火山碎屑流为什么破坏力极强？
Why are pyroclastic flows so destructive?
火山碎屑流是高温气体与碎屑混合的高速密度流，温度可达数百摄氏度、速度超每小时百公里。它沿山坡倾泻、所到之处焚毁一切，1902年培雷火山即以此摧毁圣皮埃尔城。
A pyroclastic flow is a high-speed density current of hot gas and debris, reaching hundreds of degrees and over 100 km/h. It pours down slopes destroying everything; in 1902 Mount Pelée's flow obliterated Saint-Pierre city.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Francis 与 Oppenheimer,《Volcanoes》第2版,Oxford University Press,2004
P. Francis and C. Oppenheimer, Volcanoes, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 2004
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-19-925469-9 (2nd ed., Oxford University Press
#火山碎屑流 #密度流 #培雷
什么是枕状熔岩？
What is pillow lava?
熔岩在水下迅速冷却，外层结壳、内部继续挤涌，堆成挨在一起的枕状岩块，证明曾是海底喷发。
Lava cooling underwater forms rounded pillows, evidence of submarine eruptions.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#火山 #枕状熔岩
什么是破火山口？
What is a caldera?
破火山口是塌陷造成的负地形：岩浆房被喷发抽空，顶板失去支撑，沿环形断层整体下沉，留下远比喷发口宽大的碗状洼地。它和普通火山口是两回事：火山口在喷发口上，由喷发物堆筑或爆炸挖成，宽以百米计；破火山口切穿锥体，跨以公里计。塌陷后常见环状断块、火口湖与复活穹隆；也别把它等同于超级火山：岩浆房浅、顶板易塌时，中等喷发也能造出。
A caldera is a collapse landform rather than a built-up one: an eruption drains the magma chamber, the roof above it loses support and drops wholesale along ring faults, leaving a bowl far wider than the vent that erupted. It is not the same thing as an ordinary crater, which sits on the vent, is built of ejecta or blasted out, and measures hundreds of metres across, whereas a caldera cuts across the cone that stood there before and spans kilometres. Ring-faulted blocks, a crater lake and a resurgent dome are the usual aftermath; and a caldera should not be equated with a supervolcano either, since a shallow chamber under a fragile roof can collapse in a moderate eruption.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#火山 #破火山口
什么是火山爆发指数（VEI）？
What is the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)?
VEI 是用对数尺度衡量火山喷发规模的指数，从0到8级，每升一级喷出的物质体积约增10倍。它综合喷发柱高度和喷出物体积来反映喷发的强烈程度。
The VEI is a logarithmic scale from 0 to 8 ranking eruption size, with each step up about ten times more ejected material. It combines plume height and ejected volume to express how violent an eruption is.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#火山爆发指数 #VEI #喷发规模
什么是火山碎屑流（pyroclastic flow）？它为什么极其致命？
What is a pyroclastic flow, and why is it so deadly?
火山碎屑流是火山喷发时沿山坡高速奔涌的炽热气体、灰烬和岩石碎块的混合物，温度可超700°C、速度可达每小时数百公里。它密度大、蔓延快且难以躲避，是历史上造成最多火山伤亡的灾害之一（如1902年培雷火山）。
A pyroclastic flow is a fast-moving mixture of hot gas, ash, and rock fragments that races down a volcano's flanks, reaching temperatures above 700°C and speeds of hundreds of km/h. Dense, swift, and nearly impossible to outrun, it has caused some of history's deadliest volcanic disasters (e.g., Mont Pelée, 1902).
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Press & Siever,《Understanding Earth》W. H. Freeman 多版
F. Press and R. Siever, Understanding Earth, W. H. Freeman, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL1282939W：Understanding earth（按标题
#火山碎屑流 #培雷火山 #火山灰 #高速 #致命
为什么有的火山平缓如盾、有的陡峭如锥？
Why are some volcanoes flat shields and others steep cones?
