为什么S波无法穿过地球的外核？这一事实说明了什么？
Why can't S-waves pass through Earth's outer core, and what does this reveal?
S波是横波，必须靠物质的剪切弹性传播，而液体无法承受剪切应力，因此S波在抵达液态外核时会被完全阻挡，形成“S波影区”。这一观测是地球外核为液态的最关键地震学证据。
S-waves are shear waves that require a material's ability to resist shear, but liquids cannot support shear stress, so S-waves are completely blocked at the liquid outer core, producing an 'S-wave shadow zone.' This observation is the key seismological evidence that Earth's outer core is liquid.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Stein & Wysession《地震学、地震与地球结构导论》（An Introduction to Seismology, Earthquakes, and Earth Structure）
S. Stein & M. Wysession, 'An Introduction to Seismology, Earthquakes, and Earth Structure'
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL15021321W：An Introduction to Sei
#S波 #外核 #液态 #剪切 #影区
什么是地震波？
What are seismic waves?
地震释放的能量以波的形式在地球内部和表面传播，分纵波（快）、横波（慢）和面波，可用来探测地球内部结构。
Quake energy travels as waves through and around Earth: P-waves (fast), S-waves (slow) and surface waves, used to probe Earth's interior.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#地震 #地震波
地震波里的P波和S波到底有什么区别？
What exactly distinguishes P-waves from S-waves?
P波（纵波）是介质沿传播方向来回振动的压缩波，能穿过固体、液体和气体，速度最快，地壳内约每秒6公里；S波（横波）是质点垂直于传播方向振动的剪切波，速度约为P波的六成，且不能穿过液体。由于S波无法通过液态铁镍组成的地核外核，地震图上出现S波盲区，据此科学家推断外核是液态的。利用P、S波到时差还能定位震中并确定震源深度。
P-waves are compressional waves with particles vibrating along the propagation direction; they pass through solids, liquids, and gases and are fastest, roughly 6 km/s in the crust. S-waves are shear waves with particles vibrating perpendicular to propagation, travel at about 60% of P-wave speed, and cannot pass through liquids. Because S-waves cannot cross Earth's liquid iron outer core, a shadow zone appears on seismograms—the evidence that the outer core is molten. The P-S arrival-time difference also locates epicenters and focal depths.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#P波 #S波 #地核
断层为什么会"十年不发，一朝爆发"？弹性回跳理论怎么解释？
Why do faults stay quiet for decades and then snap? How does elastic rebound explain it?
板块持续相对运动，断层两盘被摩擦锁住、不能滑动，于是周围岩石像橡皮筋一样慢慢积累弹性应变。当应力超过摩擦强度，断层突然滑动，累积的应变瞬间释放，产生地震，岩石弹回未变形的位置，这就是弹性回跳理论。断层以特征周期重复破裂，形成"地震空区"，用来评估未来大震风险。1906年旧金山地震后，里德据此提出该理论，成为现代地震学的基石。
Plates keep moving past each other, but friction locks the fault, so the surrounding rock stores elastic strain like a stretched rubber band. When stress exceeds the frictional strength, the fault slips suddenly, releasing the stored strain in an earthquake as the rock snaps back toward its undeformed shape—the elastic rebound theory. Faults rupture repeatedly with characteristic cycles, creating seismic gaps used to assess future large quakes. H.F. Reid proposed the theory after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and it remains a cornerstone of modern seismology.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#弹性回跳 #断层 #应变
什么是矩震级？
What is the moment magnitude?
矩震级按断层面积、错动距离和岩石刚度算出的总能量，量程大、不封顶，适合衡量强震。
Moment magnitude uses fault area, slip and rigidity for total energy; it has no upper limit.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#地震 #矩震级
地震预警是怎么工作的？
How does earthquake early warning work?
利用电波比地震波快的原理，在震中附近监测到初至波后，抢在破坏性横波到达前数秒至数十秒发出警报。
Using that radio waves outrun seismic waves, sensors near the epicenter detect the first P-wave and alert before the damaging S-wave arrives, gaining seconds to tens of seconds.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#地震 #预警
什么是地震空区？
What is a seismic gap?
