provides a subseasonal predictability window between daily weather forecasting and seasonal outlooks.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#马登-朱利安振荡 #次季节预测 #热带对流
气旋和反气旋的风向为什么会转圈？与台风有什么关联？
Why do winds spiral in cyclones and anticyclones, and how does this relate to typhoons?
空气从高压流向低压，但科里奥利力使运动方向在北半球向右偏、南半球向左偏，最终风绕低压中心在北半球逆时针旋转，形成气旋；绕高压中心则顺时针旋转，形成反气旋。科里奥利力在赤道为零，所以台风、飓风必须形成于远离赤道、海温超过约26摄氏度的海域，并随气旋式旋转而加强。这一机制也解释了为什么北半球的台风都是逆时针转动。
Air flows from high to low pressure, but the Coriolis effect deflects motion to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and left in the Southern, so winds spiral counterclockwise around lows (cyclones) in the north and clockwise around highs (anticyclones). Because the Coriolis force vanishes at the equator, typhoons and hurricanes must form poleward of it, over seas warmer than about 26 C, intensifying as cyclonic rotation develops. This is why Northern Hemisphere typhoons always spin counterclockwise.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#气旋 #反气旋 #科里奥利力
为什么大型火山喷发后的平流层硫酸盐气溶胶使全球降温，而喷出的CO₂却带来长期增温？
Why do stratospheric sulfate aerosols from a large volcanic eruption cool the globe, while the eruption's CO₂ warms it over the long term?
硫酸盐气溶胶在平流层滞留1–2年，反射和散射太阳短波辐射，减少到达地面的阳光，造成约1–3年的短暂降温；气溶胶随后随极涡和平流层风带向全球扩散，热带火山喷发的影响范围最广。而火山喷出的CO₂与工业排放相比微不足道，但CO₂在大气中存留数百年至千年，其辐射效应随时间累积。两者的时间尺度与机理完全不同：喷发后最初几年以气溶胶降温为主，长期气候则受温室气体存量控制，单次火山事件无法改变全球碳收支。
Stratospheric sulfate aerosols linger one to two years, reflecting and scattering incoming shortwave radiation and reducing sunlight at the surface, causing brief cooling of roughly one to three years; they then spread globally with the polar vortex and stratospheric winds, tropical eruptions having the widest reach. Volcanic CO₂ is negligible compared with industrial emissions, but CO₂ persists for centuries to millennia and its radiative effect accumulates. The two thus act on entirely different timescales and mechanisms: aerosol cooling dominates the first few years after an eruption, while long-term climate is set by the greenhouse-gas inventory, and no single eruption changes the global carbon budget.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#火山喷发 #硫酸盐气溶胶 #气候强迫
什么是极地涡旋？
What is the polar vortex?
极地涡旋是冬季极地上空平流层和低层大气中的大型冷空气旋涡，被急流环绕并稳定在高纬。当涡旋减弱或分裂，冷空气会向南爆发，造成中纬度寒潮。近年其不稳定性受到气候研究的关注。
The polar vortex is a large cyclonic circulation of cold air over the poles in winter, in the stratosphere and lower atmosphere, enclosed by the jet stream and confined to high latitudes. When it weakens or splits, cold air spills southward and causes mid-latitude cold outbreaks. Its instability has drawn climate research attention recently.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#极地涡旋 #寒潮 #急流
为什么臭氧洞出现在南极春季而不是其他季节？
Why does the ozone hole appear over Antarctica in spring rather than in other seasons?
南极冬季极夜中，极涡把南极上空与外界隔离，温度降至约-80°C以下，形成极地平流层云；云粒表面发生非均相反应，把惰性的氯储存库（HCl、ClONO₂）转化为活性氯，同时氮被固定在云粒中不再消耗氯。春季阳光回归后，光化学反应迅速消耗臭氧形成臭氧洞；夏季极涡消散，中纬度臭氧向极地输送补充，臭氧洞愈合。极地平流层云需要低于约-78°C才能形成，北极因极涡较弱、温度较高且地形扰动大，通常不会出现如此严重的臭氧损耗。
During Antarctic winter, the polar vortex isolates the region and temperatures fall below about -80°C, forming polar stratospheric clouds; heterogeneous reactions on their particles convert inert chlorine reservoirs (HCl, ClONO₂) into active chlorine while nitrogen is sequestered so it no longer deactivates chlorine. When spring sunlight returns, photochemistry rapidly destroys ozone, producing the hole; in summer the vortex breaks down and mid-latitude ozone is transported poleward, healing the hole. Because polar stratospheric clouds require temperatures below about -78°C, the Arctic—with a weaker vortex, higher temperatures, and stronger planetary-wave disturbance—rarely suffers comparable ozone loss.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#臭氧洞 #极地平流层云 #极涡
台风（飓风）是怎么形成的？
How do typhoons (hurricanes) form?
