温室气体到底是怎么给地球"保暖"的？
How exactly do greenhouse gases keep Earth warm?
太阳辐射以可见光为主，穿过大气加热地表；地面则以红外线向外辐射。二氧化碳、水汽、甲烷等温室气体能吸收特定波段的红外光，再向各个方向重新辐射，其中射向地面的部分把热量截留在大气低层，这就是温室效应。没有它地球平均气温约-18摄氏度；温室气体浓度升高则使这个截留增强，地面升温。这种机制与玻璃温室的"捂热"不同，本质是大气吸收再回辐射。
Solar radiation, mostly visible light, passes through the atmosphere and warms the surface, which then radiates infrared outward. Greenhouse gases—carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane—absorb infrared at specific wavelengths and re-emit it in all directions; the downward part traps heat in the lower atmosphere. That is the greenhouse effect. Without it Earth's average surface temperature would be about -18 C, and rising greenhouse gas concentrations strengthen the trapping and warm the surface. The mechanism differs from a physical glass greenhouse; it is absorption and reradiation by the atmosphere.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#温室效应 #红外辐射 #二氧化碳
格陵兰和南极冰盖中的快速冰流（如松岛冰川）为何比周围冰体移动快得多？
Why do fast-flowing ice streams such as Pine Island Glacier move far faster than the surrounding ice?
快速运动主要取决于底部条件：冰床位于海平面以下，地热或摩擦生热使底冰达到融点，形成润滑的融水层，冰流通过底部滑动和冰内变形快速前进；同时冰架支撑减弱时冰流加速。冰架变薄使冰流末端阻力减小，接地线随即后退，更多冰体浮起，又进一步加速冰流——这种冰架变薄—接地线后退—冰流加速的正反馈是当前南极冰量损失的关键机制。松岛冰川等快速冰流把内陆冰输送到海洋，其质量损失已构成南极对海平面上升的主要贡献之一。
Fast flow is controlled by basal conditions: the bed lies below sea level, and geothermal or frictional heat melts the basal ice, creating a lubricating water layer along which the stream surges forward by basal sliding and internal deformation; loss of ice-shelf buttressing then accelerates the stream. Thinning of the shelf reduces resistance at the ice front, the grounding line retreats, more ice floats, and the stream accelerates further—this feedback of shelf thinning, grounding-line retreat, and stream acceleration is the key mechanism behind current Antarctic mass loss. Fast-flowing streams such as Pine Island Glacier drain the interior to the ocean, and their losses are among the main contributors to Antarctica's sea-level contribution.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#冰流 #接地线 #南极
米兰科维奇（Milankovitch）理论如何解释冰期的周期性？
How does Milankovitch theory explain the periodicity of ice ages?
米兰科维奇理论指出，地球轨道的三类缓慢变化——离心率（约10万年）、转轴倾角/黄赤交角（约4.1万年）和岁差（约2.3万/1.9万年）——改变了各纬度接收的太阳辐射量，从而驱动更新世的冰期—间冰期循环。这些周期在深海沉积和冰芯记录中都能被识别。
Milankovitch theory holds that three slow changes in Earth's orbit—eccentricity (~100 kyr), axial tilt/obliquity (~41 kyr), and precession (~23 kyr/19 kyr)—alter the amount of solar radiation reaching different latitudes, driving Pleistocene glacial–interglacial cycles. These periodicities are recognizable in deep-sea sediments and ice cores.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#米兰科维奇 #离心率 #黄赤交角 #岁差 #冰期
树木年轮为何能重建过去数千年的气候？这一方法有什么局限？
How can tree rings reconstruct climate over past millennia, and what are the method's limitations?
在中高纬地区，年轮宽度、密度和同位素组成与生长季温度或降水密切相关，宽轮对应有利生长条件；通过交叉定年，可把活树、历史木材与地下残木的年轮序列拼接延长至上万年。为保证气候信号可靠，还需对每棵树进行去趋势（标准化），去除树木自身的年龄趋势（幼年轮宽、老年轮窄），使不同树之间的信号可比。局限在于：只覆盖中高纬陆地，分辨率通常为年，且年轮还受虫害、竞争等非气候因素影响；近百年CO₂施肥与氮沉降也可能改变树木的气候敏感性，使现代校准在更早时期失真。
At mid and high latitudes, ring width, density, and isotope composition correlate with growing-season temperature or moisture, wide rings marking favorable years; cross-dating stitches living trees, historical wood, and subfossil logs into chronologies spanning ten millennia. To extract a reliable climate signal, each series must be detrended (standardized) to remove the tree's own age trend—juvenile rings are wide, old rings narrow—so that trees are comparable. Limits: coverage is land-only at mid–high latitudes, resolution is typically annual, rings are also influenced by non-climatic factors such as pests and competition, and modern CO₂ fertilization and nitrogen deposition may have altered trees' climate sensitivity, degrading modern calibrations when applied to the past.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Nature（树木年轮气候学研究）
Nature (dendroclimatology research)
#树木年轮 #气候重建 #交叉定年
什么是行星边界，为什么重要？
What are planetary boundaries and why do they matter?
它把气候、生物多样性、氮磷循环等设为人类安全带，越过边界会增加触发全球突变和不可逆变化的风险。
It sets safe limits for climate, biodiversity, nitrogen-phosphorus and more; crossing them raises the risk of abrupt, irreversible global change.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#行星边界 #可持续性
什么是气候敏感参数？
What is climate sensitivity?
气候敏感参数通常指在二氧化碳浓度翻倍时全球平均气温的平衡上升幅度，主流估计约为1.5至4.5摄氏度。它是综合云、冰雪和海洋反馈后的关键指标，用于评估长期增暖程度。
Climate sensitivity usually means the equilibrium global temperature rise when carbon dioxide concentration doubles, with a mainstream estimate of about 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius. It is a key metric that integrates cloud, ice, and ocean feedbacks to gauge long-term warming.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#气候敏感 #反馈 #升温
什么是大西洋经向翻转环流（AMOC）？有哪些证据表明它在减弱？
What is the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and what evidence suggests it is weakening?