夹在反复破裂的活跃段之间、却长期安静的断层段，就是地震空区。两侧不断释放应力，这一段因闭锁而把板块运动的变形攒在地下，一旦破裂便可能成为强震震源。关键是闭锁而非单纯的安静：靠无震蠕滑慢慢释放应变的断层，再久不发震也不算空区。空区也只是相对邻段的统计定位，远超平均复发间隔仍不破裂的例子不少，给不出发震时间。
A seismic gap is a fault segment that stays quiet while those around it rupture again and again. Its neighbours keep releasing stress, but a locked gap stores the strain plate motion puts into the crust, so when it breaks it may host a large earthquake. The decisive ingredient is locking rather than quietness alone: a fault that sheds strain by aseismic creep is not a gap however long it goes without one. And a gap is only a position relative to its neighbours, since segments sitting far past their average recurrence interval without breaking are common, so it gives no time of occurrence.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#地震 #空区
什么是地震矩震级（Mw）？它为何取代里氏震级？
What is moment magnitude (Mw), and why did it replace the Richter scale?
地震矩震级基于地震矩，即断层面积、平均滑移量与岩石刚度的乘积，能更准确衡量巨大地震的总能量。里氏震级在大震时趋于饱和，因此现代科学改用Mw描述强震。
Moment magnitude is based on seismic moment, the product of fault area, average slip and rock rigidity, giving a more accurate total energy for huge quakes. The Richter scale saturates for large events, so science now uses Mw for major earthquakes.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#矩震级 #地震矩 #饱和
什么是弹性回跳理论？
What is the elastic rebound theory?
弹性回跳理论由里德提出，解释断层地震机制：岩层在应力下弹性变形积累应变，当超过岩石强度时沿断层突然破裂错动，弹回原状并释放能量。该理论是现代地震成因的基础。
Proposed by Reid, elastic rebound theory explains fault earthquakes: rock elastically deforms and stores strain under stress, then suddenly ruptures and slips along a fault, snapping back and releasing energy. It is the foundation of modern earthquake mechanics.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#弹性回跳 #断层 #应变
地震震级和烈度有什么不同？
What is the difference between earthquake magnitude and intensity?
震级表示释放能量的大小（如里氏震级），一次地震只有一个；烈度描述某地实际破坏程度，随距离衰减。
Magnitude measures released energy (e.g. Richter) and is single per quake; intensity describes local shaking damage and decreases with distance.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#地震 #震级烈度
什么是地震的「震级饱和」？
What is 'magnitude saturation' in earthquakes?
某些近源震级标度（如地方性震级ML）在大地震时因地震波周期与台站距离限制，测值不再随真实能量增大而上升，即饱和。因此特大地震须用矩震级Mw表述。
Some local magnitude scales (like ML) stop increasing with true energy for huge quakes due to wave-period and station-distance limits, a saturation. Very large earthquakes must therefore be expressed by moment magnitude Mw.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#震级饱和 #ML #Mw
同样一次地震,为什么建在深厚软土盆地上的城市往往比邻近基岩地带受损严重得多?
Given one and the same earthquake, why do cities founded on deep soft-sediment basins usually fare far worse than districts on nearby bedrock?
软沉积层的剪切波速远低于基岩,地震波进入盆地后振幅被显著放大,长周期成分尤为突出。盆地的几何形态还会圈闭波动能量并造成多次反射,使强震动持续更久。当建筑的自振周期恰好落在放大的长周期范围内时,共振进一步放大反应——1985年墨西哥城的惨重震害正是这一机制的典型例证。
Soft sediments carry shear waves far more slowly than bedrock, so motions entering a basin are strongly amplified, with their long-period components boosted most. Basin geometry also traps seismic energy through repeated reflections, stretching out the duration of strong shaking. When buildings resonate with the amplified long-period motion, structural response grows still larger—the devastating damage in Mexico City in 1985 is the canonical demonstration.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Singh、Mena 与 Castro 1988 年发表于《Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America》关于1985年墨西哥城地震场地放大的研究
S. K. Singh, E. Mena, R. Castro, Some aspects of source characteristics of the 19 September 1985 Michoacan earthquake and ground motion amplification in and near Mexico City, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1988
#场地效应 #软土震动放大
什么是海啸？它和海底地震有何关系？
What is a tsunami, and how is it related to undersea earthquakes?