台风在温暖的热带海面上形成，需要海温高于约26摄氏度的充足水汽和能量。地转偏向力使气流旋转，中心形成低压眼区，周围出现强烈上升运动和狂风暴雨。它在不同大洋有不同名称，如飓风、气旋。
Typhoons form over warm tropical oceans, needing sea surface temperatures above about 26 degrees Celsius to supply ample moisture and energy. The Coriolis force makes the airflow rotate, a low-pressure eye develops at the center, and intense upward motion produces violent winds and rain. The same phenomenon is called a hurricane or cyclone in other ocean basins.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#台风 #热带气旋 #海温
雷暴云（积雨云）是什么？
What is a thundercloud (cumulonimbus)?
积雨云是垂直发展极旺盛的云，顶部常伸展到平流层附近形成砧状。其内部强烈的上升和下沉气流带来雷电、暴雨甚至冰雹。它是几乎所有强对流天气的载体。
A cumulonimbus is a vigorously developing vertical cloud whose top often spreads into an anvil near the stratosphere. Its strong updrafts and downdrafts produce lightning, heavy rain, and sometimes hail. It is the engine behind nearly all severe convective weather.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#积雨云 #对流 #雷暴
沙尘暴是怎么形成的？
How does a dust storm form?
沙尘暴发生在干燥裸露的地表，强风把大量沙尘卷入空中并随风输送。它常出现在干旱和半干旱地区，春季冷空气活动频繁时更易发。沙尘暴会降低能见度并影响空气质量和健康。
Dust storms occur over dry, bare ground where strong winds lift large amounts of dust into the air and carry it along. They are common in arid and semi-arid regions and are more frequent in spring when cold-air outbreaks are active. Dust storms reduce visibility and affect air quality and health.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#沙尘暴 #干旱 #强风
为什么没有气溶胶，云就难以形成？
Why is cloud formation difficult in the absence of aerosols?
云滴需要云凝结核（CCN）才能凝结。在洁净空气中，水汽即使达到过饱和也难以自发成滴；气溶胶粒子（海盐、硫酸盐、尘埃、人为污染物）提供了凝结表面，使水汽在很低的过饱和度下即可成云。气溶胶数量还影响云滴大小与云的反射率。
Cloud droplets require cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) to condense. In clean air, vapor rarely nucleates droplets even when supersaturated; aerosol particles (sea salt, sulfate, dust, anthropogenic pollutants) provide surfaces for condensation at very low supersaturation. Aerosol abundance also controls droplet size and cloud reflectivity.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#气溶胶 #云凝结核 #云物理
平流层的臭氧层到底在保护我们什么？
What does the stratospheric ozone layer actually protect us from?
臭氧层吸收太阳紫外辐射中能量最强的UV-B和大部分UV-C，只让少量紫外线到达地面。没有这层保护，紫外线会灼伤皮肤、诱发皮肤癌和白内障，并伤害农作物与浮游生物。20世纪80年代发现的南极臭氧洞说明氯氟烃（CFC）会破坏臭氧，1987年《蒙特利尔议定书》禁止这类物质后，臭氧层正在缓慢恢复。
The ozone layer absorbs the most energetic ultraviolet bands, UV-B and most UV-C, letting only a small fraction reach the surface. Without it, UV radiation would burn skin, raise rates of skin cancer and cataracts, and damage crops and plankton. The Antarctic ozone hole found in the 1980s showed that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) destroy ozone; since the 1987 Montreal Protocol banned them, the layer has been slowly recovering.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#臭氧层 #紫外线 #蒙特利尔议定书
酸沉降的主要前体物是什么？它们主要来自哪里？
What are the main precursors of acid deposition, and where do they chiefly come from?
