什么是「穹窿构造」地貌？
What is 'dome' structural landform?
穹窿是岩层向上拱起的圆形或椭圆形构造，由岩浆底辟或盐丘上拱造成。顶部岩石被侵蚀后常出露老岩层，周围呈同心环状，如美国科罗拉多穹窿。
A dome is rock strata arched upward in a circular or elliptical form, caused by magmatic diapir or salt uplift. After the top erodes, older rocks are exposed with concentric rings around, as in the Colorado Plateau dome structures.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#穹窿 #底辟 #构造
Syvitski 等人(2009)的研究是如何量化人类活动加速三角洲沉降的？
How did Syvitski et al. (2009) quantify the human acceleration of delta sinking?
该团队综合33个大型三角洲的数据，指出20世纪人为活动（水库截沙、地下水与油气开采、三角洲平原压实）使许多三角洲的地面沉降与相对海平面上升速率翻倍。研究警示若不干预，大量人口密集三角洲将面临淹没风险。
The team combined data from 33 major deltas and showed that 20th-century human actions, dam sediment trapping, groundwater and hydrocarbon withdrawal, and delta-plain compaction, doubled the rate of sinking and relative sea-level rise for many deltas. They warned that without intervention, populous deltas face growing flood risk.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Syvitski 等（2009）《自然·地球科学》Sinking deltas
Syvitski, J.P.M. et al. (2009), Sinking deltas due to human activities, Nature Geoscience
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1038/ngeo629：Sinking deltas due to human
#三角洲沉降 #相对海平面 #人为影响
什么是「夷平面」？它说明什么地质过程？
What is a 'peneplain', and what geologic process does it indicate?
夷平面是长期风化、侵蚀把起伏地形削平接近海平面的准平原。它的存在表明该地区曾经历漫长稳定抬升前的剥蚀夷平，是解读构造—地貌演化的重要线索。
A peneplain is a near-sea-level flat surface produced by long weathering and erosion leveling relief. Its presence indicates a region underwent prolonged stripping before uplift, a key clue to tectonic-geomorphic evolution.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#夷平面 #侵蚀 #准平原
什么是三角洲？它是怎么形成的？
What is a delta, and how does it form?
当河流入海或入湖速度变缓，携带的泥沙沉积下来，在河口堆出扇形或三角形的堆积体即三角洲。它土地肥沃、水网密布，常是人口稠密区。
Where a river slows at the sea or lake, its carried sediment drops and builds a fan- or triangle-shaped deposit at the mouth, a delta. Fertile and laced with channels, deltas are often densely populated.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#三角洲 #泥沙 #河口
科罗拉多大峡谷是怎样形成的？
How did the Grand Canyon form?
科罗拉多大峡谷主要是科罗拉多河在数百万年间向下切割、并辅以风化剥蚀而雕刻出的。它暴露出层层水平岩层，像是记录地球历史的巨型书本。
The Grand Canyon was mainly carved by the Colorado River cutting downward over millions of years, aided by weathering and erosion. It exposes layer upon layer of horizontal rock, like a giant book recording Earth's history.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#大峡谷 #河流侵蚀 #岩层
为什么有些山呈孤立的「桌山」形状？
Why do some mountains form isolated 'table mountains'?
桌山顶部覆盖一层坚硬耐风化的岩石，保护下方较软岩层不被侵蚀，使山体保持平坦顶。周围软岩被剥蚀后退，留下孤立平顶山，如南非桌山。
A table mountain has a cap of hard erosion-resistant rock protecting softer layers below, keeping a flat top. Surrounding soft rock is stripped back, leaving an isolated flat-topped hill, as with Table Mountain in South Africa.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#桌山 #侵蚀 #硬岩
西北的“雅丹”像城堡一样，是谁雕刻的？
Who carved the castle-like Yardang landforms in the northwest?
是风。干旱区强风夹着沙粒，不断打磨软硬不一的岩层，把山丘雕成城墙、怪兽等奇特形状，称为风蚀地貌。
The wind. In arid regions, sand-laden winds abrade rock layers of varying hardness into castle- and monster-like shapes—wind-erosion landforms.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
派伊、措阿尔《风成沙与沙丘》，Unwin Hyman，1990
Pye, K. & Tsoar, H., Aeolian Sand and Sand Dunes, Unwin Hyman, 1990
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL4464887W：Aeolian sand and sand d
#雅丹 #风蚀
“魔鬼城”为什么夜里会发出怪叫声？
Why does the Devil City howl at night?
那不是鬼怪，是夜晚冷空气灌进雅丹的缝隙和孔洞，风穿过时像吹笛子一样发出呼啸声，听起来很吓人。
No ghosts—cool night air rushes through cracks and holes in the rock, and wind whistles through them like a flute, sounding eerie.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
派伊、措阿尔《风成沙与沙丘》，Unwin Hyman，1990
Pye, K. & Tsoar, H., Aeolian Sand and Sand Dunes, Unwin Hyman, 1990
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL4464887W：Aeolian sand and sand d
#魔鬼城 #风声
黄土高原的黄土是从哪里来的？
Where did the Loess Plateau's loess come from?