海啸是海底突然升降（多由俯冲带地震引起）推动整列海水形成的长周期巨浪。它在深海波高小但速度快，近岸时波高骤增，破坏力强。
A tsunami is a long-period giant wave train generated when the seafloor suddenly rises or drops, usually from a subduction-zone quake, displacing the water column. In deep sea it is low but fast, then surges high near shore with great destructive power.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#海啸 #海底地震 #巨浪
什么是地震面波？
What are surface seismic waves?
面波由体波到达地表后激发，比最慢的S波还慢，因而震图上来得最晚、拖尾最长。能量锁在浅表、只朝水平扩散，不像体波在三维摊开，故随距离衰减慢，远震那种悠长晃动多半出自它。形态两种：勒夫波水平剪切、地面左右扭动；瑞利波质点在竖直面内画椭圆、如同滚浪。它振幅大、周期长，是低层房屋破坏的主因；但随深度衰减，深源地震仍以体波为主。
Surface waves are generated where body waves reach the free surface. They travel slower than even the slowest S-wave, so they arrive last on a seismogram and trail the longest. Their energy is trapped near the surface and spreads only horizontally instead of through three dimensions, so they weaken with distance far more slowly; the long rolling shake of a distant quake is mostly theirs. There are two forms: Love waves are horizontal shear, the ground wriggling side to side, while Rayleigh waves make particles trace ellipses in the vertical plane, like rolling surf. Their amplitude is large and their period long, which is what does most damage to low-rise buildings, but they die out with depth, so records of deep earthquakes are still dominated by body waves.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#地震 #面波
什么是慢滑移和慢地震？
What are slow slip and slow earthquakes?
断层有时在数天到数月里无声地缓缓错动释放能量，叫慢滑移，虽不震却会改变周边应力、影响大震风险。
Faults can slip silently over days to months, releasing energy as slow slip; it does not shake but shifts stress and can affect big-quake risk.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#慢滑移 #震颤
逆冲型大地震（如9级）是怎么发生的？
How do megathrust earthquakes (like magnitude 9) happen?
在大洋板块俯冲到陆侧的边界，闭锁的断层突然错动数十米，释放巨大能量，如2011年东日本地震。
At a subduction boundary a locked fault suddenly slips tens of meters, releasing huge energy, as in the 2011 Tohoku earthquake.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#逆冲地震 #俯冲
为什么地震常发生在夜间或凌晨的说法不科学？
Why is the claim that earthquakes often strike at night unscientific?
统计上地震在一天中的发生时间基本随机，与昼夜无关。人们觉得多在夜间，常因夜间安静更易察觉、记忆更深刻，属认知偏差而非真实规律。
Statistically, earthquakes occur roughly randomly through the day, unrelated to day or night. The impression they strike at night comes from quieter nights making them more noticeable and memorable, a cognitive bias rather than a real pattern.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#地震时间 #随机 #偏差
什么是环太平洋地震带？
What is the circum-Pacific seismic belt?
环太平洋地震带是围绕太平洋边缘、地震和火山极其密集的地带，俗称火环。它位于多个板块俯冲交汇处，全球约80%的强震发生在这里。
The circum-Pacific seismic belt, nicknamed the Ring of Fire, is a zone around the Pacific rim with extremely dense earthquakes and volcanoes. Sitting where several plates subduct, it hosts about 80% of the world's major earthquakes.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#环太平洋 #火环 #俯冲带
地震仪是如何记录地震的？
How does a seismograph record earthquakes?