主要是SO₂和NOx：SO₂主要来自燃煤电厂与冶炼厂，NOx主要来自机动车尾气和电厂燃烧。它们在大气中被氧化为硫酸和硝酸，随降水或干沉降到达地面，使湖泊酸化、森林受损，并腐蚀建筑与文物。
Mainly SO₂ and NOx—SO₂ chiefly from coal-fired power plants and smelters, NOx from vehicle exhaust and power-plant combustion. Oxidized in the atmosphere to sulfuric and nitric acid, they reach the ground as wet or dry deposition, acidifying lakes, damaging forests, and corroding buildings and cultural relics.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
中国气象局（酸雨监测与成因）
China Meteorological Administration (acid rain monitoring and causes)
#酸雨 #SO2 #NOx
对流层和平流层有什么区别？
What is the difference between the troposphere and the stratosphere?
对流层是最接近地面的一层，集中了大部分天气现象，气温随高度降低。平流层在其上方，含有臭氧层，气温随高度升高而上升，空气较稳定、少有对流。飞机常在平流层底部飞行以避开颠簸。
The troposphere is the lowest layer, where most weather occurs and temperature falls with height. The stratosphere lies above it, contains the ozone layer, and temperature rises with height, making the air stable with little convection. Aircraft often cruise near the bottom of the stratosphere to avoid turbulence.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#对流层 #平流层 #大气分层
大气压随高度如何变化？
How does atmospheric pressure change with altitude?
海拔越高，上方空气柱越短、空气越稀薄，气压就越低。大约每升高5500米，气压约减半。正因为如此，高山上氧气分压较低，容易出现高原反应。
The higher the altitude, the shorter the column of air above and the thinner the air, so pressure drops. Roughly every 5500 meters of ascent halves the pressure. That is why the partial pressure of oxygen is lower on high mountains and altitude sickness can occur.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#大气压 #高度 #气压递减
降水有哪些主要类型？
What are the main types of precipitation?
按成因降水可分为对流雨、地形雨、锋面雨和台风雨。对流雨由空气强烈受热上升形成，常见于夏季午后；地形雨是气流遇山抬升成云致雨；锋面雨发生在冷暖空气交界面。不同类型决定了降雨的时空分布。
By cause, precipitation is divided into convective, orographic, frontal, and typhoon rain. Convective rain forms from strongly heated rising air, common on summer afternoons; orographic rain comes as air is lifted by mountains; frontal rain occurs at the boundary of warm and cold air. The type governs when and where rain falls.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#降水类型 #对流雨 #地形雨
冷锋和暖锋过境时的天气有什么不同？
How does the weather differ when a cold front versus a warm front passes through?
冷锋是冷气团推动暖气团，锋面陡、移动快，暖空气被迅速抬升，常带来短促的雷雨大风，雨区窄而急，过境后气温明显下降。暖锋则是暖气团沿冷气团表面缓慢爬升，坡度缓、移动慢，形成大范围连绵的层状云和细雨，雨区宽而持久。我国春秋两季的天气变化大多与这两种锋面的交替有关。
A cold front is cold air advancing into warm air; its surface is steep and fast-moving, so the warm air is lifted abruptly, bringing brief thunderstorms and gusty wind, followed by a sharp temperature drop. A warm front is warm air slowly climbing over cold air; its surface is gentle, producing widespread stratus and steady light rain over a broad area. Much of the day-to-day weather change in spring and autumn in China relates to the alternation of these two fronts.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#冷锋 #暖锋 #锋面
什么是急流（jet stream）？
What is a jet stream?
急流是高空狭窄而强劲的风带，风速常超过每小时100公里。它由南北温差造成的气压梯度驱动，主要出现在对流层顶附近。急流引导着天气系统移动，影响航班时间和区域天气。
A jet stream is a narrow, fast-flowing ribbon of wind high in the atmosphere, often exceeding 100 kilometers per hour. It is driven by the pressure gradient created by north-south temperature contrasts and sits near the tropopause. Jet streams steer weather systems and affect flight times and regional weather.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#急流 #高空风 #天气引导
地表（对流层）臭氧是保护层还是污染物？它是怎样形成的？
Is ground-level (tropospheric) ozone a protective layer or a pollutant, and how does it form?