火山形态取决于岩浆黏度。夏威夷的岩浆是低硅、低黏度的玄武岩浆，气体易逸出，呈平静溢流，冷却后铺成坡度很小的盾状火山，如冒纳罗亚。环太平洋的层状火山喷发的则是高硅、高黏度的安山岩-流纹岩岩浆，黏稠塞住火山通道，气体积累到高压后爆炸性喷发，碎屑堆积成陡峭的层状锥，如富士山和维苏威。黏度由温度、SiO2含量和挥发分共同控制。
A volcano's shape reflects magma viscosity. Hawaii erupts low-silica, low-viscosity basalt that degasses easily and flows quietly, cooling into broad shield volcanoes like Mauna Loa. Around the Pacific rim, stratovolcanoes erupt high-silica, viscous andesite-rhyolite that plugs the conduit; gas builds up pressure until explosive eruptions pile steep cones of debris, as at Fuji and Vesuvius. Viscosity is set by temperature, silica content, and volatiles acting together.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#盾状火山 #层状火山 #岩浆黏度
黄石公园的火山为何引人关注？
Why does the Yellowstone volcano attract attention?
黄石位于美国西北部，是一座巨大的火山口（破火山口），曾在历史上发生过数次超级喷发。虽然目前以间歇泉和地热活动为主，科学家仍持续监测其下方岩浆系统的变化。
Yellowstone in the northwestern United States is a huge caldera that has produced several supereruptions in the past. Though now known for geysers and geothermal activity, scientists keep monitoring changes in the magma system beneath it.
难度 专业 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#黄石 #破火山口 #超级火山
岩浆的黏度与它所含的二氧化硅（SiO₂）有什么关系？这如何影响喷发方式？
How does magma viscosity relate to its silica (SiO₂) content, and how does this affect eruption style?
岩浆中二氧化硅越多（长英质/酸性），黏度越高、气体越难逸出，易积累压力造成猛烈爆发（如流纹岩）。二氧化硅少（镁铁质/基性，如玄武岩）则黏度低、气体易释放，多为平静的溢流式喷发。因此成分差异决定了火山的“脾气”。
The more silica a magma contains (felsic/acidic compositions), the higher its viscosity and the harder it is for gases to escape, so pressure builds and produces explosive eruptions (e.g., rhyolite). Low-silica (mafic/basaltic) magmas are fluid, letting gas escape easily and causing gentle effusive eruptions. Composition thus dictates a volcano's 'temperament.'
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Press & Siever,《Understanding Earth》W. H. Freeman 多版
F. Press and R. Siever, Understanding Earth, W. H. Freeman, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL1282939W：Understanding earth（按标题
#岩浆黏度 #二氧化硅 #长英质 #镁铁质 #爆发式喷发
什么是枕状熔岩？它说明了什么？
What is pillow lava, and what does it indicate?
枕状熔岩是熔岩在水下喷发时因快速冷却而形成的一堆形似枕头的圆丘状岩体。它的存在是某地曾发生过水下火山活动、或古老岩石原属洋壳的重要证据。
Pillow lava is a pile of pillow-shaped mounds formed when lava erupts underwater and cools rapidly. Its presence is strong evidence that an area once had submarine volcanism or that ancient rocks originally belonged to oceanic crust.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#枕状熔岩 #水下喷发 #洋壳
热点（hotspot）火山与板块边界火山有何本质不同？
How do hotspot volcanoes fundamentally differ from plate-boundary volcanoes?
热点火山由地幔深处相对固定的地幔柱提供岩浆，不依赖板块边界，如夏威夷群岛随板块移动形成一串火山。板块边界火山则直接由板块相互作用驱动，位置随边界变化。
Hotspot volcanoes are fed by relatively fixed mantle plumes from deep in the mantle and do not depend on plate boundaries, as seen in the Hawaiian chain formed as the plate moved over the plume. Plate-boundary volcanoes are driven directly by plate interactions and shift with the boundary.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#热点 #地幔柱 #夏威夷
什么是「超级火山」？其喷发规模如何量化？
What is a 'supervolcano', and how is its eruption scale quantified?
超级火山指能发生8级（VEI-8）喷发、喷发物体积超过1000立方千米的火山，如黄石和托巴。喷发规模常用火山爆发指数（VEI）按对数分级，从0到8，每升一级喷发物体积约增10倍。
A supervolcano is one capable of a VEI-8 eruption ejecting over 1,000 cubic kilometers of material, such as Yellowstone or Toba. Eruption size is quantified by the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI), a logarithmic 0–8 scale where each step up means roughly ten times more ejected volume.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#超级火山 #VEI #黄石
超级火山喷发为什么比普通火山猛烈得多？
Why are supervolcano eruptions so much more violent than ordinary ones?
