什么是结构冗余度？
What is structural redundancy?
结构冗余度指结构中存在多余传力路径，使局部构件失效后荷载仍能绕行到达支撑。冗余度高的建筑在意外损伤时不易整体倒塌，抗连续倒塌能力强。设计规范常以冗余度区分重要性和安全等级。
Structural redundancy means a structure has extra load paths so that if one member fails, loads can still detour to supports. A highly redundant structure resists progressive collapse when unexpectedly damaged. Design codes often use redundancy to classify importance and safety levels.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
中国《混凝土结构设计规范》GB 50010；《建筑结构荷载规范》GB 50009；ACI 318
China Code for Design of Concrete Structures (GB 50010); Load Code for Building Structures (GB 50009); ACI 318
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787112179664（豆瓣书目条目: 混凝土结构设计规范）；本条出处含多部著作，此标识只担保上面
#结构安全 #冗余 #抗连续倒塌
什么是风洞试验在建筑中的应用？
What is the use of wind tunnel testing in buildings?
超高层和异形建筑会在风洞中放置缩尺模型，测量风压分布、风致振动和行人区风环境。试验结果用于优化外形、布置阻尼器和确定幕墙抗风设计。它是复杂外形建筑安全验证的重要手段。
Very tall and unusually shaped buildings place scaled models in wind tunnels to measure wind pressure, wind-induced vibration, and pedestrian-level wind comfort. The results help optimize the shape, position dampers, and set curtain-wall wind resistance. It is a key tool for verifying the safety of complex forms.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《建筑结构荷载规范》GB 50009-2012,中国建筑工业出版社,2012
Load Code for the Design of Building Structures GB 50009-2012, China Architecture & Building Press, 2012
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787112259533（按标识回读: 建筑结构荷载规范GB50009-2012
#风工程 #风洞 #高层建筑
什么是预应力混凝土？
What is prestressed concrete?
预应力混凝土是在浇筑前后对钢筋施加拉力，使混凝土预先受压，从而抵消使用时的拉应力。它可做出跨度更大、更薄、更省料的梁板。常见形式有先张法和后张法。
Prestressed concrete applies tension to the steel before or after casting so the concrete is pre-compressed, counteracting the tensile stresses in service. It allows longer, thinner, and more material-efficient beams and slabs. Common methods are pretensioning and post-tensioning.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
《混凝土结构设计原理》（中国建筑工业出版社）
Lin & Burns, Design of Prestressed Concrete Structures, Wiley
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787112129508（豆瓣书目条目: 混凝土结构设计原理）
#预应力 #混凝土 #大跨
什么是阻尼器减震？
What is damper-based vibration control?
阻尼器安装在建筑楼层之间或顶部，把风或地震引起的动能转化为热能消散掉。常见的有调谐质量阻尼器、黏滞阻尼器和黏弹性阻尼器。台北101和大楼抗震设计中广泛使用。
Dampers are placed between floors or on a building's top to convert the kinetic energy from wind or earthquakes into heat and dissipate it. Common types include tuned mass dampers, viscous dampers, and viscoelastic dampers. They are widely used in structures like Taipei 101 and in seismic design.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Chopra，《结构动力学》（第5版）
Chopra, 'Dynamics of Structures' (5th ed.)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3525727W：Dynamics of structures（
#减震 #阻尼器 #抗震
塔式起重机顶升加节时,为什么要求小车停在规定幅度、禁止起升与回转,并把套架与塔身可靠连接?
During the jacking (section-addition) of a tower crane, why must the trolley sit at the specified radius, hoisting and slewing be prohibited, and the climbing frame be firmly connected to the mast?
顶升阶段上部回转结构与待接标准节的连接尚未形成,倾覆力矩只能经套架导向机构传给已安装塔身,传力路径本就处于最不利状态。此时任何起升或回转都会叠加附加力矩和水平力,使套架单侧受力,可能引起顶升油缸失稳乃至整体倒塔。把小车固定在说明书规定的配平幅度,是为了让上部结构重心落在顶升油缸轴线上,使过渡状态受力最小。
During jacking, the connection between the slewing upper structure and the new mast section is not yet made, so the overturning moment passes only through the climbing-frame guides into the installed mast — already the weakest load path. Any hoisting or slewing at that moment adds extra moments and horizontal forces that load the frame eccentrically, which can destabilize the jacking cylinder or topple the whole crane. Fixing the trolley at the counterbalance radius given in the manual keeps the center of gravity of the upper works on the cylinder axis, minimizing forces in this transient state.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
GB 5144-2019《塔式起重机安全规程》及主流塔机使用说明书顶升加节章节
GB 5144-2019 Safety rules for tower cranes; tower-crane manufacturer manuals, jacking sections
#塔式起重机 #顶升加节
什么是悬挑结构？
What is a cantilever structure?