地震仪用悬挂的重锤配合固定基座，地面震动时基座随动而重锤因惯性基本不动，二者相对位移被记录下来形成地震波曲线。多个台站联合就能反推震源位置与震级。
A seismograph suspends a mass above a fixed base; when the ground shakes, the base moves but the mass tends to stay put by inertia, and their relative motion is recorded as a wave trace. Networks of stations then locate the source and estimate magnitude.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#地震仪 #震波记录 #台站
断层一定会有地震吗？
Does a fault always produce earthquakes?
不一定。断层是岩石的破裂面，只有当两侧长期黏滞闭锁、应力积累到突然滑动才会发震（地震断层）。有些断层以缓慢无震滑动（蠕滑）方式释放应力，较少引发强震。
Not always. A fault is a fracture plane; earthquakes occur only when sides lock and stored stress slips suddenly (seismic fault). Some faults release stress by slow aseismic creep, causing fewer strong quakes.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#断层 #蠕滑 #闭锁
科学家如何“看见”地球内部的结构，比如沉入地幔的板块残片和上升的地幔柱？
How can scientists "see" structures inside Earth, such as subducted slab remnants sinking into the mantle and rising mantle plumes?
依靠地震层析成像：地震波在不同岩石中的传播速度不同，全球台网记录的海量地震波到时数据经反演后，可像医学CT一样重建地球内部的速度异常图像。低速异常通常对应较热或富含流体的区域，高速异常对应较冷或致密的区域。
Through seismic tomography: seismic waves travel at different speeds through different materials, and inverting the millions of arrival-time records from the global seismograph network reconstructs velocity-anomaly images of the interior, like a medical CT scan. Slow anomalies mark hotter or fluid-rich regions; fast anomalies mark colder or denser ones.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《普通地质学》(舒良树)
General Geology (Shu Liangshu)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787116064911（按标识回读: 普通地质学）
#地震层析成像 #地球内部 #速度异常
地球的内核是固体还是液体？我们怎么知道？
Is Earth's inner core solid or liquid, and how do we know?
内核是固态的铁镍合金，外核是液态铁。主要证据：S波能穿过内核却无法穿过外核，而S波不能在液体中传播，说明外核为液态；P波穿过内核的传播时间随路径方向变化（各向异性），且地球自转的长周期变化与内核和地幔的差速旋转有关。
The inner core is solid iron–nickel, the outer core liquid iron. Key evidence: S waves pass through the inner core but not the outer core—S waves cannot travel through liquids, so the outer core must be liquid; P-wave travel times through the inner core vary with path direction (anisotropy), and long-term changes in Earth's rotation relate to differential rotation between the inner core and the mantle.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《普通地质学》(舒良树)
General Geology (Shu Liangshu)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787116064911（按标识回读: 普通地质学）
#地核 #S波 #内外核
矩震级(Mw)相比早期震级估算有哪些改进？
How does the moment magnitude scale (Mw) improve on older magnitude estimates?
矩震级基于断层破裂面积、平均滑移量与岩石刚度计算地震矩，能客观反映特大地震的真实能量，且不受震中距与仪器限制。它已成为大型地震的标准度量，解决了里氏震级饱和的问题。
Moment magnitude is based on the seismic moment, fault rupture area times average slip times rock rigidity, so it objectively reflects the true energy of very large quakes without saturating. It has become the standard for big earthquakes, fixing the saturation problem of the Richter scale.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Hanks & Kanamori（1979）《地球物理研究杂志》矩震级标度
Hanks, T.C. & Kanamori, H. (1979), A moment magnitude scale, Journal of Geophysical Research, 84(B5), 2348–2350, doi:10.1029/JB084iB05p02348
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1029/JB084iB05p02348：A moment magnitude s
#矩震级 #地震矩 #震级饱和
什么是麦加利地震烈度表？
What is the Mercalli intensity scale?
