切尔诺贝利事故的根本原因是什么？反应堆设计和操作上存在哪些致命缺陷？
What was the root cause of the Chernobyl disaster, and what fatal flaws existed in both the reactor design and its operation?
切尔诺贝利用的是苏联RBMK型反应堆，它有一个致命设计缺陷，即正空泡系数：冷却水汽化形成气泡反而会增加反应性，功率越高这种正反馈越强。事故当晚操作员在计划外的低功率、低水流量状态下试验，把安全棒大部分抽出，加上操纵员干预跳闸保护，导致反应堆进入功率快速攀升的正反馈状态，瞬间功率飙升引发蒸汽爆炸，摧毁堆芯并掀翻堆顶。大量放射性物质泄漏，成为人类历史上最严重的核事故，事故分析和IAEA的报告深刻改变了核安全理念。
Chernobyl used a Soviet RBMK reactor with a fatal design flaw, a positive void coefficient: when coolant water boils into steam bubbles, reactivity increases, and the feedback strengthens with power. On the night of the accident operators ran an unapproved test at low power and low water flow, withdrawing most of the control rods and overriding trip protection, pushing the reactor into a rapidly escalating positive-feedback state. Power surged out of control, causing a steam explosion that destroyed the core and blew the lid off the reactor building, releasing huge amounts of radioactivity. The accident and IAEA analyses fundamentally reshaped nuclear safety philosophy.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
David Macaulay,《The Way Things Work》,Houghton Mifflin,1988;中译《万物运转的秘密》
D. Macaulay, The Way Things Work, Houghton Mifflin, 1988; Chinese ed.
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL15130328W：The Way Things Work（按标
#切尔诺贝利 #核安全 #反应堆事故
大坝、核电站的设计地震动为什么要用概率地震危险性分析（PSHA）来确定？
Why is the design ground motion for dams and nuclear plants derived from probabilistic seismic hazard analysis?
确定性做法只取某条断层的最大可信地震，无法回答这种地震动多久遇到一次，也难以综合多条潜在震源和场地条件的联合影响。PSHA 把震源几何、震级—频度关系、地震动衰减模型及其不确定性组合起来积分，给出场地在给定时间内超越某一加速度水平的年超越概率，即危险性曲线，Cornell 于 1968 年提出了这一框架。工程上据此按后果严重程度选取重现期——一般建筑常用 475 年，重大设施可到数千甚至上万年——并通过危险性解耦找出主控震级与距离，用于挑选输入地震时程。
A deterministic maximum credible earthquake on one fault cannot say how often such motion occurs, nor combine the joint influence of many potential sources and site conditions. PSHA integrates source geometry, magnitude-frequency relations, ground-motion attenuation models and their uncertainties to yield the annual rate at which a site exceeds a given acceleration — the hazard curve — a framework introduced by Cornell in 1968. Engineers then choose a return period according to consequence, typically 475 years for ordinary buildings and up to thousands or tens of thousands of years for critical facilities, and use hazard deaggregation to identify the controlling magnitude and distance for selecting input time histories.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Cornell，《Engineering Seismic Risk Analysis》，Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 58(5)（1968）
Cornell, 'Engineering Seismic Risk Analysis', Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 58(5) (1968)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 DOI 10.1785/bssa0580051724
#概率地震危险性分析 #年超越概率 #危险性解耦
深水地平线（墨西哥湾）漏油事故中，防喷器（BOP）为什么没能阻止井喷？
Why did the blowout preventer (BOP) fail to stop the blowout in the Deepwater Horizon accident in the Gulf of Mexico?
2010年深水地平线事故的链条很长：固井质量差且水泥胶结测试被判读失误，负压测试未识别流体侵入风险，井口被大量流体突袭时，防喷器虽有闸板但未能在剪切头切断钻杆，且切断后仍未形成密封，BOP控制系统的电池耗尽也使其无法应急启动。多项机械与程序缺陷叠加导致井喷失控，最终平台爆炸沉没、约490万桶原油泄漏。事故调查促成了行业对井控、BOP冗余设计和应急响应能力的全面改革。
The 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster was a long chain of failures: poor cementing with a wrongly interpreted cement bond test, a negative-pressure test that failed to flag the risk of influx, and a blowout preventer that, though equipped with rams, did not shear the drill pipe and seal, with the BOP's emergency-control battery also depleted. The compounding mechanical and procedural failures left the well out of control, the platform exploded and sank, and roughly 4.9 million barrels of oil spilled. The investigation drove industry-wide reform of well control, BOP redundancy and emergency response.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Finneran, Thompson, Padgett, Rollins,《Forensic Investigation of the Deepwater Horizon Blowout Preventer》, Materials Performance, 2013 (DOI: 10.5006/mp2013_52_12-30)
Finneran, Thompson, Padgett, Rollins, 'Forensic Investigation of the Deepwater Horizon Blowout Preventer', Materials Performance, 2013, DOI: 10.5006/mp2013_52_12-30
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.5006/mp2013_52_12-30
#深水地平线 #防喷器 #井喷
长大建筑为什么要留'防震缝'？
Why do long buildings have seismic (expansion) joints?