超级火山源自浅层巨大的岩浆房，其中高硅、富含挥发分的岩浆在持续压力下蓄势，一旦喷发往往以破火山口形式塌陷，喷出数千立方公里的火山灰与碎屑流。黄石热点区的三次超级喷发形成三个破火山口，最近一次约64万年前。这类喷发会向平流层注入大量硫酸盐气溶胶，遮蔽阳光、使全球气温在数年内显著下降，被称为"火山冬天"，其强度用VEI（火山爆发指数）8级衡量，比普通喷发高好几个量级。
Supervolcanoes draw on huge shallow magma chambers of silica-rich, gas-charged magma under sustained pressure; when they erupt, the ground collapses into a caldera while thousands of cubic kilometers of ash and pyroclastic flows are expelled. Yellowstone's hot-spot system has produced three such calderas, the last about 640,000 years ago. These eruptions inject massive sulfate aerosols into the stratosphere, dimming sunlight and cooling global temperature for years in a volcanic winter; on the Volcanic Explosivity Index they rate 8, orders of magnitude above ordinary eruptions.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#超级火山 #破火山口 #黄石
什么是破火山口？它与普通圆锥状火山的喷发形成方式有何不同？
What is a caldera and how does its formation differ from a cone-building eruption?
破火山口是岩浆大规模喷空后，上方岩层因失去支撑而塌陷形成的巨大碗状洼地，如黄石与托巴。它不靠喷发物堆叠成锥，而是塌陷，规模常远超普通火山锥。
A caldera is a large bowl-shaped depression formed when a magma chamber empties in a massive eruption and the overlying roof collapses, as at Yellowstone and Toba. Rather than building a cone from ejected material, it collapses, often on a far larger scale than ordinary volcanic cones.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#破火山口 #塌陷 #黄石
大规模火山喷发如何影响气候？
How can a large volcanic eruption affect climate?
喷出的二氧化硫和气溶胶进入平流层，遮挡阳光使全球短期降温，如1815年坦博拉喷发造成“无夏之年”。
Erupted sulfur dioxide and aerosols reach the stratosphere, blocking sunlight and cooling the globe short-term, e.g. the 1815 Tambora eruption caused a 'year without a summer'.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#火山 #气候影响
有记录以来最大的火山喷发是哪一次？
What was the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history?
1815年印度尼西亚坦博拉火山爆发是历史记录中最大的一次，喷发指数达7级。它向大气注入巨量火山灰与气体，导致1816年北半球出现「无夏之年」，作物大幅减产。
Indonesia's 1815 Mount Tambora eruption was the largest in recorded history, rated VEI 7. It injected huge amounts of ash and gas into the atmosphere, causing the 1816 'Year Without a Summer' and widespread crop failure in the Northern Hemisphere.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#坦博拉 #无夏之年 #VEI 7
火山灰对人类有什么危害？
How is volcanic ash harmful to humans?
火山灰是细小的玻璃和矿物碎屑，会损害呼吸道、污染水源并压垮屋顶。它还能使发动机熄火、瘫痪航空交通，1991年皮纳图博火山喷发就造成了全球性影响。
Volcanic ash is fine glassy and mineral debris that can damage lungs, contaminate water, and collapse roofs. It can also stall engines and paralyze air traffic; the 1991 Pinatubo eruption had global effects.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#火山灰 #航空 #健康
泥火山是什么？
What is a mud volcano?
地下气体和泥浆在压力作用下沿通道涌出地表，堆成锥形泥丘，常出现在油气或俯冲带地区。
Pressurized gas and mud rise along channels and pile into muddy cones, common in oil-gas or subduction regions.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#泥火山 #泥丘
休眠火山和死火山怎么区分？
How are dormant and extinct volcanoes distinguished?
休眠火山指历史上喷发过、目前安静但未来可能再喷发的火山；死火山则被认为已失去岩浆供应、长期不会再活动。这种划分有时模糊，因为「死」火山也可能复活。
A dormant volcano has erupted in the past, is quiet now but may erupt again; an extinct volcano is thought to have lost its magma supply and will not reawaken. The distinction is sometimes blurry because 'extinct' volcanoes can still revive.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#休眠火山 #死火山 #分类
火山主要有哪几种形态类型？各有什么典型特征？
What are the main morphological types of volcanoes, and what are their typical features?