地表臭氧是有害的光化学污染物，是夏季光化学烟雾的主要成分。它不是直接排放的，而是氮氧化物（NOx）与挥发性有机物（VOCs）在强烈阳光下经光化学反应生成的，会刺激呼吸道、危害农作物。
Ground-level ozone is a harmful photochemical pollutant and a main component of summertime photochemical smog. It is not emitted directly but forms when nitrogen oxides (NOx) react with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) under strong sunlight; it irritates airways and damages crops.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#对流层臭氧 #光化学烟雾 #NOx
为什么沙漠昼夜温差很大？
Why do deserts have large day-night temperature swings?
沙漠空气干燥、植被稀少，水汽和云都很少，白天地面吸收大量太阳辐射而迅速升温。夜间缺乏云层保温，地面热量快速向天空散失，温度骤降。因此沙漠常出现白天酷热、夜晚寒凉的现象。
Deserts are dry with little vegetation, so there is little water vapor and few clouds; the ground absorbs abundant solar radiation and heats rapidly by day. At night, with no cloud blanket to retain heat, the ground quickly radiates energy to the sky and cools sharply. That is why deserts are scorching by day and chilly at night.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#沙漠 #昼夜温差 #辐射
龙卷风是如何形成的？
How does a tornado form?
龙卷风通常在强雷暴中、当风随高度剧烈变化产生旋转气流时形成。旋转的空气柱被上升气流拉伸并收窄，转速骤增，从云底伸向地面。它尺度小但破坏力极强。
Tornadoes usually form in severe thunderstorms when winds change sharply with height and create a rotating column of air. The rotating column is stretched and narrowed by the updraft, spinning faster, and extends from the cloud base to the ground. They are small in scale but extremely destructive.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#龙卷风 #强对流 #涡旋
什么是西风带？
What is the westerly wind belt?
西风带位于中纬度，盛行自西向东的风，由副热带高压吹向副极地低压并经地转偏向力偏转形成。它带来频繁的冷暖空气交绥和移动性天气系统。南半球海洋广阔，西风带尤其强劲，被称为咆哮西风带。
The westerly belt lies in the mid-latitudes and is dominated by winds from west to east, formed as air moves from the subtropical high toward the subpolar low and is deflected by the Coriolis force. It brings frequent clashes of warm and cold air and moving weather systems. Over the open southern ocean the westerlies are especially strong, the roaring forties.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#西风带 #中纬度 #天气系统
夜光云为何在地面入夜之后反而显得格外明亮？为什么人类活动被认为正使其更频繁、更亮？
Why do noctilucent clouds glow especially brightly even after the ground lies in darkness, and why is human activity thought to be making them more frequent and brighter?
夜光云悬浮在约83公里高空：日落后地面虽已没入地球阴影，该高度仍照得到掠过地平线的斜阳，微小冰晶对阳光的散射效率极高，故在暗黑天幕上泛出醒目的银蓝色。另一方面，甲烷排放增加经氧化转化为更多中间层水汽，叠加高层大气变冷，使冰云更易生成；观测显示数十年来夜光云出现得更频繁也更亮。
Noctilucent clouds float near 83 km altitude: after sunset the ground lies in Earth's shadow, yet that height still catches slanted sunlight skimming past the horizon, and the tiny ice crystals scatter it extremely efficiently, so the clouds glow striking silver-blue against the dark sky. Meanwhile, rising methane emissions oxidize into extra mesopause water vapour while the upper atmosphere cools, easing ice-cloud formation; observations show noctilucent clouds have become both more frequent and brighter over recent decades.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Thomas, G. E. 等：《甲烷增长与中间层顶冰云出现的关系》，《自然》（Nature），1989年，338卷490–492页
Thomas, G. E., et al., 'Relation between increasing methane and the presence of ice clouds at the mesopause', Nature, 1989, vol. 338, pp. 490-492
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1038/338490a0：Relation between increasing
#夜光云 #曙暮光照亮 #冰晶散射 #甲烷水汽
氯氟烃（CFCs）是如何破坏平流层臭氧的？
How do chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) destroy stratospheric ozone?
