造山型金矿是怎样富集的？
How do orogenic gold deposits form?
造山带深处含金流体沿断层上升，在温压骤降时把金和石英一起沉淀在裂隙中，形成脉状金矿。
Deep gold-rich fluids rise along faults in orogens and precipitate gold with quartz in fractures when temperature and pressure drop.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
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舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#金矿 #热液
什么是晶体结构？
What is crystal structure?
晶体结构是矿物内部原子、离子或分子在三维空间中有规律重复排列的方式，决定了矿物的对称性。同一种化学成分若排列方式不同（同质多象），可形成性质迥异的矿物，如金刚石和石墨。
Crystal structure is the regular, repeating three-dimensional arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules inside a mineral, which determines its symmetry. The same composition arranged differently (polymorphism) can form very different minerals, like diamond and graphite.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#晶体结构 #原子排列 #同质多象
硅酸盐矿物的晶体结构基本单元是什么？
What is the basic structural unit of silicate minerals?
硅酸盐以硅氧四面体（一个硅原子被四个氧包围）为基本单元。这些四面体通过共用氧原子，连接成岛状、链状、层状或架状等不同结构，决定了矿物的物理性质。
Silicates are built from the silica-oxygen tetrahedron, one silicon surrounded by four oxygens. These tetrahedra share oxygen atoms to form isolated, chain, sheet or framework structures, which determine the mineral's physical properties.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#硅酸盐 #四面体 #晶体
什么是放射性定年法？
What is radiometric dating?
利用铀、钾等放射性同位素按固定速率衰变，测出岩石或化石的年龄，是建立地质年代的关键方法。
Using isotopes like uranium and potassium that decay at fixed rates, we measure the age of rocks or fossils, key to building the geologic timescale.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#矿物 #定年
地壳中含量最多的元素是什么？
What are the most abundant elements in the crust?
地壳是硅酸盐外壳，含量排序由氧、硅、铝、铁打头：氧与硅结成硅氧四面体，连成长石、云母、石英等造岩矿物，两者合占绝大部分地壳质量，铝与铁再顶替其间的金属位置。按质量与按原子个数计，排序略有差别；也要分清地壳与整个地球或海水：铁在地球整体里更靠前，因为分化时大量铁沉入地核，而海水里占优的是氧与氢。
The crust is a silicate shell, which is why the abundance ranking opens with oxygen, silicon, aluminium and iron: oxygen bonds with silicon into the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron, and these link up into the rock-forming minerals feldspar, mica and quartz, so those two elements alone make up most of the crust by mass, while aluminium and iron fill the metallic positions among them. Ranking by mass and by number of atoms gives slightly different orders, and the crust is not the same as the whole Earth or the sea: iron ranks higher for the planet as a whole because differentiation sent much of it into the core, whereas seawater is dominated by oxygen and hydrogen.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#矿物 #元素
为什么大多数矿物属于硅酸盐类？
Why do most minerals belong to the silicate group?
硅酸盐矿物以硅氧四面体为基本结构单元，而硅和氧是地壳中含量最丰富的两种元素。它们通过共享氧原子连接成链、层或三维骨架，因此占据了已命名矿物的绝大多数。
Silicate minerals are built from silicon-oxygen tetrahedra, and silicon and oxygen are the two most abundant elements in the crust. These tetrahedra link by sharing oxygen into chains, sheets, or 3-D frameworks, so silicates make up the vast majority of known minerals.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#硅酸盐 #硅氧四面体 #地壳
为什么有些矿石有金属光泽？
Why do some minerals have a metallic luster?