主要有三类：盾状火山（如夏威夷，坡度缓、熔岩流动性强、多为宁静喷发）、成层火山/层状火山（如富士山、圣海伦斯，坡度陡、爆发性强）和火山渣锥（规模小、由喷发的碎屑堆积而成）。不同类型取决于岩浆成分与喷发方式。
The three main types are shield volcanoes (e.g., Hawaii—broad, gentle slopes, fluid lava, effusive eruptions), composite/stratovolcanoes (e.g., Fuji, Mount St. Helens—steep, explosive), and cinder cones (small, built from ejected fragments). The type depends on magma composition and eruptive style.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Press & Siever,《Understanding Earth》W. H. Freeman 多版
F. Press and R. Siever, Understanding Earth, W. H. Freeman, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL1282939W：Understanding earth（按标题
#盾状火山 #成层火山 #火山渣锥 #夏威夷 #圣海伦斯
为什么冰岛有很多火山？
Why does Iceland have so many volcanoes?
冰岛位于大西洋中脊与地幔热点的叠加处，地壳薄、岩浆活动强烈，因而火山密集。
Iceland sits where the Mid-Atlantic Ridge meets a mantle hotspot, with thin crust and intense magmatism, so volcanoes are dense there.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#火山 #冰岛
为什么许多火山分布在板块边界？
Why are many volcanoes located at plate boundaries?
板块边界处地壳较薄或开裂，地幔物质更易上涌形成岩浆。俯冲带让含水岩石熔融，洋中脊则直接让地幔减压熔融，因此这些地方火山密集。
At plate boundaries the crust is thinner or cracked, letting mantle material rise more easily into magma. Subduction zones cause water-bearing rock to melt, and ridges allow direct decompression melting, so volcanoes cluster there.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#火山带 #俯冲带 #洋中脊
科学家如何用GPS和气体监测火山？
How do scientists monitor volcanoes with GPS and gas?
GPS测出火山膨胀隆起，气体传感器追踪二氧化硫和二氧化碳排放，二者异常往往预示岩浆正在上涌。
GPS detects swelling of the edifice and gas sensors track SO2 and CO2; anomalies often mean magma is rising below.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#火山监测 #气体
火山气体中为什么含有大量水蒸气？
Why do volcanic gases contain so much water vapor?
地幔和俯冲板块携带的结合水在高温低压下从岩浆中脱出，成为最主要挥发分。因此火山喷出气体以水蒸气为主，其次才是二氧化碳和硫化合物。
Water bound in the mantle and subducting slabs is released from magma at high temperature and low pressure, becoming the dominant volatile. Volcanic gas is thus mostly water vapor, then CO2 and sulfur compounds.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#火山气体 #水蒸气 #挥发分
溢流式喷发和爆炸式喷发有什么区别？
What is the difference between effusive and explosive volcanic eruptions?
低黏度、气体易逸出的岩浆形成溢流式喷发，熔岩平静流出（如夏威夷）；高黏度、富气体的岩浆则猛烈爆破，抛射火山灰与碎屑（如圣海伦斯）。岩浆成分与含气量决定喷发方式。
Low-viscosity magma that releases gas easily produces effusive eruptions where lava flows quietly, as in Hawaii; high-viscosity, gas-rich magma explodes violently, hurling ash and fragments, as at Mount St. Helens. Magma composition and gas content decide the style.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#溢流喷发 #爆炸喷发 #岩浆黏度
黄石超级火山有多危险？
How dangerous is the Yellowstone supervolcano?
黄石是活着的破火山口，过去有过超大规模喷发，如今以间歇泉和地表隆起显示岩浆仍在活动。
Yellowstone is a living caldera with past supereruptions; today geysers and ground uplift show magma is still active beneath.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#黄石 #超级火山
什么是“超级火山”？以黄石火山为例说明其危险性。
What is a 'supervolcano,' and what makes Yellowstone an example of its danger?
超级火山指喷发量极大（通常超过1000立方公里火山物质）、可形成巨大破火山口（caldera）的火山系统。黄石是活超级火山，最近一次形成现今破火山口的喷发约在64万年前，其喷发物曾覆盖北美大片地区并影响全球气候。
A supervolcano is a volcanic system capable of extraordinarily large eruptions (typically over 1,000 cubic km of material) that create huge calderas. Yellowstone is an active supervolcano whose most recent caldera-forming eruption occurred about 640,000 years ago and whose ejecta once blanketed much of North America and affected global climate.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Press & Siever,《Understanding Earth》W. H. Freeman 多版
F. Press and R. Siever, Understanding Earth, W. H. Freeman, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL1282939W：Understanding earth（按标题
#超级火山 #破火山口 #黄石 #大规模喷发 #全球气候
什么是火山泥流（lahar）？它为什么危险？
What is a lahar, and why is it dangerous?