麦加利烈度表用罗马数字I到XII表示地震在地表和人类感受上的破坏程度，依据房屋损毁、人群反应等实际现象评定。它与衡量能量的震级不同，同一地震在不同地点烈度不同。
The Mercalli scale uses Roman numerals I to XII to describe how strongly an earthquake is felt and how much damage it causes, based on observed effects like building damage and human reaction. Unlike magnitude, intensity varies by location for the same quake.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#麦加利 #烈度 #破坏程度
海啸预警是怎么工作的？
How does a tsunami warning work?
海底地震后，浮标和海底压力计测到异常，系统推算海啸到达时间并提前发布警报。
After a seafloor quake, buoys and pressure gauges detect waves and issue timed alerts.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#地震 #海啸预警
建筑物怎样抵御地震？
How do buildings resist earthquakes?
抗震建筑通过柔性结构、隔震支座和加固框架来吸收和分散地震能量。例如基础隔震技术让建筑底部与地基间设置缓冲层，可显著减小传到楼上的震动。
Earthquake-resistant buildings use flexible structures, base isolators, and reinforced frames to absorb and spread seismic energy. For example, base isolation places cushioning layers between a building and its foundation, greatly reducing shaking transmitted upstairs.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#抗震 #隔震 #建筑
为什么日本和智利地震特别多？
Why are earthquakes so frequent in Japan and Chile?
两国都位于环太平洋俯冲带，太平洋板块在此俯冲到大陆板块之下，边界摩擦积累巨大应力并频繁释放。日本处于欧亚与太平洋板块交界，智利处于纳斯卡板块俯冲南美板块处。
Both lie on the Pacific Ring of Fire's subduction zones, where the Pacific plate dives beneath continental plates, accumulating and frequently releasing huge stress. Japan sits where the Pacific meets the Eurasian plate, while Chile is where the Nazca plate subducts under South America.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#俯冲带 #环太平洋 #板块
什么是震源深度？它对破坏力有何影响？
What is focal depth, and how does it affect damage?
震源深度是地下断层破裂处到地表的距离。浅源地震（通常小于70千米）能量衰减少，对地表破坏更大；深源地震能量在途中损耗多，地表影响相对较小。
Focal depth is the distance from the rupture to the surface. Shallow quakes (usually under 70 km) lose little energy and damage the surface more; deep quakes dissipate energy on the way and affect the surface less.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#震源深度 #浅源 #破坏
什么是地基液化？
What is soil liquefaction?
强震中饱和砂土里的水压骤升，土粒失去支撑像液体一样流动，建筑会突然下沉倾斜。
Quakes raise pore pressure in wet sand so it flows like liquid, sinking buildings.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#地震 #液化
什么是里氏震级？
What is the Richter magnitude scale?
里氏震级由查尔斯·里克特于1935年提出，用地震仪记录的地震波振幅来量化地震大小。它是一个对数标度，震级每增1级，释放能量约增30多倍。
The Richter scale, introduced by Charles Richter in 1935, quantifies earthquake size from the amplitude of seismic waves recorded by seismographs. It is a logarithmic scale: each whole number increase means roughly 30 times more released energy.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
地震学（里克特, 1935）
Seismology (Richter, 1935)
#里氏震级 #对数 #振幅
世界主要地震带在哪里？
Where are the main earthquake belts?
地震多沿板块边界分布，最著名的是环太平洋带和横贯欧亚的地中海—喜马拉雅带。
Quakes cluster on plate boundaries, especially the Pacific Ring and the Alpine-Himalayan belt.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#地震 #地震带
什么是断层？
What is a fault?
断层是岩层受力破裂并发生相对位移的破裂面，是地震最常见的发生地。按运动方向可分为正断层、逆断层和走滑断层等类型。
A fault is a fracture where rock has broken and moved relative to the other side, and it is the most common site of earthquakes. By movement direction they are classified as normal, reverse, and strike-slip faults.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#断层 #破裂 #位移
什么是“弹性回跳说”（elastic rebound theory）？
What is the 'elastic rebound theory' of earthquakes?