AMOC 是北大西洋把温暖表层水向北输送、冷水向南深层回流的翻转环流，对欧洲气候至关重要。观测显示其流速自20世纪中叶以来减弱，且北大西洋冷斑与盐度变化提示可能逼近临界阈值。
The AMOC is the North Atlantic overturning that carries warm surface water northward and returns cold water southward at depth, crucial for European climate. Observations indicate a weakening since the mid-20th century, with a North Atlantic cold blob and salinity shifts hinting it may approach a tipping point.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#AMOC #翻转环流 #气候临界点
什么是厄尔尼诺现象？
What is El Niño?
正常年份信风把暖水推向西太平洋，南美沿岸不断上涌冷水；信风一弱，暖水东回，赤道中东太平洋海温比常年高几度，上涌与营养盐随之减少。对流中心则向东移，沃克环流被重整，远方的旱涝就这样连成一片。名字来自秘鲁渔民，他们常在圣诞前后察觉暖流，以「圣婴」称之。要分清：厄尔尼诺是 ENSO 的暖位相，与南方涛动是一件事的海、气两面，冷位相叫拉尼娜；它是年际变率，叠加而非等同长期趋势。
In a normal year the trade winds pile warm water against the western Pacific and cold water keeps upwelling off South America; when those winds slacken the warm pool sloshes back east, sea surface temperature in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific runs a few degrees above usual, and upwelling and its nutrient supply thin out with it. The rain-bearing convection then shifts east, the Walker circulation is reorganised, and that is how distant droughts and deluges end up linked. The name comes from Peruvian fishermen, who usually noticed this warm current around Christmas and called it the Christ Child. What to keep straight: El Niño is the warm phase of ENSO, the ocean side of one phenomenon whose atmospheric side is the Southern Oscillation, with La Niña as the cold phase; it is year-to-year variability riding on top of the long-term trend, not the trend itself.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#气候 #厄尔尼诺
南极冰芯里的气泡和氧同位素怎样还原80万年气候史？
How do air bubbles and oxygen isotopes in Antarctic ice cores reconstruct 800,000 years of climate?
南极冰盖年复一年压实的雪封存着当年的空气气泡，其中的CO2与CH4浓度可直接测量，构成大气成分的直接档案。同时，降水中氧-18与氧-16的比值随温度变化，寒冷期较轻的氧-16更易留在冰盖中，使冰的δ18O曲线成为温度代用指标。欧洲南极冰芯计划（EPICA）的冰芯把记录延伸到约80万年前，显示CO2浓度与温度在冰期旋回中同步起伏，为理解大气、冰冻圈与碳循环的耦合提供了基准数据。
Layer after layer of compressed snow in ice sheets traps air bubbles whose CO2 and CH4 concentrations can be measured directly—a true archive of past atmospheres. The ratio of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 in precipitation also tracks temperature, because the lighter isotope is more readily locked into ice during cold periods, making the ice's d18O curve a temperature proxy. The EPICA ice core extends this record back about 800,000 years and shows CO2 and temperature rising and falling together through glacial cycles, providing benchmark data on the coupling of the atmosphere, cryosphere, and carbon cycle.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Nature（东方站冰芯记录）
Nature (Vostok ice core record)
#冰芯 #氧同位素 #古气候
人类世这一概念意味着什么？
What does the Anthropocene concept mean?
它提议把人类强烈改变气候、生物和地层的当代列为新地质世，标志地球进入受人类主导的时期。
It proposes naming our era the Anthropocene, where human activity so reshapes climate, life and strata that Earth enters a human-dominated epoch.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#人类世 #地质年代
冰期大气CO₂约低至180 ppm、间冰期约280 ppm，这约90 ppm的差额主要储存在哪里？
Glacial atmospheric CO₂ fell to roughly 180 ppm versus about 280 ppm in interglacials. Where was the roughly 90 ppm difference mainly stored?
主要储存在深海。冰期时生物泵效率更高，加上铁施肥增强、南极底水通风减弱、海冰覆盖面积扩大降低海气交换，使溶解无机碳和营养盐在深海积累。这一“深海碳库”增强机制是解释冰期CO₂低值的主流假说。
Mainly in the deep ocean. During glacials, a more efficient biological pump—strengthened iron fertilization, weaker Antarctic bottom-water ventilation, and wider sea-ice cover suppressing air–sea gas exchange—accumulated dissolved inorganic carbon and nutrients in the deep sea. This enhanced deep-sea carbon storage is the leading hypothesis for glacial CO₂ drawdown.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Nature（冰期碳循环研究）
Nature (glacial carbon cycle research)
#冰期碳循环 #深海储碳 #生物泵
什么是海洋酸化？
What is ocean acidification?
海水吸收二氧化碳后生成碳酸并解离出氢离子，pH 随之下降；更麻烦的是氢离子会消耗碳酸根，压低碳酸钙饱和度。珊瑚、贝类和翼足类都靠碳酸根造壳与骨骼，饱和度一降，造壳更费能量，海水甚至可能溶掉已成的壳。两处易混：其一，海水仍属碱性，酸化指朝中性偏移而非变成酸；其二，pH 是对数标度，看着只降一点，氢离子浓度上升却明显得多。影响也不均匀：冷水、高纬和上升流区更早触及不饱和。
When seawater takes up carbon dioxide, the gas forms carbonic acid and releases hydrogen ions, so pH falls; the nastier part is that those ions also consume carbonate, lowering the saturation state of calcium carbonate. Corals, shellfish and pteropods all build their shells and skeletons out of carbonate, so a lower saturation state means spending more energy on a shell, and the water can even start dissolving shells already made. Two things get mixed up here: first, seawater is still alkaline, and acidification means drifting toward neutral rather than turning into acid; second, pH is a logarithmic scale, so a drop that looks small on the meter is a much larger rise in hydrogen-ion concentration. The effect is also uneven, with cold water, high latitudes and upwelling zones reaching undersaturation first.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#气候 #海洋酸化
树木的年轮能告诉我们什么气候信息？
What climate information can tree rings tell us?