悬挑结构是只有一端固定、另一端向外伸出而下方无支撑的构件，如阳台和檐口。它靠固定端内部的弯矩和配重来维持平衡。悬挑越长，固定端承受的力矩越大。
A cantilever is a structural member fixed at only one end and extending outward with no support below, such as a balcony or overhang. It stays in balance through the bending moment and counterweight at the fixed end. The longer the cantilever, the greater the moment the fixed end must resist.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《建筑结构荷载规范》GB 50009-2012,中国建筑工业出版社,2012
Load Code for the Design of Building Structures GB 50009-2012, China Architecture & Building Press, 2012
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787112259533（按标识回读: 建筑结构荷载规范GB50009-2012
#结构 #悬挑 #力学
什么是隔震支座？
What is a seismic isolation bearing?
隔震支座安装在建筑底部与基础之间，像一层柔软的垫子吸收地震能量。它延长结构的振动周期，让上部建筑随地面缓慢移动而不被剧烈摇晃。日本和汶川部分建筑已采用这种技术。
A seismic isolation bearing is installed between a building and its foundation, acting like a soft cushion that absorbs earthquake energy. It lengthens the structure's vibration period so the upper building moves slowly with the ground instead of being shaken violently. This technology is used in Japan and in some buildings rebuilt after the Wenchuan earthquake.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
ASCE 7-16；FEMA P-749《地震隔离与耗能》
ASCE 7-16; FEMA P-749, Earthquake Protective Systems
#抗震 #隔震 #结构
什么是建筑信息模型（BIM）？
What is Building Information Modeling (BIM)?
BIM是用三维数字模型整合建筑几何、材料、工期和成本等信息的协同方法。它让设计、施工和运维各方在同一模型上协作，提前发现碰撞冲突。相比传统图纸，它能显著减少返工。
BIM is a collaborative method that uses a 3D digital model to integrate a building's geometry, materials, schedule, and cost information. It lets designers, builders, and operators work on one shared model and spot clashes early. Compared with traditional drawings, it greatly reduces rework.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
Eastman、Teicholz、Sacks & Liston，《BIM手册》（第3版）
Eastman, Teicholz, Sacks & Liston, 'BIM Handbook' (3rd ed.)
#数字化 #建筑管理 #协同
什么是幕墙？
What is a curtain wall?
幕墙是挂在主体结构外侧、只承受自身重量的轻质外墙，不承担楼面荷载。它常用玻璃、金属或石材面板，让大楼外表通透美观。幕墙需要处理好防水、隔热和风压变形。
A curtain wall is a lightweight outer wall hung on the main structure that carries only its own weight and not floor loads. It often uses glass, metal, or stone panels to give a building a transparent, attractive facade. The wall must handle water sealing, insulation, and wind-pressure deformation.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
《玻璃幕墙工程技术规范》JGJ 102
Technical Code of Glass Curtain Wall Engineering JGJ 102
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9781511281669（豆瓣书目条目: JGJ102-96玻璃幕墙工程技术规范）
#幕墙 #外墙 #玻璃
为什么古建筑多用木结构？
Why did ancient buildings often use timber structures?
古代木材容易获取且自重轻，加工工具简单，适合榫卯连接而不用钉子。木结构有一定韧性，在地震中能通过变形吸收能量。不过它怕火、易朽，所以留存至今的古木建筑很少。
In ancient times timber was readily available, light, and easy to work with simple tools, and it could be joined by mortise-and-tenon without nails. Wood has some flexibility and can absorb earthquake energy through deformation. However, it is vulnerable to fire and decay, so few ancient wooden buildings survive today.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《十万个为什么》第六版建筑与交通分册,少年儿童出版社,2013
Ten Thousand Whys: Architecture and Transportation volume, 6th ed., Juvenile and Children Publishing House, 2013
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-7-5324-9328-9 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787532493289
#古建 #木结构 #榫卯
什么是绿色建筑评级？
What is a green building rating?