火山泥流是火山喷发或降雨触发、由火山灰与水混合而成的泥石流，可沿河谷高速流动数十公里。它流动性强、隐蔽突然，能掩埋城镇，历史上曾多次造成重大伤亡。
A lahar is a mudflow of volcanic ash mixed with water triggered by eruptions or rain, which can rush down valleys at high speed for tens of kilometers. Fast-moving and sudden, it can bury towns and has caused major loss of life historically.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#火山泥流 #泥石流 #灾害
火山灰为什么会成为大麻烦？
Why is volcanic ash such a big problem?
火山灰是喷发时岩浆被炸碎成的微小玻璃碎屑和岩石颗粒，细如粉尘却含尖锐的玻璃棱角。吸进肺里会损伤呼吸系统，落满屋顶可能压塌建筑，磨蚀机械和发动机，卷入飞机发动机可导致空中停车。2010年冰岛埃亚菲亚德拉火山喷发让欧洲空域关闭多天，显示火山灰对现代社会的巨大影响。
Volcanic ash is made of tiny glass shards and rock fragments blasted apart during an eruption—fine like dust but with sharp glassy edges. Inhaled, it damages the lungs; piled on roofs it can collapse buildings; it abrades machinery and engines; and sucked into jet engines it can cause them to fail midair. The 2010 Eyjafjallajokull eruption in Iceland closed European airspace for days, showing how disruptive ash can be.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#火山灰 #喷发 #航空安全
玄武岩和流纹岩有什么主要区别？
What are the main differences between basalt and rhyolite?
玄武岩是低黏度、富含铁镁、二氧化硅含量较低的岩浆喷发形成的深色火山岩；流纹岩则来自高黏度、二氧化硅含量高、富含碱金属的岩浆，颜色偏浅且常含气孔。二者都属火山岩，但成分和产状差异明显。
Basalt forms from low-viscosity, iron-magnesium-rich magma with lower silica, making a dark volcanic rock. Rhyolite comes from high-viscosity, silica-rich, alkali-metal-rich magma, is lighter in color and often vesicular. Both are volcanic rocks but differ greatly in composition and occurrence.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#玄武岩 #流纹岩 #火山岩
玄武岩和流纹岩有什么不同？
How do basalt and rhyolite differ?
玄武岩来自贫硅的岩浆、流动性强、喷发较温和；流纹岩富硅、黏稠，易引发剧烈爆炸。
Basalt from low-silica fluid lava erupts gently; silica-rich rhyolite is sticky and explosive.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#火山 #岩石
火山闪电（脏雷暴）是怎么产生的？
How does volcanic lightning (dirty thunderstorm) form?
喷发柱里岩屑与冰晶剧烈摩擦起电，电荷分离后在烟尘中放出闪电，常伴大规模喷发出现。
Ash, rock and ice in the eruption column rub and charge up, and the separated electricity flashes inside the plume during big eruptions.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#火山闪电 #喷发柱
火山的爆发式和溢流式喷发有何不同？
How do explosive and effusive eruptions differ?
爆发式喷发以黏稠、富气体的岩浆为主，气体猛烈释放形成火山灰柱和碎屑流；溢流式喷发则岩浆稀薄、气体易逸出，熔岩平静地漫流。岩浆的黏稠度和含气量决定了喷发方式。
Explosive eruptions involve viscous, gas-rich magma whose violent gas release throws up ash columns and pyroclastic flows; effusive eruptions have fluid magma that lets gas escape so lava flows quietly. Magma viscosity and gas content decide the style.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#爆发式喷发 #溢流式喷发 #火山灰
庞贝古城是被什么毁灭的？
What destroyed the ancient city of Pompeii?
公元79年维苏威火山喷发，火山灰和火山碎屑流迅速掩埋了庞贝等城镇，使建筑和居民瞬间定格。这次事件成为研究古罗马生活和火山灾害的珍贵现场。
In 79 AD, Mount Vesuvius erupted and buried Pompeii and nearby towns under ash and pyroclastic flows, freezing buildings and residents in an instant. The site is a precious record of Roman life and volcanic hazard.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#庞贝 #维苏威 #火山碎屑流
什么是「火山带」？为什么火山多分布在板块边界？
What is a 'volcanic belt', and why are volcanoes often found at plate boundaries?