树木每年形成一圈年轮，其宽窄反映当年的水热条件：温暖湿润年轮宽，寒冷干旱则窄。通过年轮定年与序列比对，可重建数百年甚至上千年的区域气候史。
Trees add one ring per year, and its width reflects that year's temperature and moisture: warm, wet years yield wide rings, cold or dry years narrow ones. By dating and matching ring sequences, scientists reconstruct regional climate histories of centuries to millennia.
难度 专业 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#树木年轮 #气候重建 #定年
什么是气候敏感度？
What is climate sensitivity?
它指二氧化碳翻倍时全球平均气温的最终升幅，估计约在2.5到4摄氏度，是评估长期变暖的核心参数。
It is the eventual global warming from doubled CO2, estimated around 2.5–4°C, a core number for long-term projections.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#气候敏感度 #升温
米兰科维奇循环为什么被当作冰期旋回的"节拍器"？
Why are Milankovitch cycles considered the pacemaker of glacial cycles?
塞尔维亚数学家米兰科维奇计算出地球轨道三要素的周期变化：偏心率约10万年、地轴倾斜约4万年、岁差约2.1万年。它们改变到达高纬的太阳辐射量，特别是夏季辐射；若夏季太阳辐射弱，冰雪难以融化而逐年累积，冰期就启动。深海氧同位素记录显示的冰期-间冰期周期与这些轨道周期高度吻合，说明轨道强迫驱动了第四纪冰期旋回，温室气体变化又放大了响应。
Serbian mathematician Milutin Milankovitch calculated the cyclic changes in three orbital parameters: eccentricity at about 100,000 years, axial tilt at about 41,000 years, and precession at about 21,000 years. They alter the insolation reaching high latitudes, especially in summer; when summer insolation weakens, snow fails to melt and accumulates year after year, launching an ice age. The glacial-interglacial cycles recorded in deep-sea oxygen isotopes closely match these orbital periods, showing orbital forcing drives Quaternary glacial cycles while greenhouse gas changes amplify the response.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#米兰科维奇循环 #轨道强迫 #冰期旋回
为什么硅酸盐矿物风化被称为地球的长期“恒温器”？
Why is silicate mineral weathering called Earth's long-term "thermostat"?
硅酸盐风化消耗大气CO₂，例如CaSiO₃ + 2CO₂ + 3H₂O → Ca²⁺ + 2HCO₃⁻ + H₄SiO₄，风化产物经河流入海并与碳酸盐一起把碳封存在海底岩石中。温度升高会加速风化、增强碳吸收，形成负反馈；火山释放CO₂补充碳源，这一机制使地球在数十亿年间保持相对温和的气候。这一负反馈以大陆风化面积与火山碳源为条件：威尔逊旋回中的造山抬升（如喜马拉雅造山带）通过暴露新鲜岩石加速风化，可能触发新生代长期变冷，因此硅酸盐风化被视作维持地球宜居性的关键调控机制。
Silicate weathering consumes atmospheric CO₂—for example CaSiO₃ + 2CO₂ + 3H₂O → Ca²⁺ + 2HCO₃⁻ + H₄SiO₄—and weathering products carried to the ocean, together with carbonates, bury carbon in seafloor rocks. Warmer temperatures accelerate weathering and CO₂ uptake in a negative feedback; volcanic CO₂ emissions resupply carbon, a mechanism that has kept Earth's climate relatively temperate for billions of years. The feedback depends on the extent of continental weathering and on volcanic carbon input: orogeny in the Wilson cycle (such as the Himalaya) exposes fresh rock and accelerates weathering, possibly driving Cenozoic long-term cooling, which is why silicate weathering is regarded as a key regulator of Earth's habitability.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Bickle,《Metamorphic decarbonation, silicate weathering and the long‐term carbon cycle》,Terra Nova,1996 (DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3121.1996.tb00756.x)
Bickle, 'Metamorphic decarbonation, silicate weathering and the long‐term carbon cycle', Terra Nova, 1996, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3121.1996.tb00756.x
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1111/j.1365-3121.1996.tb00756.x
#硅酸盐风化 #碳循环 #气候调节
平流层气溶胶地球工程有什么风险？
What are the risks of stratospheric-aerosol geoengineering?
向平流层撒反光颗粒可暂时降温，但可能扰乱季风与降水、破坏臭氧，并带来谁来决定与停止的治理难题。
Reflective particles aloft could cool temporarily but may disrupt monsoons and rainfall, harm ozone and raise hard questions of who controls and stops it.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#地球工程 #气溶胶
金星与地球大小相似，为什么其表面温度高达约465°C？
Venus is similar in size to Earth, so why is its surface temperature about 465°C?
金星浓密的CO₂大气（地表气压约为地球的92倍）产生极强的温室效应；其硫酸云反射阳光，但厚云下CO₂强烈截留向外散失的热量，使表面温度达到约465°C。早期金星可能曾有液态水，随太阳光度上升，海洋蒸发加剧温室效应形成失控温室：水汽吸收红外辐射使温度进一步升高，加速海洋蒸发，直至海水全部蒸干。水汽在大气上层被紫外光解，氢逃逸进入太空，金星大气氘/氢比约为地球的120–150倍正是这一大量水分逃逸的记录，留下干燥炽热的金星。
Venus' dense CO₂ atmosphere (surface pressure about 92 times Earth's) drives an extreme greenhouse effect; its sulfuric-acid clouds reflect sunlight, but beneath them CO₂ strongly traps outgoing heat, raising the surface temperature to about 465°C. Early Venus may have had liquid water, but as solar luminosity rose, ocean evaporation amplified the greenhouse into a runaway process: water vapor absorbs infrared radiation, warming the surface further and accelerating evaporation until the oceans boiled dry. Water vapor was photolyzed in the upper atmosphere and hydrogen escaped to space—Venus' D/H ratio about 120–150 times Earth's records this massive water loss—leaving Venus dry and scorching.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补，暂不展示来源。
本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补。
Previous citation withdrawn as unsupported for this answer; a specific source is pending.