CFCs化学性质稳定，能上升到平流层，在强烈紫外辐射下分解并释放氯原子；一个氯原子可通过催化循环破坏成千上万个臭氧分子，把O₃转化为O₂。南极冬季低温形成的极地平流层云会加剧这一过程，形成“臭氧洞”。
CFCs are stable enough to reach the stratosphere, where intense UV radiation breaks them apart, releasing chlorine atoms; a single chlorine atom destroys tens of thousands of ozone molecules through a catalytic cycle, converting O₃ to O₂. The very cold conditions forming polar stratospheric clouds over Antarctica intensify the process, producing the “ozone hole.”
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#平流层臭氧 #氯氟烃 #催化循环
大气层为什么从下到上先变冷又变热？
Why does the atmosphere first cool and then warm as altitude increases?
对流层（约0到10公里）从地面获得热量，所以越往上越冷，云和天气都发生在这里。平流层（约10到50公里）中臭氧吸收紫外线并加热空气，所以温度又随高度升高。更高的中间层、热层分别再次变冷、变热，热层顶部温度可达上千摄氏度，但空气极稀薄，感觉不到热。分层结构决定了天气现象、飞行航线与极光出现的位置。
The troposphere (about 0-10 km) is heated from the ground, so temperature drops with altitude and all weather happens here. In the stratosphere (about 10-50 km) ozone absorbs ultraviolet light and warms the air, so temperature rises again. Above them the mesosphere cools once more while the thermosphere heats up, reaching thousands of degrees at its top yet feeling cold because the air is so thin. This layering fixes where clouds, aircraft routes, and auroras occur.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#大气分层 #对流层 #平流层
什么是城市热岛效应？为什么它往往在夜间更明显？
What is the urban heat island effect and why is it often stronger at night?
城市热岛指城区气温明显高于周边郊区的现象，源于混凝土、沥青吸热多且植被少、散热慢。夜间郊区快速辐射冷却，而城市蓄积的热量持续释放，使城乡温差拉大。
The urban heat island is the tendency for city centers to be warmer than surrounding rural areas, because concrete and asphalt absorb heat and there is little vegetation to cool by evapotranspiration. At night rural areas radiatively cool quickly while the city releases stored heat, widening the temperature gap.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
美国环保局（EPA）《城市热岛缓解》报告
U.S. EPA, Reducing Urban Heat Islands report
#城市热岛 #下垫面 #夜间增温
云主要有哪些种类？
What are the main types of clouds?
按高度和形态，云可分为高云、中云、低云和直展云。高云如卷云，中云如高积云，低云如层云和雨层云，直展云如积雨云。观察云的形态有助于粗略判断天气变化。
By height and shape, clouds are grouped into high, middle, low, and vertical clouds. High clouds include cirrus, middle include altocumulus, low include stratus and nimbostratus, and vertical include cumulonimbus. Watching cloud forms helps roughly judge coming weather.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#云 #云类 #天气
闪电是怎么形成的？
How is lightning formed?
雷暴云内冰晶和雨滴碰撞使电荷分离，云顶积累正电、云底积累负电。当电荷差足够大时，空气被击穿，形成明亮的放电通道即闪电。闪电加热空气产生冲击波，就是我们听到的雷声。
Inside a thundercloud, collisions between ice crystals and raindrops separate electric charges, with positive charge building at the top and negative charge at the bottom. When the charge difference is large enough the air breaks down and a bright discharge channel, lightning, forms. The lightning heats the air and creates a shock wave we hear as thunder.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#闪电 #雷暴 #电荷分离
什么是冰雹？
What is hail?
冰雹是强雷暴中形成的冰粒，被上升气流反复托起、在过冷云水中层层包裹增大，直到太重而降落。它多见于春夏季节的对流旺盛地区。较大的冰雹会砸伤作物和损坏车辆。
Hail is ice pellets formed in severe thunderstorms, repeatedly lifted by updrafts and coated with supercooled cloud water until they grow too heavy and fall. It is common in convective regions during spring and summer. Large hail can damage crops and vehicles.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#冰雹 #强对流 #冰粒
雨是怎么形成的？
How is rain formed?
空气中的水汽在凝结核上凝结成云滴，云滴通过碰撞合并不断增大。当水滴重到上升气流托不住时，便降落成为雨。地形抬升、对流和锋面活动都能促使水汽凝结成雨。
Water vapor in the air condenses onto tiny particles to form cloud droplets, which grow by colliding and merging. When a droplet becomes too heavy for the updraft to support, it falls as rain. Orographic lift, convection, and frontal activity all help condense vapor into rain.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#降雨 #凝结 #云滴
为什么当气温接近露点时人会觉得特别闷热潮湿？
Why does the air feel especially humid when the temperature is near the dew point?