火山带是火山集中分布的地带，最典型的是环太平洋火山带。板块边界地壳较薄且活动强烈，地幔物质容易上涌，因此全球大多数活火山都位于板块张裂或俯冲的边界附近。
A volcanic belt is a zone where volcanoes cluster, the most famous being the Ring of Fire around the Pacific. Plate boundaries have thin, active crust where mantle material can rise easily, so most of the world's active volcanoes lie near spreading or subducting boundaries.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#火山带 #板块边界 #环太平洋
火山主要有哪些形态类型？
What are the main shape types of volcanoes?
常见类型有盾状火山、成层火山（复式火山）和火山渣锥。盾状火山坡度平缓、熔岩流动性强，如夏威夷火山；成层火山陡峭、爆炸性强，如富士山。
Common types are shield volcanoes, composite (stratovolcanoes), and cinder cones. Shield volcanoes have gentle slopes and fluid lava, like those in Hawaii; composite volcanoes are steep and explosive, like Mount Fuji.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#盾状火山 #成层火山 #火山形态
科学家是怎么提前发现火山要喷发的？
How do scientists detect that a volcano is about to erupt?
岩浆上升会压裂岩石并移动地下流体，监测主要靠三大信号：地震仪捕捉岩浆涌动引起的小地震群和火山震颤；GPS与卫星雷达（InSAR）测出山体膨胀变形；气体站检测二氧化硫等火山气体异常增加。把这些信号结合起来，就能判断岩浆是否在上升并发布预警。不过目前仍无法精确预测喷发时刻，只能给出概率性的警报。
Rising magma fractures rock and shifts underground fluids, so monitoring relies on three main signals: seismometers pick up swarms of small quakes and volcanic tremor; GPS and satellite radar (InSAR) measure swelling of the edifice; and gas stations detect surges of sulfur dioxide and other volcanic gases. Combining these signals reveals whether magma is ascending and allows warnings to be issued. Still, the exact moment of eruption cannot yet be predicted, only probabilistic alerts.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#火山监测 #地震仪 #InSAR
火山灰有哪些危害？
What are the hazards of volcanic ash?
火山灰不是尘土，而是炸碎的玻璃质岩屑，有棱角、多孔，能被喷发云带到很远。干时轻飘，受潮结块增重、压塌屋顶；堵塞进气与过滤系统，被喷气发动机吸入后在涡轮处熔化再凝固，推力可骤失；细粒入肺、锐粒伤眼与气道；在地表污染水源、遇水成泥流。灰的影响范围远大于熔岩流；气候变冷主要靠伴生二氧化硫生成的平流层气溶胶，灰本身沉降很快。
Volcanic ash is not dust but shattered glassy fragments, angular and full of pores, carried far by the eruption cloud. Dry it drifts lightly; once damp it cakes, gains weight and collapses roofs. It chokes air intakes and filters, and after being sucked into a jet engine it melts onto the turbine and re-solidifies, so thrust can vanish in an instant. Fine grains hurt the lungs, sharp ones the eyes and airways; on the ground it fouls water and turns into mudflows with rain. Ash reaches far beyond any lava flow, and what actually cools the climate is the stratospheric aerosol made from accompanying sulfur dioxide, since ash itself settles out quickly.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#火山 #火山灰
火山喷发有哪些常见的产物？
What are the common products of a volcanic eruption?
火山喷发会喷出熔岩、火山灰、火山气体（主要是水蒸气和二氧化碳）以及火山碎屑。冷却后还会形成玄武岩、安山岩等火山岩。火山灰若飘散很广，会短暂影响气候。
Eruptions eject lava, volcanic ash, volcanic gases (mainly water vapor and carbon dioxide), and tephra. After cooling, they form volcanic rocks such as basalt and andesite. Widely dispersed ash can briefly affect climate.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：作者 / 书名 / 版次 / 出版社 / 年份齐备，仅缺独立比对证据；已在可信度报告单列披露，不再重复核验。
西古德松主编《火山百科全书》，Academic Press，2015
Sigurdsson, H. (ed.) (2015), The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, Academic Press
#熔岩 #火山灰 #火山岩
火山是怎样形成的？
How do volcanoes form?