有金属光泽的矿物里价电子离域成半满能带，可见光电场一推，这批电子就整体振荡并重新辐射出同频率的光，反射率高、光穿不进多深，于是既明亮又不透明。非金属矿物没有这批自由电子，靠折射与内部散射反光，所以只有玻璃或金刚光泽。别把光泽当成分：黄铁矿、方铅矿乃至石墨都不含金属单质却一样闪亮；而光泽随观察角度与抛光强弱变化，鉴别时条痕往往比反光可靠。
In minerals with a metallic luster the valence electrons are delocalized into half-filled bands, so the electric field of visible light sets this whole population oscillating and they re-radiate light of the same frequency: reflectivity is high and light penetrates only a shallow way in, which makes them both bright and opaque. Non-metallic minerals lack that free-electron population and shine instead by refraction and internal scattering, so they show only a vitreous or adamantine luster. Do not read luster as composition: pyrite, galena and even graphite contain no native metal yet are just as shiny, and luster varies with viewing angle and how well the face is polished, so the streak is usually more reliable than the shine.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#矿物 #光泽
为什么方解石遇酸会冒泡？
Why does calcite fizz when it meets acid?
方解石是碳酸钙，遇稀盐酸发生化学反应放出二氧化碳气泡，这是碳酸盐矿物的特征反应。地质工作者常用稀盐酸快速鉴别石灰岩和方解石。
Calcite is calcium carbonate that reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to release carbon dioxide bubbles, a characteristic of carbonate minerals. Geologists use dilute acid to quickly identify limestone and calcite.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#方解石 #碳酸钙 #酸反应
云母为什么能一层层撕开？
Why can mica be peeled into sheets?
云母晶体内部是层状硅酸盐结构，层内为强共价键，层间仅为弱范德华力。因此容易沿层间裂开成薄片，这种性质称为极完全解理。
Mica has a layered silicate structure with strong bonds inside sheets but weak van der Waals forces between them. It thus splits easily along layers into thin sheets, a property called perfect cleavage.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#云母 #解理 #层状
矿物的「硬度」用什么标准衡量？
What standard is used to measure a mineral's 'hardness'?
常用摩氏硬度计，把矿物按能否互相划伤分为1到10级，滑石最软为1，金刚石最硬为10。它反映的是相对抗划伤能力，而非绝对硬度。
The Mohs scale ranks minerals from 1 to 10 by which can scratch which; talc is softest at 1 and diamond hardest at 10. It reflects relative scratch resistance, not absolute hardness.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#摩氏硬度 #金刚石 #滑石
宝石是怎么形成的？
How do gemstones form?
在高温高压或岩浆热液环境中，特定元素结晶形成美丽坚硬的矿物，如刚玉（红蓝宝石）、绿柱石（祖母绿）。
Under high temperature and pressure or from magmatic fluids, specific elements crystallize into beautiful hard minerals like corundum (ruby, sapphire) and beryl (emerald).
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#矿物 #宝石
钻石和普通的煤有什么相同和不同？
What do diamond and common coal have in common and differ?
二者主要成分都是碳，但钻石中碳原子规则排列、极硬且透明，煤是疏松含杂质的碳集合体。
Both are mainly carbon, but in diamond the atoms are neatly arranged making it hard and clear, while coal is a loose impure carbon mass.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#矿物 #碳
金矿通常是以什么形式存在的？
In what forms does gold ore usually occur?
自然金常以细小颗粒或块状散布在石英脉或河流砂砾（砂金）中。因为金化学性质稳定、不易与其他元素结合，所以多以单质形式被开采。
Native gold often occurs as tiny grains or nuggets dispersed in quartz veins or in river gravel as placer gold. Because gold is chemically stable and rarely bonds with other elements, it is mostly mined in its pure metallic form.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#金矿 #自然金 #砂金
钻石是在哪里和怎样形成的？
Where and how do diamonds form?
钻石是碳在高温高压下结晶而成的矿物，通常形成于地下150公里以上的地幔深处。它们随火山喷发被带到地表，藏在一种叫金伯利岩的特殊岩石中。
Diamonds are minerals of carbon crystallized under high temperature and pressure, usually deep in the mantle more than 150 km down. They are brought to the surface by volcanic eruptions and hosted in a special rock called kimberlite.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#钻石 #碳 #地幔
如何根据条痕判断矿物？
How is a mineral identified by its streak?