弹性回跳说由里德（Harry Reid）在研究1906年旧金山大地震后于1910年提出：地壳因板块挤压而缓慢变形、积累弹性应变，一旦超过岩石强度便突然断裂错动，释放的能量形成地震。它解释了断层两侧为什么会在震后“弹回”原状。
Proposed by Harry Reid after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake (1910), elastic rebound theory holds that crustal rocks deform slowly under stress, storing elastic strain until they break and slip suddenly, releasing energy as an earthquake. It explains why fault blocks 'spring back' to their original positions after a quake.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#弹性回跳 #里德 #旧金山地震 #断层 #应变
地震的震源和震中有什么区别？
What is the difference between the focus and the epicenter of an earthquake?
震源是地下岩体最先破裂、释放能量的点；震中是震源垂直投影到地面的位置。破坏通常离震中越近越严重，但震源深度也会影响影响范围。
The focus is the point underground where the rock first breaks and releases energy; the epicenter is the point on the surface directly above it. Damage is usually worst near the epicenter, though focal depth also shapes how widely the shaking spreads.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#震源 #震中 #震源深度
地震预警系统为什么能在地震波到达前几秒到几十秒发出警报？
How can earthquake early warning systems alert people seconds to tens of seconds before strong shaking arrives?
地震会发出速度不同的两种波：纵波（P波）跑得快但破坏小，横波（S波）跑得慢但破坏大。预警系统用靠近震中的台站先检测到P波，随即自动估算震级和位置，通过电信网络向更远地区广播警报，因电信号速度远快于S波，警报可比破坏性震动早到几秒到几十秒，足够人们躲避或让列车停车。由于从震中向外传播的S波与警报信息在竞赛，震中附近存在无法提前预警的盲区，系统只能提供有限的时间窗口。
Earthquakes radiate fast but gentle P-waves and slower, destructive S-waves. An early warning network detects the P-wave at stations near the epicenter, quickly estimates magnitude and location, and broadcasts alerts by telecommunications; because electrical signals outpace the S-waves by a huge margin, alerts arrive seconds to tens of seconds before the damaging shaking—enough to take cover or stop trains. Because the S-waves and the alert race outward from the same source, a blind zone exists near the epicenter and the warning window is necessarily limited.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#地震预警 #P波 #S波
为什么有的地方地震多、有的地方少？
Why are earthquakes frequent in some places but rare in others?
地震多发生在板块边界和活断层带，板块活动强烈的地区如环太平洋带地震频发，板块内部则较少。
Quakes cluster at plate boundaries and active faults; active zones like the Pacific Ring of Fire quake often, while plate interiors are quieter.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#地震 #地震带
里氏震级（Richter）和矩震级（moment magnitude）有什么不同？
How does the Richter scale differ from moment magnitude?
里氏震级由查尔斯·里克特于1935年提出，适用于地方性较小地震，对极大地震会“饱和”而低估。现代科学界改用矩震级（Mw），它基于地震矩（断层面积×滑移量×岩石刚度），能更准确地描述大型地震，二者均为对数尺度。
The Richter scale, introduced by Charles Richter in 1935, works well for local, smaller quakes but 'saturates' and underestimates very large ones. Scientists now use moment magnitude (Mw), based on seismic moment (fault area × slip × rock rigidity), which describes big earthquakes more accurately; both are logarithmic scales.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#里氏震级 #矩震级 #对数尺度 #里克特 #地震矩
海啸通常是由什么引起的？
What usually causes a tsunami?
海啸多由海底地震使海底突然抬升或下沉、推动上方巨量海水而形成。海底火山喷发和山体滑坡也能引发海啸，其波速在深海中可达每小时数百公里。
Tsunamis are usually caused by undersea earthquakes that abruptly lift or drop the seafloor, displacing huge volumes of water above. Submarine eruptions and landslides can also trigger them, and their waves can travel hundreds of km/h in deep ocean.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#海啸 #海底地震 #波浪
里氏震级测的是什么？它有什么局限？
What does the Richter scale measure and what are its limits?
