什么是地下水补给区和排泄区？
What are recharge and discharge areas of groundwater?
补给区是地表水渗入、补充含水层的高地或透水区；排泄区是地下水自然流出地表的地方，如泉、河流或湿地。理解二者对保护水源和管理污染至关重要。
A recharge area is where surface water infiltrates and replenishes an aquifer, often high permeable ground; a discharge area is where groundwater naturally surfaces, such as springs, rivers or wetlands. Understanding both is key to protecting water and managing pollution.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#补给区 #排泄区 #泉
什么是地下水漏斗？
What is a groundwater cone of depression?
长期集中抽水会使井周围地下水位下降，形成向下凹陷的水位漏斗。多个漏斗叠加可造成区域水位持续下降、河流断流和地面沉降等连锁问题。
Sustained concentrated pumping lowers the water table around a well, forming a downward depression shaped like a cone. Overlapping cones cause regional water-level decline, dried rivers and subsidence as chained problems.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#地下水漏斗 #抽水 #水位
什么是「承压含水层」？它为何会自流？
What is a 'confined aquifer', and why does it flow on its own?
承压含水层被上下隔水层夹住，内部充满水并承受压力。当井孔穿透上覆隔水层且水位高于地表时，水会自行上涌，成为自流井，如澳大利亚大自流盆地。
A confined aquifer is bounded above and below by aquitards and filled under pressure. When a well pierces the cap and the pressure head rises above ground, water flows up by itself as an artesian well, like Australia's Great Artesian Basin.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#承压含水层 #自流井 #隔水层
什么是泉水？它为什么会从地下冒出来？
What is a spring, and why does water emerge from the ground?
泉水是地下水自然涌出地表的地方。当含水层被隔水层切断或地形切穿含水层时，承压水便沿裂隙流出，形成泉。温泉则多因深处地热加热。
A spring is where groundwater naturally surfaces. When an aquifer is cut off by an aquitard or exposed by terrain, confined water flows out along fractures, forming a spring. Hot springs are usually heated by deep geothermal energy.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#泉 #承压水 #涌出
为什么有些地方会「地面沉降」？
Why does land subside in some places?
过度抽取地下水会使含水层孔隙水压下降、颗粒被压密，导致地表缓慢下沉。沿海城市如上海、墨西哥城都曾因超采地下水发生明显沉降。
Over-pumping groundwater lowers pore pressure and compacts aquifer grains, slowly sinking the surface. Coastal cities like Shanghai and Mexico City have seen notable subsidence from excessive extraction.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#地面沉降 #超采 #含水层
为什么沿海打井太深会打出咸水？
Why does deep coastal well drilling yield salty water?
沿海含水层下方常有海水入侵形成的咸淡水过渡带。过量抽取淡水会使水位下降，海水向内陆和向上补给，导致井水变咸，称为咸水入侵。
Beneath coastal aquifers lies a saltwater-freshwater transition zone from seawater intrusion. Over-pumping lowers freshwater levels, letting seawater move inland and upward, salinizing wells, a process called saltwater intrusion.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#咸水入侵 #过渡带 #沿海
井水冬天为什么比较温暖、夏天比较凉？
Why is well water warmer in winter and cooler in summer?
地下水温受地温影响，随深度变化很小，常年稳定在十几摄氏度。相比地表气温的季节大幅波动，抽取上来的井水就显得冬暖夏凉。
Groundwater temperature tracks the stable geothermal gradient and varies little with depth, staying around a steady teens of degrees Celsius. Compared with large seasonal swings at the surface, pumped well water feels warm in winter and cool in summer.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#井水 #地温 #稳定
地下水是从哪里来的？
Where does groundwater come from?
地下水主要来自降水渗入土壤和岩层空隙，在重力作用下向下汇集。它储存在含水层里，是重要的淡水资源，全球可用的淡水很大一部分是地下水。
Groundwater mainly comes from precipitation seeping into soil and rock voids, collecting downward under gravity. Stored in aquifers, it is a vital freshwater resource, making up a large share of usable global freshwater.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#地下水 #降水 #含水层
地下水会被污染吗？常见污染源有哪些？
Can groundwater be polluted, and what are common sources?
会。化肥农药下渗、生活污水和工业废水渗漏、垃圾填埋场渗滤液都可污染含水层。地下水流动慢、自净弱，一旦污染往往很难恢复。
Yes. Fertilizer and pesticide infiltration, leaking sewage and industrial wastewater, and landfill leachate can all pollute aquifers. Groundwater flows slowly and self-purifies poorly, so once contaminated it is hard to restore.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#地下水污染 #渗滤液 #自净
什么是含水层？
What is an aquifer?
含水层是能储存并让水顺畅流动的岩层或土层，如砂砾层、裂隙发育的石灰岩。相对地，隔水层（如黏土）几乎不让水通过，可保护或限制地下水。
An aquifer is a rock or soil layer that stores and transmits water readily, like sand-gravel beds or fractured limestone. In contrast, an aquitard such as clay barely lets water pass, protecting or confining groundwater.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#含水层 #砂砾 #隔水层