条痕是矿物在无釉瓷板上划出的粉末颜色，往往比表面颜色更稳定。例如黄铁矿表面金黄，但条痕呈绿黑色，可借此与真金区分。
Streak is the color of a mineral's powder when scratched on unglazed porcelain, often more consistent than its surface color. Pyrite looks golden but leaves a greenish-black streak, helping distinguish it from real gold.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#条痕 #鉴定 #黄铁矿
矿物的颜色和条痕分别由什么决定？
What determines a mineral's color and its streak?
颜色常受微量杂质影响、易变，不如条痕可靠；条痕是矿物粉末在素瓷板上的颜色，由成分与晶体结构决定，更稳定。鉴定时条痕往往比外表颜色更具判别价值。
Color is often altered by trace impurities and can be misleading, whereas streak, the color of a mineral's powder rubbed on a porcelain plate, is set by composition and structure and stays consistent. For identification, streak is usually more diagnostic than surface color.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Nesse《矿物学导论》第3版（Oxford）
Nesse, W.D., Introduction to Mineralogy (3rd ed., Oxford University Press)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL1981653W：Introduction to mineral
#条痕 #矿物颜色 #鉴定
宝石的颜色是由什么决定的？
What determines the color of gemstones?
宝石的颜色主要来自晶体中微量的过渡金属杂质或结构缺陷。例如少量铬让刚玉变红成为红宝石，让绿柱石变绿成为祖母绿。
A gemstone's color mainly comes from trace transition-metal impurities or structural defects in the crystal. For example, a little chromium turns corundum red into ruby, and colors beryl green into emerald.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#宝石 #颜色 #杂质
我们如何大致识别一种矿物？
How can we roughly identify a mineral?
可以通过硬度、颜色、光泽、解理（破裂方式）、密度等性质来识别矿物。例如方解石遇稀盐酸会冒泡，磁铁能吸起含铁矿物，这些特征帮助快速区分。
Minerals can be identified by properties such as hardness, color, luster, cleavage (how they break), and density. For example, calcite fizzes in dilute acid and a magnet picks up iron-bearing minerals, helping quick distinction.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#矿物识别 #解理 #光泽
什么是矿床？
What is an ore deposit?
矿床是地质作用把有用组分在地壳里堆到能在当前技术与价格下开采的程度，判据是品位、储量与开采条件，不是含量高于平均值就行。这种集中靠岩浆分异、热液搬运沉淀、沉积与风化，因为多数元素在普通岩石中稀薄分散，要再富集好几个数量级才谈得上采矿。矿床因此是个经济概念：低品位矿与老尾矿今天不算矿，涨价或选冶过关后就可能变成矿，伴生组分也要看有没有回收途径。
An ore deposit is material that geological processes have concentrated in the crust to a degree that can be mined profitably under current technology and prices; the test is grade, tonnage and mining conditions, not merely content above average. That concentration comes from magmatic differentiation, the transport and precipitation of hydrothermal fluids, sedimentation and weathering, because most elements sit thinly dispersed in ordinary rock and must be gathered by several more orders of magnitude before mining is worth discussing. So a deposit is an economic idea: low-grade ore and old tailings do not count as a mine today, yet a higher price or a new beneficiation route can turn them into one, and a by-product element only counts if there is a way to recover it.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#矿物 #矿床
为什么金刚石比石墨硬得多，尽管二者都是纯碳？
Why is diamond so much harder than graphite even though both are pure carbon?
二者同素异形体，差异全在原子排列：金刚石中每个碳原子与四个邻居形成强三维共价键网络；石墨是层状结构，层内强、层间仅靠弱范德华力结合。于是金刚石极硬、石墨却柔软易剥层。
Both are allotropes of pure carbon, but their atom arrangement differs: in diamond each carbon bonds strongly to four neighbors in a 3-D covalent network, while graphite stacks in sheets held together only by weak van der Waals forces between layers. Hence diamond is extremely hard, whereas graphite is soft and flakes easily.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Nesse《矿物学导论》第3版（Oxford）
Nesse, W.D., Introduction to Mineralogy (3rd ed., Oxford University Press)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL1981653W：Introduction to mineral
#同素异形体 #金刚石 #石墨 #硬度
为什么石英如此常见？
Why is quartz so common?