里氏震级由地震波振幅推算地震释放的能量，每升1级能量约增32倍。它只对中近震、中小震级可靠，对特大远震现代已改用矩震级(Mw)。
The Richter scale estimates the energy released by an earthquake from the amplitude of seismic waves, with each step up meaning roughly 32 times more energy. It is reliable only for nearby, moderate events; for large or distant quakes modern seismology uses the moment magnitude (Mw).
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#里氏震级 #矩震级 #地震波
地震"震级"和"烈度"是一回事吗？
Are earthquake magnitude and intensity the same thing?
不是。震级衡量地震释放的能量，用仪器测得，一次地震只有一个震级；烈度描述地表和建筑受破坏的程度，随距离震中的远近而不同。烈度还受震源深度和当地地质条件影响，同一地震在不同地方烈度差别很大。我国采用十二级烈度表，而震级常用里氏或矩震级表示。
No. Magnitude measures the energy released, is determined from instruments, and a single earthquake has just one magnitude. Intensity describes the shaking and damage at the surface and varies with distance from the epicenter; it also depends on focal depth and local geology, so the same quake can produce very different intensities in different places. China uses a 12-grade intensity scale, while magnitude is commonly given as local (Richter) or moment magnitude.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#震级 #烈度 #地震
地震波中的P波和S波分别是什么？它们有何区别？
What are P-waves and S-waves in earthquakes, and how do they differ?
P波（初波）是纵波，质点前后振动、传播最快，能通过固体、液体和气体。S波（次波）是横波，质点上下/左右振动、较慢，且只能穿过固体、不能通过液体。二者到达的时差常被用来估算震中距离。
P-waves (primary) are compressional waves that vibrate along the direction of travel, move fastest, and pass through solids, liquids, and gases. S-waves (secondary) are shear waves that vibrate perpendicular to travel, are slower, and can travel only through solids—not liquids. Their arrival time difference is used to estimate distance to the epicenter.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#P波 #S波 #纵波 #横波 #地震波
除了地震波，还有哪些证据支持地球具有圈层结构？
Besides seismic waves, what other evidence supports Earth's layered structure?
地球平均密度（约5.5 g/cm³）远高于地壳岩石，说明内部存在致密物质（铁质内核）；全球磁场的存在要求有导电的外核；铁陨石的成分与地核的铁镍组成一致；此外，地球的自由振荡（长周期振动）等观测也为内部结构提供了约束。
Earth's mean density (about 5.5 g/cm³) far exceeds crustal rocks, requiring dense interior material (an iron-rich core); the global magnetic field requires a conducting outer core; iron meteorites match the core's iron–nickel composition; and observations such as Earth's free oscillations also constrain the internal structure.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《普通地质学》(舒良树)
General Geology (Shu Liangshu)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787116064911（按标识回读: 普通地质学）
#地球结构 #证据 #密度
建在回填土和古河道之上的城区,为什么会在同等地震下付出比周边重得多的代价?
Why do districts built on artificial fill and buried river channels pay a far heavier price in the very same earthquake than surrounding areas?
松散沉积层剪切波速低、卓越周期长,会把基岩传来的震动选择性放大;当放大的频段与高层建筑的自振周期吻合时,共振使楼层晃动幅度剧增。1985年墨西哥城地震震中距市区约三百五十公里,湖相软土的长周期放大却令市中心高楼大面积倒塌,此后各国普遍要求按场地类别调整设计反应谱。
Loose sediments have low shear-wave velocities and long characteristic periods, selectively amplifying incoming motions; when the amplified band matches a building's natural period, resonance sharply multiplies floor accelerations. The 1985 Mexico City event struck from roughly 350 km away, yet long-period amplification in the old lakebed toppled mid-rise towers downtown — prompting codes worldwide to tune design spectra to site class.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
EERI 调查报告:1985年9月19日墨西哥米却肯州地震考察(刊于 Earthquake Spectra, 1986)
Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, The Michoacán, Mexico Earthquake of September 19, 1985 — Reconnaissance Report, Earthquake Spectra, 1986
#场地放大 #共振效应
地震时躲在桌子下安全吗？
Is it safe to hide under a table during an earthquake?