黄土高原的厚层黄土主要来自西北干旱区的粉尘，经风力远距离搬运堆积而成，历时数百万年。疏松多孔的黄土极易被水侵蚀，形成千沟万壑的地貌。
The thick loess of the Loess Plateau mainly came as dust from arid northwest regions, carried and deposited by wind over millions of years. Loose porous loess erodes easily by water, creating a deeply ravined landscape.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#黄土 #风成 #侵蚀
什么是喀斯特地貌？石灰岩是如何造就它的？
What is a karst landscape and how does limestone create it?
喀斯特是石灰岩等可溶岩被雨水（含碳酸）溶蚀、形成溶洞、天坑与地下河的地貌。中国南方与桂林山水便是典型，地表水常漏入地下使地面少河流。
Karst is terrain where soluble rock like limestone is dissolved by rainwater carrying carbonic acid, producing caves, sinkholes, and underground rivers. Southern China and the Guilin hills are classic examples, with surface water often vanishing underground so streams are scarce.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Plummer 等《物理地质学》第16版（McGraw-Hill）
Plummer, C.C., Carlson, D.H. & Hammersley, L., Physical Geology (16th ed., McGraw-Hill)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL2752791W：Physical geology（首版 197
#喀斯特 #石灰岩 #溶洞
什么是「河口三角洲」和「冲积扇」的区别？
What is the difference between a river delta and an alluvial fan?
三角洲在河流入湖海处因流速骤减堆积而成，多呈尖朝陆的扇形；冲积扇在山口因坡度突然变缓堆积而成，位于山区与平原交界。二者都是堆积地貌但位置和形态不同。
A delta forms where a river meets a lake or sea and suddenly slows, a fan with the point inland; an alluvial fan forms at a mountain mouth where slope drops abruptly, at the mountain-plain boundary. Both are depositional but differ in location and shape.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#三角洲 #冲积扇 #堆积
冰川能留下哪些地貌痕迹？
What landform traces can glaciers leave?
冰川搬运磨蚀形成U形谷、冰斗和刃脊，后退时堆积出终碛垄、鼓丘和冰碛平原。这些痕迹是识别古冰川活动的重要证据。
Glaciers carve U-shaped valleys, cirques and arêtes by erosion, and deposit terminal moraines, drumlins and till plains as they retreat. Such traces are key evidence of past glaciation.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#冰川 #U形谷 #冰碛
火山活动可以形成哪些地貌？
What landforms can volcanic activity create?
火山活动可形成火山锥、熔岩台地、破火山口和熔岩隧道等地貌。喷发后的冷却与塌陷还会塑造独特的火山高原和火山岛，例如夏威夷群岛。
Volcanic activity creates landforms such as volcanic cones, lava plateaus, calderas, and lava tubes. Cooling and collapse after eruptions also shape distinctive volcanic highlands and islands, like the Hawaiian Islands.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#火山地貌 #熔岩台地 #破火山口
河流是怎么塑造山谷的？
How do rivers shape valleys?
流动的河水以冲刷、磨蚀和搬运泥沙的方式切割河床和岸坡，天长日久把地表刻出V形谷。洪水期侵蚀更强，平原区则易摆动形成弯曲河道。
Flowing water cuts beds and banks by scouring, abrasion and carrying sediment, carving V-shaped valleys over time. Erosion is stronger in floods, and on plains rivers meander and shift their courses.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#河流 #侵蚀 #峡谷
什么是风化作用？
What is weathering?
风化是岩石在地表因温度、水、空气和生物作用而破碎分解的过程，但不移动位置。它把坚硬岩石变成土壤和碎屑，是地貌塑造的第一步。
Weathering is the breaking and decomposition of rock at the surface by temperature, water, air and living things, without moving the material. It turns hard rock into soil and debris, the first step in shaping landforms.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#风化 #破碎 #土壤
什么是沙丘？
What is a sand dune?
沙丘是风把松散沙粒搬运、堆积成的小山丘，常见于沙漠和海岸。它的迎风坡缓、背风坡陡，形状会随风向缓慢移动。
A sand dune is a mound of loose sand transported and piled up by wind, common in deserts and along coasts. It has a gentle windward slope and a steep lee slope, and its shape slowly migrates with the wind.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#沙丘 #风成 #沙漠
什么是「侵蚀」和「堆积」？
What are 'erosion' and 'deposition'?
侵蚀是外力把岩石土壤剥落并搬走的过程，如流水冲刷；堆积是搬运的物质因速度减慢而沉积下来的过程，如河口成陆。二者此消彼长塑造地形。
Erosion is the removal and transport of rock and soil by agents like flowing water; deposition is the settling of carried material when speed drops, as at river mouths. Their balance shapes terrain.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Tarbuck & Lutgens,《Earth Science》第14版,Pearson,2015
E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lutgens, Earth Science, 14th ed., Pearson, 2015
#侵蚀 #堆积 #地貌