石英成分为二氧化硅，化学性质稳定、耐高温和风化，广泛存在于花岗岩等火成岩及沉积岩中。它在地壳中形成温度范围宽，因此成为分布最广的造岩矿物之一。
Quartz is silicon dioxide, chemically stable and resistant to heat and weathering, and is widespread in igneous rocks like granite and in sediments. It forms across a wide temperature range, making it one of the most abundant rock-forming minerals.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#石英 #二氧化硅 #造岩矿物
为什么石盐（食盐的矿物）能沿三个相互垂直的平面劈成小立方体，而石英只会裂出不规则的弯曲断面？
Why does halite (the mineral of table salt) split into little cubes along three mutually perpendicular planes, while quartz breaks into irregular curved surfaces?
解理是晶体沿结合力最弱的原子面劈开的习性。石盐为离子键矿物，钠、氯离子堆成的立方格子在三组相互垂直的方向上键强一致，故发育完全立方体解理；石英是硅氧四面体连成的架状硅酸盐，各方向都被牢固的Si–O键锁定，没有薄弱面，受力时只能形成贝壳状不规则断口。解理方位因此直接反映晶体内部结构。
Cleavage is a crystal’s tendency to split along atomic planes where bonding is weakest. Halite is an ionic mineral: Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions pack into a cubic lattice with identical bond strengths along three mutually perpendicular directions, giving perfect cubic cleavage. Quartz is a framework silicate locked by strong Si–O bonds in every direction, leaving no weak plane, so it fails irregularly with conchoidal curved fractures. Cleavage orientation thus mirrors the internal crystal structure.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Anthony, J.W. 等，《矿物手册》（Handbook of Mineralogy），美国矿物学会，1995–2003年分卷出版
Anthony, J.W. et al., Handbook of Mineralogy, multi-volume set, Mineralogical Society of America, 1995–2003
#矿物学 #解理 #断口 #晶体结构
金刚石与石墨都是碳元素构成的单质，为什么两者的硬度和导电性差别悬殊？
Diamond and graphite are both elemental carbon—why do their hardness and electrical conductivity differ so dramatically?
二者互为碳的同质多象变体，晶体结构决定宏观性质：金刚石中每个碳原子以sp³杂化与四个碳原子成键，形成牢固的三维共价网络，因而硬度居天然矿物之首且不导电；石墨由sp²键构成的六方原子层堆叠而成，层间仅靠微弱的范德华力维系，层片易于滑动，故质地柔软可作润滑剂，而层内离域的π电子能沿层面自由移动，使石墨成为良好的导体。
They are polymorphs of carbon, and crystal structure dictates behavior. In diamond each atom bonds to four neighbors through strong directional sp³ bonds, building a rigid three-dimensional framework—hence the hardest known mineral and an electrical insulator. Graphite stacks flat sp²-bonded hexagonal sheets held together only by weak van der Waals forces: the sheets slip easily, making it soft enough to serve as a lubricant, while delocalized electrons roam within each sheet, so graphite conducts along the layers.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
W.A. Deer、R.A. Howie、J. Zussman，《造岩矿物导论》（第3版），Mineralogical Society，2013年
W.A. Deer, R.A. Howie & J. Zussman, An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals, 3rd ed., Mineralogical Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 2013
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL17805392W：An introduction to the
#同质多象 #晶体结构 #化学键
怎样区分矿物和岩石？
How can you tell a mineral from a rock?
矿物是天然形成、成分固定、有规则晶体结构的单质或化合物，如石英；岩石则是由一种或多种矿物组成的集合体，如花岗岩。简单说，矿物是零件，岩石是由零件拼成的整体。
A mineral is a naturally formed substance with a fixed composition and ordered crystal structure, like quartz; a rock is an aggregate of one or more minerals, like granite. Simply put, minerals are the parts and rocks are the assemblies built from them.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Nesse《矿物学导论》第3版（Oxford）
Nesse, W.D., Introduction to Mineralogy (3rd ed., Oxford University Press)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL1981653W：Introduction to mineral
#矿物 #岩石 #晶体结构
石英是什么？
What is quartz?