绿色建筑评级是用一套指标衡量建筑在节能、节水、材料和室内环境方面的表现，如中国的三星标准和美国的LEED。达到高等级可获得认证标志。它鼓励建筑全生命周期降低环境负担。
A green building rating uses a set of criteria to measure a building's performance in energy, water, materials, and indoor environment, such as China's three-star standard and the U.S. LEED system. High-scoring buildings earn certification. It encourages lowering environmental impact across a building's whole life cycle.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
ASHRAE Standard 90.1；被动房研究所（Passivhaus Institut）；EPA 绿色建筑与雨洪管理
ASHRAE Standard 90.1; Passive House Institute (Passivhaus Institut); EPA green building and stormwater guidance
#绿色建筑 #认证 #可持续
汽车起重机进行臂架起重作业时,为什么必须严格遵循起重量特性曲线?
Why must truck crane operations strictly follow the load capacity chart?
起重量随臂长、幅度和支腿状态变化:幅度越大或臂架越长,允许吊重越小,且整机抗倾覆力矩存在硬性上限。特性曲线综合了结构强度、整机稳定性和液压能力三方面约束,超载会引发倾翻或臂架屈曲。作业前按实际工况查表并考虑吊具自重,是防止事故的基本要求。
Rated capacity varies with boom length, working radius, and outrigger configuration: the larger the radius or the longer the boom, the lower the permissible load, subject to hard limits on the overturning moment. The capacity chart combines structural strength, overall stability, and hydraulic capability constraints, and overload can trigger tipping or boom buckling. Checking the chart for the actual configuration, including rigging weight, is a basic requirement for accident prevention.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
GB/T 3811-2008《起重机设计规范》,整机稳定性与额定起重量计算条款
GB/T 3811-2008 Design Rules for Cranes, clauses on overall stability and rated capacity calculation
#起重机械 #起重量特性曲线
什么是被动式房屋？
What is a passive house?
被动式房屋是一种通过超强保温、气密设计和热回收通风，几乎不需要主动供暖制冷的节能建筑。它依靠良好朝向和隔热把能耗降到极低。德国是这一标准的主要发源地。
A passive house is an energy-efficient building that relies on superb insulation, airtight design, and heat-recovery ventilation so it needs almost no active heating or cooling. By using good orientation and insulation, it cuts energy use to a very low level. Germany is the main birthplace of this standard.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
ASHRAE Standard 90.1；被动房研究所（Passivhaus Institut）；EPA 绿色建筑与雨洪管理
ASHRAE Standard 90.1; Passive House Institute (Passivhaus Institut); EPA green building and stormwater guidance
#节能建筑 #保温 #环保
什么是承重墙？
What is a load-bearing wall?
承重墙是承受楼板、屋顶等上方重量的墙体，是建筑结构的一部分。它不能随意拆改，否则会削弱整体稳定性甚至引发坍塌。装修前必须确认墙体是否为承重结构。
A load-bearing wall is a wall that supports the weight of floors, roofs, and other loads above it as part of the building structure. It must not be removed or altered carelessly, or the building's stability can be compromised and collapse may occur. Always confirm whether a wall is structural before renovation.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
中国《混凝土结构设计规范》GB 50010；《建筑结构荷载规范》GB 50009；ACI 318
China Code for Design of Concrete Structures (GB 50010); Load Code for Building Structures (GB 50009); ACI 318
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787112179664（豆瓣书目条目: 混凝土结构设计规范）；本条出处含多部著作，此标识只担保上面
#建筑结构 #墙体 #安全
什么是钢筋混凝土？
What is reinforced concrete?
钢筋混凝土是在混凝土中埋入钢筋，让两种材料取长补短的复合材料。混凝土抗压能力强但抗拉弱，钢筋抗拉能力好，二者结合使构件既能承压又能抗弯。它是现代建筑最常用的结构材料之一。
Reinforced concrete is a composite material made by embedding steel bars inside concrete so the two materials complement each other. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension, while steel excels in tension, so together they resist both bending and compression. It is one of the most common structural materials in modern construction.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
中国《混凝土结构设计规范》GB 50010；《建筑结构荷载规范》GB 50009；ACI 318
China Code for Design of Concrete Structures (GB 50010); Load Code for Building Structures (GB 50009); ACI 318
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787112179664（豆瓣书目条目: 混凝土结构设计规范）；本条出处含多部著作，此标识只担保上面
#建筑材料 #混凝土 #结构