#金星 #温室效应 #行星气候
自1900年以来全球平均海平面上升了多少？主要贡献因素是什么？
How much has global mean sea level risen since 1900, and what are the main contributors?
自1900年以来全球平均海平面已上升约20厘米，20世纪以来速率加快。主要贡献来自海水热膨胀和陆地冰（格陵兰、南极与山岳冰川）融化，近年冰盖消融占比持续上升。
Global mean sea level has risen about 20 cm since 1900, with the rate accelerating through the 20th century. The main contributors are thermal expansion of seawater and loss of land ice from Greenland, Antarctica, and mountain glaciers, with ice-sheet melt making up a growing share recently.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Church & White（2011）《地球物理调查》海平面研究
Church, J.A. & White, N.J. (2011), Sea-level rise from the late 19th to the early 21st century, Surveys in Geophysics
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1007/s10712-011-9119-1：Sea-Level Rise fro
#海平面上升 #热膨胀 #冰盖融化
什么是冻土？
What is permafrost?
冻土是长期温度在0℃以下、含冰的土壤或岩石，主要分布在高纬度和高海拔地区，融化会释放温室气体。
Permafrost is soil or rock that stays below 0°C and contains ice, mainly in high latitudes and altitudes; thawing releases greenhouse gases.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#气候 #冻土
负排放技术（CDR）有哪些思路？
What are the ideas behind negative-emission (CDR) technologies?
包括直接空气捕集、生物质能结合碳封存、海洋施肥和植树等，目标是把大气二氧化碳重新移走以抵消排放。
Approaches include direct air capture, bioenergy with carbon storage, ocean fertilization and reforestation, aiming to pull CO2 back out of the air.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#负排放 #碳移除
在约10万年的冰期—间冰期循环中，为什么冰消（冰川快速消退）通常比冰进快得多？
In the roughly 100,000-year glacial–interglacial cycle, why does deglaciation usually proceed much faster than ice advance?
因为冰量变化与辐射强迫之间存在强烈的正反馈：冰面反照率反馈、大气CO₂反馈（冰期时深海储碳释放）以及冰面高度—温度耦合（冰面越高越冷、融化越慢，冰面一旦降低融化即加速）。冰消通常由轨道参数组合触发，当北半球高纬夏季太阳辐射达到峰值，冰盖边缘开始融化，上述正反馈便像雪崩一样加速融化。快速融冰还向北大西洋注入大量淡水，进一步扰动气候，使冰消期在数千年内完成，而冰进因反馈方向相反、积累缓慢，往往需要数万年。
Because strong positive feedbacks couple ice volume to radiative forcing: the ice-albedo feedback, atmospheric CO₂ feedback (release of deep-ocean carbon stored during glacials), and the height–temperature coupling of ice sheets (higher, colder surfaces melt slowly; once they lower, melting accelerates). Deglaciation is usually triggered by orbital configurations that maximize summer insolation in northern high latitudes; once ice margins start melting, these feedbacks accelerate the melt like an avalanche. Rapid melt also injects large amounts of freshwater into the North Atlantic, further perturbing climate, so deglaciation completes within millennia, whereas ice advance—with feedbacks operating in reverse—accumulates slowly over tens of millennia.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Nature（冰期—间冰期反馈研究）
Nature (glacial-interglacial feedback research)
#冰消期 #反馈机制 #冰反照率
什么是极地放大效应？
What is polar amplification?
极地放大效应指北极和南极的变暖速度明显快于全球平均，其中北极尤为突出。这与海冰消融后反射率下降、更多海水吸收热量等反馈机制有关。
Polar amplification means the Arctic and Antarctic warm faster than the global average, with the Arctic especially pronounced. It relates to feedbacks such as reduced reflectivity after sea-ice loss, letting more ocean water absorb heat.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#极地放大 #海冰 #反馈
洋流如何影响沿岸气候？
How do ocean currents affect coastal climate?
暖流从低纬带来温暖海水，使沿岸地区冬季较温和；寒流则带来冷水，使沿岸更凉爽甚至干旱。例如北大西洋暖流让西欧冬季比同纬度其他地区温暖得多。
Warm currents carry warm water from low latitudes, making coastal winters milder, while cold currents bring cool water that can make coasts cooler or even drier. For instance, the North Atlantic Drift keeps Western Europe much warmer in winter than other places at the same latitude.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#洋流 #气候 #暖流
什么是沃克环流？
What is the Walker circulation?
沃克环流是热带太平洋上的热力环流，走东西向：西太平洋海温高，湿热空气上升成深对流与降雨，高空向东流；东太平洋冷水上翻、海温低，空气下沉而干旱。信风把暖水继续推向西岸，冷暖差与环流相互加强，这套海气正反馈即它的核心。厄尔尼诺是它减弱、上升支东移，拉尼娜是它增强。别与哈得来环流搞混：那是南北向的子午环流，沃克是纬向环流。
The Walker circulation is a thermally direct cell over the tropical Pacific, running east-west: above the warm western ocean moist air rises into deep convection and rain, then flows eastward aloft, while over the eastern ocean, cooled by upwelling, air sinks and the weather stays dry. The trade winds keep pushing warm water westward, so the temperature contrast and the circulation reinforce each other, and this air-sea feedback is its core. El Niño is its weakening, with the rising branch shifting east; La Niña is its strengthening. Do not confuse it with the Hadley cell: that one overturns north-south, whereas the Walker circulation is the zonal cell on the equator.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#气候 #沃克环流
全球海平面上升主要是由什么造成的？
What mainly drives global sea level rise?
