rocks Earth Science

24 个科学问题 · 地球科学 Earth Science

本页目录

侵入岩和喷出岩的矿物粒度为何不同?

Why do intrusive and extrusive rocks differ in mineral grain size?

侵入岩在地下缓慢冷却,矿物有充足时间结晶,故颗粒粗大(如花岗岩)。喷出岩在地表快速冷却,结晶时间短,颗粒细甚至形成玻璃质(如黑曜石)。冷却速率直接决定结晶程度。
Intrusive rocks cool slowly underground, giving minerals time to grow large crystals, as in granite. Extrusive rocks cool fast at the surface, leaving little time to crystallize, yielding fine grains or even glassy texture, as in obsidian. Cooling rate directly controls crystallinity.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18) CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
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舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)

Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)

#侵入岩 #喷出岩 #结晶

如何通过砾岩判断古环境?

How can conglomerate reveal past environments?

砾岩由磨圆砾石胶结而成,砾石大小、磨圆度和分选反映搬运距离与水动力:远源强水动力磨圆好、分选佳,常指示河流或滨浅海环境;棱角状近源砾岩则多为山前冲积扇。
Conglomerate is cemented rounded gravel; clast size, roundness and sorting reflect transport distance and energy. Well-rounded well-sorted far-traveled gravel indicates rivers or shallow marine settings, while angular near-source clasts point to alluvial fans.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18) CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
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舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)

Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)

#砾岩 #磨圆 #古环境

板岩、千枚岩、片岩代表怎样的变质程度?

What metamorphic grades do slate, phyllite and schist represent?

它们显示递进变质:板岩由泥岩轻度变质、具板状劈理;千枚岩进一步重结晶、现丝绢光泽;片岩结晶更明显、片状矿物定向排列。反映温度压力逐步升高。
They show progressive metamorphism: slate is low-grade from mudrock with slaty cleavage; phyllite is further recrystallized with silky sheen; schist has clearer crystals and aligned flaky minerals. They reflect rising temperature and pressure.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15) CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
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舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)

Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)

#板岩 #千枚岩 #变质级

砂岩和页岩是如何形成的?

How do sandstone and shale form?

砂岩由砂粒经水流或风搬运后压实胶结而成,颗粒较粗;页岩由极细的黏土颗粒在静水环境缓慢沉积、压实而成,层理薄且易裂成片。
Sandstone forms when sand grains transported by water or wind are compacted and cemented, with coarser particles. Shale forms from very fine clay particles slowly deposited and compacted in quiet water, with thin layering that splits easily.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
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舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)

Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)

#砂岩 #页岩 #沉积

大理岩和石灰岩有什么关系?

What is the relationship between marble and limestone?

大理岩是石灰岩或白云岩在高温高压下重结晶形成的变质岩。原岩中的方解石颗粒长大并重新联结,使大理岩更致密、具晶粒结构,并常呈现美丽纹理。
Marble is a metamorphic rock formed by recrystallization of limestone or dolomite under heat and pressure. Calcite grains in the parent rock grow and rejoin, making marble denser with a crystalline texture and often beautiful veining.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15) CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
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舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)

Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)

#大理岩 #石灰岩 #变质

玄武岩为什么常呈柱状节理?

Why does basalt often show columnar joints?

厚层玄武岩岩浆缓慢冷却时均匀收缩,产生垂直于冷却面的六边形或多边形裂隙,风化后显出规则的石柱,如爱尔兰巨人堤。这是物理收缩破裂的典型结果。
Thick basalt cools slowly and contracts evenly, forming hexagonal or polygonal cracks perpendicular to the cooling surface; weathering reveals regular columns like the Giant's Causeway in Ireland. It is a classic contraction-fracture result.
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舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)

Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)

#柱状节理 #玄武岩 #收缩

石头为什么长得不一样?

Why are rocks not all the same?

石头由不同材料在火山、河流或海底慢慢变成,所以颜色样子都不一样。
Rocks are made from different materials that form in volcanoes, rivers, or the sea, so they come in many colors and shapes.
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舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)

Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)

#岩石 #石头 #地质

宝石为什么有不同颜色?

Why are gemstones colorful?

宝石的颜色来自石头里极少量的金属杂质,比如铁让石头发红、铬让它发绿。晶体结构也会改变光的方式,让宝石闪闪发亮。
A gem's color comes from trace metals in the stone, such as iron making it red or chromium making it green. The crystal structure also bends light so the gem sparkles.
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舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)

Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)

#宝石 #岩石 #颜色

地壳为什么会慢慢移动?

Why does the Earth's crust move?

地壳分成几块大板块,底下软软的岩流带着它们慢慢漂移,所以地壳一直在动。板块移动也造成地震和火山。
Earth's crust is split into big plates that float on soft rock below and drift slowly, so the crust is always moving. Their motion also causes earthquakes and volcanoes.
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舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)

Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)

#地壳 #板块 #地质

山顶的空气为什么稀薄?

Why is mountain air thin?

越往高处空气越稀薄,因为大部分空气压在低处,山顶能呼吸的氧气就变少。爬山的人常要慢慢走。
Higher up the air gets thinner because most of it is pressed down low, leaving less oxygen on the peak. Climbers often move slowly to cope.
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舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)

Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)

#山地 #空气 #高度

侵蚀是怎么改变大地的?

How does erosion shape the land?