露点是空气水汽开始凝结的温度，气温越接近露点，相对湿度越高，汗液越难蒸发散热，所以体感闷热。两者差值越小，潮湿感越强。
The dew point is the temperature at which air becomes saturated; the closer the air temperature is to the dew point, the higher the relative humidity and the harder sweat evaporates, so the body feels muggy. A small gap between the two signals strong stickiness.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#露点 #相对湿度 #体感温度
极光为什么常常出现在南北极附近？
Why do auroras often appear near the North and South Poles?
太阳风吹来的带电粒子被地球磁场引到两极，撞上高空空气使它发光，就形成了极光。
Charged particles from the solar wind are steered by Earth's magnetic field to the poles, where they light up the upper air as auroras.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#极光 #磁层
什么是热浪？
What is a heat wave?
热浪指某一地区出现持续异常高温的天气过程，通常伴随晴朗少雨和静稳大气。它会增加中暑和心脑血管疾病的死亡风险，并加重电力负荷。城市热岛效应会使热浪影响更明显。
A heat wave is a period of abnormally and persistently high temperatures in a region, usually with clear, dry, and stagnant air. It raises the risk of heat stroke and cardiovascular death and strains the power grid. The urban heat island effect makes heat waves more pronounced.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#热浪 #高温 #健康风险
雪是怎么形成的？
How is snow formed?
当云中温度足够低、水汽直接在冰晶上凝华时，便形成六角形的雪花。冰晶在下落过程中不断生长、相互碰撞，聚成雪片。气温接近0摄氏度时雪花容易黏结成湿雪。
When clouds are cold enough for water vapor to deposit directly onto ice crystals, six-sided snowflakes form. The crystals grow and collide as they fall, clumping into snowflakes. Near 0 degrees Celsius the flakes tend to stick together as wet snow.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#雪 #冰晶 #凝华
雾和云有什么区别？
What is the difference between fog and cloud?
雾本质上就是贴近地面的云，由水汽在低温下凝结成悬浮小水滴形成。与高空云不同，雾出现在地表，会降低能见度。辐射雾常见于晴朗静风的夜晚，平流雾多见于暖湿空气流经冷海面。
Fog is essentially a cloud that touches the ground, formed when water vapor condenses into suspended droplets in cool air. Unlike high clouds, fog occurs at the surface and reduces visibility. Radiation fog forms on clear calm nights, while advection fog appears when warm moist air flows over a cold sea surface.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#雾 #云 #能见度
大气由哪些主要气体组成？
What gases mainly make up the atmosphere?
地球大气约78%是氮气、21%是氧气，其余为氩、二氧化碳和少量其他气体。二氧化碳虽只占约0.04%，却是关键的温室气体。水蒸气含量随地点和天气变化很大。
Earth's atmosphere is about 78 percent nitrogen and 21 percent oxygen, with the rest made up of argon, carbon dioxide, and trace gases. Although carbon dioxide is only about 0.04 percent, it is a crucial greenhouse gas. Water vapor varies greatly by location and weather.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#大气组成 #氮气 #氧气
为什么地球上会有四季变化？
Why does Earth have four seasons?
地球自转轴相对公转轨道面倾斜约23.5度，使不同季节里太阳直射点在南北回归线之间移动。夏季半球接收到的阳光更集中、白昼更长，冬季则相反。这种日照差异带来了春夏秋冬的循环。
Earth's rotation axis is tilted about 23.5 degrees relative to its orbital plane, so the subsolar point moves between the tropics over the year. The summer hemisphere receives more concentrated sunlight and has longer days, while the winter hemisphere gets the opposite. This difference in insolation produces the cycle of seasons.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
周淑贞 束炯,《气象学与气候学》第3版,高等教育出版社,1997
Zhou Shuzhen and Shu Jiong, Meteorology and Climatology, 3rd ed., Higher Education Press, 1997
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787040060164（豆瓣书目条目: 气象学与气候学）
#四季 #地轴倾斜 #回归线