石英是常见的二氧化硅矿物，硬度大、有玻璃光泽，在沙子和许多岩石里都能找到。
Quartz is common silica mineral, hard with a glassy luster, found in sand and many rocks.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#矿物 #石英
石英是一种常见的什么矿物？
What kind of common mineral is quartz?
石英是由二氧化硅组成的矿物，是地壳中含量最丰富的矿物之一。它硬度较高、常见六方柱状晶体，广泛用作电子元件原料和装饰石材。
Quartz is a mineral made of silicon dioxide and is among the most abundant in Earth's crust. It is fairly hard, often forms six-sided prismatic crystals, and is widely used in electronics and as ornamental stone.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#石英 #二氧化硅 #硬度
什么是宝石？它和普通矿物有什么区别？
What is a gemstone, and how does it differ from an ordinary mineral?
宝石是具有美观、耐久和稀有特性的矿物或有机材料，经琢磨后可作装饰，如钻石、红宝石。普通矿物不一定具备这些商业品质，用途多在工业而非装饰。
A gemstone is a mineral or organic material prized for beauty, durability and rarity that can be cut for ornament, like diamond or ruby. Ordinary minerals lack these commercial qualities and are used mainly in industry rather than decoration.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#宝石 #钻石 #稀有
黄铜矿和黄铁矿为什么都像黄金？
Why do chalcopyrite and pyrite both look like gold?
黄铜矿和黄铁矿都有金属光泽和金黄色调，常被误认成金，故称「愚人金」。但它们更脆、条痕非金黄，密度也远低于真金，可用简单方法区分。
Chalcopyrite and pyrite both have metallic luster and golden hues, often mistaken for gold and called 'fool's gold'. But they are brittle, leave non-gold streaks and are far less dense than real gold, distinguishable by simple tests.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#愚人金 #黄铁矿 #黄铜矿
食盐是矿物吗？
Is table salt a mineral?
是。食盐的主要成分是石盐（氯化钠），是天然形成、有固定成分和立方晶体结构的无机固体，符合矿物定义。它常在干涸盐湖或蒸发岩中成层出现。
Yes. Table salt's main component is halite (sodium chloride), a naturally formed inorganic solid with a fixed composition and cubic crystal structure, fitting the definition of a mineral. It often appears in layers in dried salt lakes or evaporites.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#石盐 #氯化钠 #蒸发岩
什么是矿物？
What is a mineral?
矿物是天然形成、成分固定、有规则晶体结构的无机固体，如石英、方解石、食盐都是矿物。
A mineral is a natural, inorganic solid with a fixed composition and ordered crystal structure, like quartz, calcite or table salt.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#矿物 #矿物定义
我们吃的盐是从哪里来的？
Where does our table salt come from?
主要来自海水晒盐和地下盐矿，海水蒸发后留下氯化钠结晶，就是食盐。
Mainly from evaporating seawater and underground salt mines; after seawater evaporates, sodium chloride crystals remain as table salt.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#矿物 #盐
什么是莫氏硬度？
What is the Mohs hardness scale?
它用10种标准矿物互相刻画比较软硬，从最软的滑石1到最硬的金刚石10。
It ranks minerals 1 (talc) to 10 (diamond) by which can scratch which.
难度 入门 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#矿物 #硬度
煤是矿物吗？
Is coal a mineral?
煤不是严格意义上的矿物，因为矿物必须是无机形成的固体，而煤来自古代植物的遗体。不过煤常被归为可燃有机岩，是重要的能源。
Coal is not strictly a mineral because minerals must form inorganically, while coal comes from the remains of ancient plants. Still, it is classed as a combustible organic rock and is an important energy source.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#煤 #有机岩 #能源