海平面上升来自两大来源：海水受热膨胀和陆地冰融化。气候变暖让表层到深层海水体积增大，而格陵兰与南极冰盖、山地冰川融化把淡水注入海洋。卫星测高显示近几十年来全球海平面平均每年上升约3毫米以上，且速度在加快。沿海城市、低洼岛屿和三角洲因此面临更频繁的风暴潮与淹没风险。
Sea level rise has two main sources: thermal expansion of seawater and melting of land ice. A warming climate enlarges the volume of ocean water, while ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica plus mountain glaciers pour fresh water into the sea. Satellite altimetry shows global mean sea level rising more than about 3 mm per year in recent decades, and accelerating. Coastal cities, low islands, and deltas therefore face more frequent storm surge and inundation.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#海平面上升 #热膨胀 #冰盖融化
为什么泥炭湿地能积累碳数千年，但排干后却从碳汇变成碳源？
Why do peatlands accumulate carbon for millennia, yet turn from carbon sinks into carbon sources once drained?
泥炭地常年积水、缺氧且偏酸，微生物分解极慢，植物残体以泥炭形式逐年积累，使其成为全球最大的陆地有机碳库之一。排水后土壤通气，好氧微生物迅速分解积累的有机质，持续数十至上百年释放大量CO₂；因此保护和恢复泥炭地是重要的气候行动。
Peatlands are waterlogged, anoxic, and acidic, so microbial decomposition is extremely slow and plant residues accumulate year by year as peat, making them among the largest terrestrial organic carbon stores. Drainage aerates the soil, aerobic microbes rapidly decompose the accumulated organic matter, releasing large amounts of CO₂ for decades to a century; protecting and restoring peatlands is therefore a key climate action.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#泥炭地 #碳汇 #湿地
气候反馈中的水汽、云和反照率是指什么？
What are the water-vapor, cloud and albedo climate feedbacks?
变暖使大气含水更多而更强保温，云量变化可增温或降温，冰雪融化降低反照率又加速吸热，都放大或调节变暖。
Warming holds more water vapor that traps heat; clouds can warm or cool; melting ice lowers albedo and absorbs more sun—each amplifies or moderates warming.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#气候反馈 #反照率
可以用哪些办法缓解城市热岛？
What measures can ease the urban heat island?
增加绿地和水体、推广高反射屋面与透水铺装、预留通风廊道，都能降低市区温度、改善人居环境。
More greenery and water, reflective roofs, permeable pavements and ventilation corridors all cool cities and improve living conditions.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#城市热岛 #缓解
什么是苔原气候？
What is a tundra climate?
极地附近夏季短凉、冬季漫长严寒，地下是冻土，只长低矮苔藓地衣，树木难以生存。
Near the poles summers are brief and cold; frozen ground limits plants to moss and lichen.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#气候 #苔原
地球历史上为什么有过好几次大冰期？我们现在处在什么阶段？
Why has Earth experienced several great ice ages, and what stage are we in now?
大冰期指两极和高山冰盖大幅扩张、全球变冷的时期。过去数百万年，地球在冰期和间冰期之间来回摆动，最近一次冰期约在2万年前达到顶峰，当时海平面比现在低约120米。轨道变化、大气成分、洋流与板块位置共同调控这些冷暖循环。所谓"间冰期"就是两次冰期之间相对温暖的时期，我们现在就生活在一个间冰期里。
An ice age is a period when polar and mountain ice sheets expand greatly and the planet cools. Over the past few million years Earth has swung between glacial and interglacial periods; the last glacial maximum peaked about 20,000 years ago, when sea level stood roughly 120 meters lower. Orbital changes, greenhouse gas levels, ocean currents, and plate geography together control these cold-warm cycles. An interglacial is the relatively warm stretch between glacials—the one we live in now.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#冰期 #间冰期 #冰河时代
海洋的生物泵如何把碳送到深海？
How does the ocean's biological pump send carbon to the deep sea?
浮游植物光合固碳，死亡后碎屑下沉，被食物链传递并最终埋入海底沉积，把碳从表层运往深处。
Phytoplankton fix carbon, die and sink as particles eaten along the food chain and buried in sediment, transporting carbon from surface to depth.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#生物泵 #碳
深海沉积物中底栖有孔虫壳体的氧同位素比值为何能反映全球冰量的变化？
Why do oxygen-isotope ratios in the shells of benthic foraminifera from deep-sea sediments reflect global ice volume?
海水中存在¹⁸O和¹⁶O两种稳定氧同位素，蒸发时水汽优先带走较轻的¹⁶O。冰期时大量¹⁶O被封锁在冰盖中，使海水¹⁸O/¹⁶O比值升高，并被有孔虫的碳酸钙壳体记录，因此壳体δ¹⁸O增大代表冰盖扩张（气候变冷）。底栖有孔虫生活在海底，受表层水温变化影响小，其δ¹⁸O更能代表全球冰量信号。
Seawater contains two stable oxygen isotopes, ¹⁸O and ¹⁶O; evaporation preferentially removes lighter ¹⁶O. During glacial periods much ¹⁶O is locked in ice sheets, raising the ¹⁸O/¹⁶O ratio of seawater, which foraminifera record in their calcite shells—so higher shell δ¹⁸O indicates ice-sheet growth and colder climate. Because benthic foraminifera live on the seafloor, far from surface-temperature swings, their δ¹⁸O is the classic global ice-volume proxy.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《普通地质学》(舒良树)
General Geology (Shu Liangshu)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787116064911（按标识回读: 普通地质学）
#氧同位素 #底栖有孔虫 #冰量
夏季风为什么能把大量雨水送到东亚？
Why does the summer monsoon deliver so much rain to East Asia?
夏季太阳直射点北移，陆地比海洋升温快、形成热低压，海上的暖湿气流被源源不断吸进内陆，这就是夏季风。湿润气流遇地形抬升和辐合上升，凝结成大范围降水，雨带随季风推进。青藏高原的加热作用还会加强南亚与东亚季风，使亚洲成为全球季风最强的区域。
In summer the sun moves north, land heats faster than the ocean and develops a thermal low, and warm moist maritime air is drawn inland continuously—the summer monsoon. The humid flow is lifted by terrain and convergence, condensing into broad rainfall as the rain belt advances with the monsoon. Heating from the Tibetan Plateau further strengthens the South and East Asian monsoons, making Asia the strongest monsoon region on Earth.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#季风 #雨带 #青藏高原
陆地和海洋这两大碳汇怎样运作？
How do the land and ocean carbon sinks work?