在室内，蹲下、掩护头部并抓牢坚固的桌子是常用避险法，可挡住坠落物。应远离窗户和易倒家具，待晃动停止再有序撤离，不要乘电梯。
Indoors, drop, cover your head and hold under a sturdy table is a common method that shields you from falling objects. Stay away from windows and tall furniture, evacuate in order after shaking stops, and do not use elevators.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#避震 #自我保护 #防灾
什么是震级和烈度？
What are magnitude and intensity?
震级衡量地震释放能量的大小，如里氏震级，每增加1级能量约增32倍。烈度描述某地实际感受到的破坏程度，与距离震中和地质条件有关，同一地震不同地点烈度不同。
Magnitude measures the energy released, as in the Richter scale, where each step up means about 32 times more energy. Intensity describes the actual felt shaking and damage at a place, depending on distance from the epicenter and local geology, so one quake has different intensities in different places.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#震级 #烈度 #里氏
地震来临前可以用什么手段预警？
What methods can give early warning before an earthquake?
地震预警利用地震波中速度快但破坏小的P波先到达、再抢在破坏性S波之前发出警报。虽然无法预测地震何时发生，但可在震后数秒到数十秒内向远处发出预警。
Earthquake early warning uses the fact that fast but less damaging P-waves arrive before destructive S-waves to issue alerts. It cannot predict when a quake will strike, but can warn distant areas seconds to tens of seconds after one begins.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#地震预警 #P波 #S波
地震是怎么发生的？
How do earthquakes happen?
地下岩石受力太大会突然错动、断裂，把能量猛地释放出来，地面就跟着摇晃，这就是地震。
Underground rock stressed too far suddenly slips and breaks, releasing energy that shakes the ground—an earthquake.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#地震 #板块
地震是怎么产生的？
What causes earthquakes?
地震多发生在板块边界，地壳中的岩层长期受力变形，当应力超过岩石强度时突然断裂错动，释放的能量以地震波传向四周。地下核爆或水库蓄水也能诱发地震。
Most earthquakes occur at plate boundaries, where rocks strained by long-term forces suddenly fracture and slip, releasing energy that travels outward as seismic waves. Underground nuclear tests or reservoir filling can also trigger them.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#地震 #断层 #应力
什么是余震？
What is an aftershock?
主震之后同一地区发生的一系列较小地震叫余震，可能持续几天到几年。
Aftershocks are smaller quakes in the same area after a main shock, lasting days to years.
难度 入门 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#地震 #余震
地震波还没到手机先响了,预警系统到底在和什么赛跑?
Your phone beeps before the shaking arrives — what race is an earthquake early-warning system actually running?
三场赛跑同时进行。第一场与破坏性S波赛跑:P波以约6–7公里每秒先行,S波与面波速度慢一半以上、才是晃动主力,两者时间差随距离拉大,离震中越远预警窗口越长。第二场与电波赛跑:无线电比地震波快数万倍,台网数秒内定位定级后,警报可抢在强震动前送达上百公里外。第三场与自己赛跑:最初几秒P波信息有限,系统须权衡快报与误报——墨西哥城与东京的实践证明,几十秒足够让高铁减速、电梯平层。
Three races at once. First, against destructive S waves: primary P waves race ahead at six to seven kilometers per second while S and surface waves lag by half or more, so cities far from the epicenter get longer warning windows. Second, against radio: signals travel tens of thousands of times faster than seismic waves, letting networks locate the event within seconds and alert places a hundred kilometers away before strong motion arrives. Third, against itself: early P waves carry limited information, so systems trade speed against false alarms. Mexico City and Tokyo show tens of seconds suffice to slow trains and level elevators.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Kanamori,《地震预警的理念(日本)》,Seismological Research Letters,2004年,第75卷第3期,361-368页
H. Kanamori, The idea of earthquake early warning in Japan, Seismological Research Letters, 2004, vol. 75, no. 3, pp. 361-368
#地震预警 #P波 #S波