风、水和冰不断搬走岩石碎屑,把山削低、把土运走,再堆成新的平原和三角洲。侵蚀让大地面貌慢慢改写。
Wind, water, and ice constantly carry away rock fragments, lowering mountains and moving soil to build new plains and deltas. Erosion slowly rewrites the shape of the land.
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舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)

Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)

#侵蚀 #风 #水

煤是岩石吗?它是怎么来的?

Is coal a rock, and how did it form?

煤是一种可燃有机岩,由远古植物遗体在沼泽中堆积,经长期压实、缺氧和煤化作用形成。它属沉积岩的特殊类型,记录了古植被和古气候信息。
Coal is a combustible organic rock formed from ancient plant remains accumulating in swamps and undergoing long compaction, oxygen-poor conditions and coalification. It is a special type of sedimentary rock recording past vegetation and climate.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
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舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)

Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)

#煤 #有机岩 #沉积

地下的洞穴是怎么形成的?

Why do caves form underground?

雨水带着微弱酸性渗入石灰岩缝隙,一点点把石头溶掉,时间久了就掏出大大的洞穴。
Rainwater with a weak acid seeps into cracks in limestone and slowly dissolves the rock, hollowing out big caves over a long time.
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舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)

Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)

#洞穴 #石灰岩 #地下

山为什么有的尖尖的?

Why are some mountains pointy?

地壳挤在一起把地面拱高,再被风和雨水慢慢刻出尖尖的形状。
The Earth's crust pushes up and folds the land into heights, and wind and rain slowly carve them into pointy shapes.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6) CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
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舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)

Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)

#山地 #山脉 #地形

火山为什么常常排成一排?

Why do volcanoes appear in chains?

板块漂移经过地幔里固定的热点,熔岩一次次冲破地壳堆成火山,板块移动就留下一排火山。夏威夷群岛就是这样排成的。
As a plate drifts over a fixed hot spot in the mantle, lava breaks through and stacks into a volcano, leaving a chain as the plate moves. The Hawaiian Islands formed in exactly this line.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学高段(9-12) CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
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舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)

Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)

#火山 #热点 #板块

海里的岛屿是怎么来的?

Why do islands form in the sea?

海底的火山喷发堆出岩石,露出海面就成了岛屿。也有沙子和珊瑚堆出来的岛。
Undersea volcanoes pile up rock until it rises above the sea, forming islands. Some islands are also built from sand and coral.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8) CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
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舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)

Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)

#岛屿 #海洋 #火山

大峡谷是怎么出现的?

Why did the Grand Canyon form?

科罗拉多河用了几百万年,一点点把高原上的岩石切开,冲出又深又宽的峡谷。这就是大峡谷。
Over millions of years the Colorado River cut down through high rock and carved the deep, wide gorge we call the Grand Canyon.
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舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)

Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)

#峡谷 #河流 #侵蚀

岩石为什么分好多种?

Why are there different kinds of rock?

岩石有的由冷却的岩浆变来,有的由泥沙压实变来,还有的被高温高压变形。形成方式不同,样子就不同。
Some rocks come from cooled lava, some from squeezed mud and sand, and others from heat and pressure. Different origins give them different looks.
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舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)

Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)

#岩石 #种类 #地质

火成岩、沉积岩和变质岩是怎么区分的?

How are igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks distinguished?

火成岩由岩浆冷却凝固形成;沉积岩由碎屑或化学沉淀经压实胶结而成;变质岩则是已有岩石在高温高压下改变结构矿物形成。三类岩石可经地质循环相互转化。
Igneous rocks form by cooling and solidifying magma; sedimentary rocks by compaction and cementation of fragments or chemical precipitates; metamorphic rocks by alteration of existing rock under heat and pressure. The three transform into each other through the rock cycle.
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舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)

Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)

#火成岩 #沉积岩 #变质岩

化石是怎么形成的?

How do fossils form?

动物或植物死后沉到泥沙里,硬部分被矿物慢慢替换,就变成了石头里的化石。化石帮我们认识很久以前的生物。
After a plant or animal dies and sinks into mud, its hard parts are slowly replaced by minerals and turn to stone. Fossils help us learn about life long ago.
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舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)

Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)

#化石 #形成 #远古

间歇泉为什么会喷热水?

Why do geysers erupt?

地下通道里的水被岩浆烤热,底部的水太烫却因压力煮不沸,一旦压力松动就猛地炸成蒸汽喷出来。间歇泉就是这样定时喷热水。
Water in underground channels is heated by magma; deep water gets very hot but cannot boil under pressure, then suddenly bursts as steam when pressure drops. That is why a geyser erupts on schedule.
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舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)

Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)

#间歇泉 #地热 #水

地球内部为什么分好几层?

Why is the Earth made of layers?

地球从外到内是地壳、地幔和地核,那是按温度和密度自然分层的。沉重的铁镍沉到中心,较轻岩石浮在外层。
Earth is layered from outside in as crust, mantle, and core, sorted by temperature and density. Heavy iron and nickel sank to the center while lighter rock floated outward.
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舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)

Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)

#地球 #分层 #地核

化石到底是什么?

What are fossils?

很久以前动植物死后被泥沙盖住,经过很长很长时间变成了石头里的印子,就是化石。
Long ago, plants and animals were buried by mud and sand and slowly turned into stone prints over a very long time; those are fossils.
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舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)

Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)

#化石 #远古 #生物

沙子是从哪里来的?

Where does sand come from?

大石头被风、水和冰块一点点磨碎,最后变成细细的沙粒。
Big rocks are slowly ground down by wind, water, and ice until they become tiny grains of sand.
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舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)

Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)

#沙子 #岩石 #沙漠