陆地靠植物光合作用和土壤储存碳，海洋靠溶解吸收与生物泵运碳，二者共同吸收约一半人为排放。
Land stores carbon via photosynthesis and soils, the ocean via dissolution and the biological pump; together they take up about half of human emissions.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#碳汇 #碳循环
为什么高原地区紫外线更强？
Why is UV radiation stronger on plateaus?
高原空气稀薄、云和水汽少，对紫外线的吸收和散射弱，所以地面接收的紫外线更强。
Thin air and little cloud or vapor on plateaus weakly absorb and scatter UV, so the ground receives stronger ultraviolet light.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#气候 #紫外线
科学家如何从冰芯中读出数十万年前的大气CO₂浓度？
How do scientists read atmospheric CO₂ concentrations from hundreds of thousands of years ago in ice cores?
雪在压密成冰的过程中会封存气泡，气泡内保存着当时的大气。钻取冰芯后，分析不同深度气泡的空气即可获得CO₂、CH₄等气体的历史浓度；南极的多姆C和EPICA冰芯已将记录延伸到约80万年前。
As snow compacts into ice, it seals air bubbles preserving the atmosphere of the time. By drilling ice cores and analyzing air trapped at different depths, scientists reconstruct past CO₂ and CH₄ concentrations; the Antarctic Dome C and EPICA cores extend the record back about 800,000 years.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#冰芯 #温室气体 #气泡
为什么北极多年冻土融化可能加速全球变暖？
Why might thawing Arctic permafrost accelerate global warming?
多年冻土中封存着大量冻结的有机碳，约占全球土壤碳的三分之一。融化后有机质被微生物分解，释放CO₂和温室效应更强的CH₄，形成正反馈；同时融冰沉陷（热喀斯特）改变水文与生态系统，进一步放大碳释放。
Permafrost locks up vast amounts of frozen organic carbon—about a third of global soil carbon. When it thaws, microbes decompose the organic matter, releasing CO₂ and the more potent greenhouse gas CH₄ in a positive feedback; thaw settlement (thermokarst) and hydrologic change further amplify carbon release.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#多年冻土 #甲烷 #正反馈
树木是怎样影响气候的？
How do trees affect climate?
树木对气候有两类作用。生物的把碳锁进木材与土壤，蒸腾把水送回大气，耗热增湿，林冠因此比裸地凉。物理的靠粗糙冠面加强湍流交换，又压低反照率，把更多太阳辐射留在地表。两者方向可以相反：在积雪的高纬地带，树林遮住明亮的雪地，多吸收的辐射足以盖过蒸腾与固碳的降温好处，净效应可以是增温。种树未必降温，得看纬度、水分和雪。
Trees act on climate in two ways. The biological one locks carbon into wood and soil and returns water to the air by transpiration, spending heat and adding humidity, so a canopy sits cooler than bare ground. The physical one uses a rough crown to strengthen turbulent exchange and lowers albedo, leaving more sunlight at the surface. The two can point opposite ways: in high latitudes where snow lies, trees hide the bright snowfield and the extra radiation absorbed can outweigh the cooling from transpiration and storage, so the net effect can be warming. Planting does not guarantee cooling; latitude, water and snow decide.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#气候 #森林
厄尔尼诺到底是什么现象？它为什么会搅动全球天气？
What exactly is El Nino, and why does it disturb weather around the world?
厄尔尼诺指赤道东太平洋海温异常偏暖的现象，通常每2到7年出现一次，持续数月到一年多。正常年份信风把表层暖水吹向西太平洋，东太平洋靠上升流降温；厄尔尼诺时信风减弱，暖水回流到东太平洋，热带大气环流随之改变。它常导致南美西部暴雨、澳大利亚与东南亚干旱，也会改变中国夏季的降水格局。
El Nino is the abnormal warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific, recurring roughly every 2-7 years and lasting months to more than a year. Normally trade winds pile warm surface water in the western Pacific while upwelling cools the east; during El Nino the winds slacken, warm water sloshes eastward, and the tropical atmospheric circulation reorganizes. It often brings flooding to western South America, drought to Australia and Southeast Asia, and shifts summer rainfall patterns in China.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#厄尔尼诺 #信风 #气候异常
树木年轮为什么能当作"天然气候日记"？
Why can tree rings serve as a natural climate diary?
树木每年春夏生长快、形成颜色浅的早材，夏秋生长慢、形成颜色深的晚材，一年一圈年轮。水分充足、温度适宜的年份年轮宽，干旱或寒冷的年份年轮窄，同一地区的树木在同一年长出的年轮宽窄模式互相吻合。通过交叉定年，科学家能把年轮序列延伸到几千年甚至更久，读出历史时期的旱涝与冷暖。
Each year a tree grows fast, pale spring wood and slow, dark late-summer wood, producing one ring. Rings are wide in wet, mild years and narrow in dry or cold ones, and trees in the same region share matching ring patterns for the same calendar years. By cross-dating, scientists extend ring chronologies back thousands of years and read droughts, floods, and temperature swings from them.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#树木年轮 #古气候 #交叉定年
什么是冰架？为什么南极冰架底部融化值得关注？
What is an ice shelf, and why does basal melting of Antarctic ice shelves matter?
冰架是陆地冰川延伸入海后漂浮在海上的冰舌，前缘不断崩解形成冰山。冰架像瓶塞一样支撑着背后的冰川；当冰架因暖海水从底部加热或表面融水而变薄、碎裂，失去支撑的陆地冰川会加速滑入海洋，从而推高海平面。
An ice shelf is the floating extension of a land glacier that spreads over the sea, calving icebergs at its front. It acts like a cork, buttressing the glacier behind it; when it thins or breaks apart because warm ocean water heats it from below or surface meltwater weakens it, the grounded glacier accelerates into the ocean, raising sea level.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#冰架 #冰盖动力学 #冰山
什么是冰期和间冰期？
What are ice ages and interglacials?