当地下岩浆因压力增大或地壳出现裂缝而向上涌出地表时，便形成了火山。多数火山分布在板块边界，尤其是俯冲带和洋中脊一带。
A volcano forms when underground magma rises to the surface because of increased pressure or cracks in the crust. Most volcanoes occur at plate boundaries, especially subduction zones and mid-ocean ridges.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#火山 #岩浆 #板块边界
火山为什么会喷发？
Why do volcanoes erupt?
地球内部温度很高，岩石部分熔化形成岩浆。当岩浆中的气体和压力在地下越积越多，就会沿着地壳的薄弱裂缝向上冲出地表，形成喷发。喷发的剧烈程度取决于岩浆黏度和气体含量。
Deep inside the Earth, high temperatures partly melt rock into magma. As gas and pressure build up underground, the magma forces its way up through weak cracks in the crust and bursts onto the surface, producing an eruption. How violent the eruption is depends on the magma's viscosity and gas content.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#火山 #岩浆 #地壳
火山喷发前通常有哪些预警迹象？
What warning signs usually appear before a volcanic eruption?
火山喷发前常出现地表膨胀隆起、频繁的小地震、气体排放量异常增加和温度升高等现象。科学家利用这些监测数据来评估喷发风险并发出预警。
Before an eruption, volcanoes often show ground swelling, frequent small earthquakes, unusual increases in gas emission, and rising temperatures. Scientists use this monitoring data to assess eruption risk and issue warnings.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#火山预警 #地震 #气体
间歇泉为什么会突然喷出热水？
Why does a geyser suddenly shoot out hot water?
地下通道里的水被岩浆烤热，底部的水变成蒸汽撑不住时，便把上边的水猛地喷向天空。
Water in underground channels is heated by magma; when the steam at the bottom builds up enough pressure, it blasts the water above up into the air.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#间歇泉 #地热
火山喷发会释放哪些气体？
What gases do volcanoes release?
最多是水蒸气，还有二氧化碳、二氧化硫等，二氧化硫多了会形成酸雨并遮挡阳光。
Mostly water vapor, plus carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, which can cause acid rain and dim sunlight.
难度 入门 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#火山 #火山气体
世界上最高的火山在哪？
Where is the tallest volcano in the world?
最高的大型火山是夏威夷的冒纳罗亚，从洋底算高度超过9000米，比珠峰还高，但大部分没入海中。若按陆地高度，阿根廷的奥霍斯-德尔萨拉多约6900米最高。
The tallest volcano is Mauna Loa in Hawaii, over 9,000 m from its base on the ocean floor, taller than Everest but mostly submerged. By land height, Argentina's Ojos del Salado at about 6,900 m is highest.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#冒纳罗亚 #最高火山 #夏威夷
什么是火山？
What is a volcano?
火山是地壳的薄弱开口，岩浆、气体和碎屑由此从地球内部上升到地表。喷发时会形成熔岩、火山灰和气体，既能塑造地貌，也可能带来灾害。
A volcano is an opening in the crust through which magma, gas, and fragments reach the surface from Earth's interior. Eruptions produce lava, ash, and gases that both build landscapes and pose hazards.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#火山 #岩浆 #喷发
火山附近的土地为什么往往很肥沃？
Why is land near volcanoes often very fertile?
火山灰和风化后的火山岩富含钾、磷等植物养分，且质地疏松利于保水透气。经过漫长风化，这些矿物质释放到土壤里，使火山周边成为天然的高产农业区。
Volcanic ash and weathered volcanic rock are rich in plant nutrients like potassium and phosphorus and are loose, helping retain water and air. Over long weathering, these minerals enter the soil, making volcanic regions naturally productive farmland.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#火山土 #肥力 #养分
岩浆和熔岩有什么区别？
What is the difference between magma and lava?
岩浆是地下高温熔融的岩石，喷出地表后称为熔岩；成分和气体含量决定喷发猛烈程度。
Magma is molten rock underground; once erupted onto the surface it is called lava. Its composition and gas content decide how violent the eruption is.
难度 入门 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
舒良树 主编,《普通地质学》第3版(曾获全国首届优秀教材一等奖)
Shu Liangshu ed., General Geology, 3rd ed. (winner of the 1st National Excellent Textbook Award)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787116123892（豆瓣书目条目: 普通地质学）
#火山 #岩浆