冰期是地球长期偏冷、大陆冰川大规模扩展的时段，间冰期则是相对温暖、冰川退缩的阶段。最近一次大冰期约在1万年前结束，我们目前处于间冰期中。
An ice age is a long cold span when continental glaciers expand greatly; an interglacial is a warmer interval when ice retreats. The last great ice age ended about 10,000 years ago, and we are now in a warm interglacial.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#冰期 #间冰期 #冰川
什么是荒漠化？
What is desertification?
干旱区因过度放牧、毁草和气候变干，土地肥力下降、植被消失，逐渐变成荒漠的过程。
Drylands lose fertility and vegetation to overuse and drying, slowly turning to desert.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#气候 #荒漠化
拉尼娜和厄尔尼诺有什么不同？
How does La Nina differ from El Nino?
拉尼娜是厄尔尼诺的反相：信风异常增强，把更多暖水堆到西太平洋，东太平洋海温比常年更冷。它通常让东南亚、澳大利亚和南亚降水偏多、易发洪涝，而南美西部和美国西南部偏干，全球平均气温往往被拉低一些。厄尔尼诺与拉尼娜交替出现，构成了厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（ENSO）这个自然摆动。
La Nina is the opposite phase of El Nino: trade winds strengthen unusually, piling extra warm water in the western Pacific and leaving the eastern Pacific cooler than normal. It typically brings heavier rain and floods to Southeast Asia, Australia, and South Asia while drying western South America and the US Southwest, and it slightly lowers the global average temperature. The alternation of El Nino and La Nina forms the natural oscillation called ENSO.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#拉尼娜 #ENSO #气候异常
北极海冰融化与格陵兰冰盖融化，哪个会直接导致海平面上升？
Which raises sea level directly: melting Arctic sea ice or melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet?
格陵兰冰盖融化会直接使海平面上升，因为它是储存在陆地上的冰，融水会汇入海洋；北极海冰本来就漂浮在海面上，根据阿基米德原理，其融化不改变海平面，就像杯中冰块融化后水位不变。
Melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet directly raises sea level because it is ice stored on land and its meltwater flows into the ocean; Arctic sea ice already floats on the sea, so by Archimedes' principle its melting does not change sea level, just as ice cubes melting in a glass leave the water level unchanged.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#海冰 #冰盖 #海平面
约公元1300—1850年的“小冰期”主要由哪些因素造成？
What mainly caused the "Little Ice Age" from roughly 1300 to 1850 CE?
多种因素叠加：太阳活动减弱（如蒙德极小期太阳黑子极少）、一系列大型火山喷发（如1815年坦博拉火山）向平流层注入硫酸盐气溶胶遮蔽阳光，以及北大西洋海冰扩张与环流变化的正反馈。当时全球气温比现代低约0.5–1°C。
A combination of factors: weakened solar activity (the Maunder Minimum's near-absence of sunspots), a cluster of large eruptions such as Tambora in 1815 injecting sunlight-blocking stratospheric sulfate aerosols, and positive feedbacks involving expanded North Atlantic sea ice and circulation shifts. Temperatures were about 0.5–1°C below modern values.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#小冰期 #太阳活动 #火山气溶胶
喜马拉雅—青藏高原的冰川对亚洲大河有什么作用？冰川退缩会带来哪些影响？
What role do Himalayan–Tibetan Plateau glaciers play for Asia's great rivers, and what happens as they retreat?
它们如同固体水库，夏季融化补给河流，维持旱季与炎热季节的水量。退缩的近期效应是融水增加、冰湖溃决风险上升；长远看融水将逐渐减少，威胁下游数亿人的灌溉、饮水和发电用水，并加剧夏季干旱。
They act as solid reservoirs, releasing meltwater in summer and sustaining river flow through dry and hot seasons. In the near term retreat raises melt runoff and the risk of glacial-lake outburst floods; over the long term meltwater declines, threatening irrigation, drinking water, and hydropower for hundreds of millions downstream and worsening summer droughts.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
中国科学院（冰冻圈与亚洲水资源）
Chinese Academy of Sciences (cryosphere and Asian water resources)
#冰川退缩 #亚洲大河 #水资源
为什么约每10万年会发生一次大的冰期—间冰期旋回？
Why does a major glacial–interglacial cycle recur roughly every 100,000 years?
这与米兰科维奇循环——地球轨道参数（偏心率、地轴倾角、岁差）的周期性变化——有关。轨道几何的微小改变改变了太阳辐射的季节与纬度分布，并经气候系统内的反馈放大，从而驱动冰期与间冰期的交替。
It is linked to Milankovitch cycles—periodic changes in Earth's orbital eccentricity, axial tilt, and precession. Small shifts in orbital geometry alter the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of insolation, which climate feedbacks amplify, driving glacial–interglacial alternation.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#冰期 #米兰科维奇循环 #轨道参数
梯田为什么都顺着山坡一圈圈修成等高线？
Why are terraces built along contour lines on slopes?
顺着等高线把坡改成一级级小平台，能拦住雨水、减少冲刷，让坡地也能存水种稻，还不塌方。
Contour terraces turn slopes into flat steps that trap rain, cut erosion and let rice grow on hills without landslides.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
赫德森《土壤保持》，Batsford，1995
Hudson, N.W. (1995), Soil Conservation, Batsford
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3140880W：Soil conservation（首版 19
#梯田 #等高线
什么是“反照率”（albedo）？它如何影响气候？
What is 'albedo,' and how does it affect climate?
反照率是地表反射太阳辐射的比例：冰雪反照率很高（可超过0.8），深色海洋或森林则很低。当冰盖融化、露出暗色地表，会反射更少阳光、吸收更多热量，形成正反馈，进一步加速变暖。
Albedo is the fraction of incoming solar radiation reflected by a surface: snow and ice have high albedo (over 0.8), while dark oceans or forests have low albedo. When ice melts and exposes dark ground, less sunlight is reflected and more heat is absorbed, creating a positive feedback that amplifies warming.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#反照率 #冰雪 #反射 #正反馈 #变暖
为什么赤道热、两极冷？
Why is it hot at the equator and cold at the poles?
太阳光线在赤道近乎垂直，单位面积能量多；两极光线斜射且被大气削弱多，能量分散。
At the equator sunlight hits nearly straight on, concentrating energy; at the poles it slants and is weakened by the atmosphere, spreading energy out.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#气候 #纬度
为什么土壤是全球最大的陆地碳库之一？农业耕作会怎样影响它？
Why is soil among the largest terrestrial carbon reservoirs, and how does agriculture affect it?
全球土壤有机碳（约1500–2400 Pg C）远高于大气（约800 Pg）和植被中的碳量，因为植物残体在土壤中分解缓慢且部分被稳定化（与矿物结合、被团聚体包裹）。耕作翻耕增加通气、加速有机质氧化分解释放CO₂；传统农业百年来已使许多农田损失了原有有机碳的30%–50%。
Global soil organic carbon (about 1500–2400 Pg C) far exceeds carbon in the atmosphere (~800 Pg) and vegetation, because plant residues decompose slowly in soil and are partly stabilized (bound to minerals, occluded in aggregates). Tillage aerates the soil, accelerating organic-matter oxidation and CO₂ release; conventional farming has already cost many croplands 30%–50% of their original organic carbon.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#土壤有机碳 #碳库 #耕作
什么是拉尼娜现象？
What is La Niña?
拉尼娜是赤道东太平洋海温异常偏冷的状态，常使西太平洋台风增多、美洲西部更干旱。
La Niña is unusually cold eastern Pacific water, often bringing more west-Pacific typhoons and drier Americas.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#气候 #拉尼娜
冰芯如何帮我们读取古气候？
How do ice cores let us read past climate?
冰层年份可用层次计数，冰中氧同位素、气泡的温室气体和粉尘记录着当时的温度、大气成分与沙尘活动。
Annual layers can be counted, while oxygen isotopes, trapped greenhouse gases and dust record past temperature, atmosphere and aridity.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#冰芯 #古气候
什么是碳汇？
What is a carbon sink?
碳汇是能从大气吸收并储存二氧化碳的自然系统，如森林、土壤、海洋，帮助减缓变暖。
A carbon sink is a natural system that absorbs and stores CO2 from the air, like forests, soils and the ocean, slowing warming.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#碳汇 #碳循环
“天气”和“气候”有什么不同？
What is the difference between 'weather' and 'climate'?
天气是某一时刻、某一地点的大气瞬时状态（如今天是否下雨、气温多少）。气候则是某个地区天气在较长时间（世界气象组织以30年为一标准时段）里的平均状况和变率。简单说：天气是“你今天穿什么”，气候是“你衣橱里常备什么”。
Weather is the atmosphere's state at a specific time and place (whether it rains today, the temperature now). Climate is the long-term average and variability of weather in a region—the WMO uses a standard 30-year period. Simply put: weather is what you wear today; climate is what your wardrobe usually needs.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#天气 #气候 #平均 #30年 #世界气象组织
用简单的话说，温室效应是什么？
In simple terms, what is the greenhouse effect?
太阳热量到达地球后被地面吸收，再以红外线的形式向外辐射，大气中的二氧化碳和水汽像被子一样把部分热量留住，使地球温暖宜居。若没有它，地球会冷得多。
Sunlight warms the ground, which then radiates heat back as infrared light; gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor act like a blanket, trapping some of that heat and keeping Earth warm enough for life. Without it the planet would be far colder.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#温室效应 #二氧化碳 #红外辐射
什么是海洋热浪？
What is a marine heatwave?
海洋热浪是某片海区水温异常偏高并持续多日的事件，会让珊瑚白化、鱼群迁移。
A marine heatwave is when part of the ocean stays unusually warm for days, bleaching corals and driving fish away.
难度 入门 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#海洋热浪 #升温
沙漠一般是怎么形成的？
How do deserts generally form?
许多沙漠位于副热带高压带，下沉气流抑制降水，加之远离海洋、水汽难以到达。还有一些沙漠处于山脉背风坡，湿润气流翻山后水分耗尽，形成雨影区。
Many deserts lie in subtropical high-pressure belts where sinking air suppresses rainfall, and far from oceans so moisture cannot arrive. Others sit in the rain shadow on the lee side of mountains, where air loses its moisture after crossing the peaks.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#沙漠 #副热带高压 #雨影
什么是城市热岛效应？
What is the urban heat island effect?
城市里水泥路面和建筑吸热多、绿化少，气温常比周围郊区高出几度。
Cities with pavement and little greenery get several degrees warmer than suburbs.
难度 入门 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#气候 #热岛
为什么北方多种小麦、南方多种水稻？
Why does the north grow wheat and the south grow rice?
北方降水少、冬季冷，适合耐旱的小麦；南方高温多雨、水田多，正适合喜水喜热的水稻。
The dry, cold north suits drought-tolerant wheat; the hot, rainy south with its paddies suits water- and heat-loving rice.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
中国气象局《农业气象学》
China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Agrometeorology
#农业 #南北差异
为什么季风气候区夏季多雨？
Why do monsoon regions get most rain in summer?
夏季陆地比海洋升温快，形成低压，把海洋上潮湿的空气吸引过来。这些饱含水汽的气流登陆后抬升、冷却，形成大量降水，所以季风区夏季常多雨。
In summer the land heats faster than the ocean and forms low pressure, pulling in moist air from the sea. That vapor-laden air rises and cools after reaching land, producing heavy rainfall, so monsoon regions are typically rainy in summer.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
IPCC AR6 第一工作组报告,Cambridge University Press,2021
IPCC AR6 WG1, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, CUP, 2021
#季风 #降水 #海陆差异