把长建筑分成几个独立单元，避免温度胀缩和地震扭转时各段互相撕扯、开裂。
Joints split a long building into independent blocks so thermal expansion and quake twisting don't tear the structure apart.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
ASCE 7-16《最小设计荷载》；FEMA P-749；NFPA 减灾规范
ASCE 7-16, Minimum Design Loads; FEMA P-749; NFPA mitigation standards
#防灾工程 #韧性城市
台北101大楼里的金色大球（调谐质量阻尼器）是干什么的？
What is the golden ball (tuned mass damper) inside Taipei 101 for?
那660吨配重会随大楼反向摆动，像钟摆一样吸收风致振动的能量，把晃动幅度压下来。
The 660-tonne mass swings opposite to the building, acting like a pendulum that soaks up wind-induced vibration and cuts the sway.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
Smith & Carss《调谐质量阻尼器》；Structural Design of Tall Buildings
Smith & Carss, Tuned Mass Dampers; Structural Design of Tall Buildings
#防灾工程 #韧性城市
海绵城市的'下沉绿地'怎么帮着排水？
How do sunken green belts help sponge cities drain?
低于路面的绿地先暂存雨水、下渗回补地下水，溢出的再进管网，从而削峰减涝。
Green belts below road level store runoff and let it soak into groundwater; only overflow enters pipes, cutting peak flow and flooding.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
ASCE 7-16《最小设计荷载》；FEMA P-749；NFPA 减灾规范
ASCE 7-16, Minimum Design Loads; FEMA P-749; NFPA mitigation standards
#防灾工程 #韧性城市
防火卷帘和防火墙真的能挡住火多久？
How long can fire curtains and fire walls actually hold back fire?
它们按耐火极限（常2–4小时）设计，目的是为人员疏散和灭火争取时间，并非永久隔离。
They are rated by fire-resistance (often 2–4 hours) to buy time for evacuation and firefighting—not to seal forever.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
NFPA 252（门防火测试）；UL 标准
NFPA 252 (fire tests of door assemblies); UL standards
#防灾工程 #韧性城市
临时防爆为什么常用沙袋或充水护栏？
Why are sandbags or water-filled barriers used for blast protection?
它们柔性吸能、随手可布，能分散冲击波，且可按需随时增减，适合临时防护。
They absorb energy flexibly, are quick to deploy and can be scaled on demand, spreading blast pressure for temporary protection.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
ASCE 7-16《最小设计荷载》；FEMA P-749；NFPA 减灾规范
ASCE 7-16, Minimum Design Loads; FEMA P-749; NFPA mitigation standards
#防灾工程 #韧性城市
为什么塔科马海峡大桥会被一阵不算大的风"吹塌"？
Why did the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse in wind that was not even that strong?
1940年塔科马大桥的倒塌是空气动力颤振造成的，而不是被强风直接吹垮或强度不足。桥面在风中开始扭转振动，振动又改变了气流分离的方式，气动力反过来给振动"加能量"，振幅越来越大，这就是气动弹性自激振动，直到中间桥面被扭断、大桥解体。这个教训让工程师认识到：大跨柔性桥梁必须做风洞试验和颤振分析才能动工。
The 1940 Tacoma Narrows Bridge fell to aeroelastic flutter, not to strong wind or insufficient strength. The deck began torsional oscillation, and the motion altered how airflow separated, feeding energy back into the vibration — a self-excited oscillation that grew until the mid-span section tore apart and the bridge broke up. The disaster taught engineers that flexible long-span bridges must pass wind-tunnel testing and flutter analysis before they are built.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
David Macaulay,《The Way Things Work》,Houghton Mifflin,1988;中译《万物运转的秘密》
D. Macaulay, The Way Things Work, Houghton Mifflin, 1988; Chinese ed.
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL15130328W：The Way Things Work（按标
#颤振 #共振 #风工程
大风天塔式起重机为什么要松开回转刹车，让吊臂随风自由转动？
Why are tower cranes left free to slew in high winds instead of having the slewing brake locked?
塔机吊臂在侧风下承受很大的风压力矩，如果锁死回转机构，这个力矩就全部由塔身承担，可能使标准节、附墙件或基础超载。松开回转刹车后，吊臂像风向标一样自动转到风阻最小的位置（通常起重臂顺风、平衡臂迎风），风载对塔身的扭矩和倾覆弯矩显著减小。因此非工作状态的风载校核就是按自由回转工况进行的，规范同时规定停止作业与撤离的风速阈值、锚固方式以及吊钩和小车的收起状态。
A crane's jib picks up a large wind moment in a crosswind, and locking the slewing mechanism forces the tower, mast sections, tie-ins and foundation to carry all of it, which can overload them. Releasing the slew brake lets the jib weathervane into the position of least resistance — typically jib downwind and counter-jib into the wind — greatly reducing torsion and overturning moment on the tower. Out-of-service wind loads are therefore assessed for the free-slewing condition, and standards also set wind-speed thresholds for stopping work and evacuating, tie-down arrangements and the required stowed position of hook and trolley.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-05
来源 · Source
国际标准化组织（ISO）,《Cranes. Wind load assessment》,ISO 4302 (DOI: 10.3403/30274852)
ISO, 'Cranes. Wind load assessment', ISO 4302, DOI: 10.3403/30274852
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.3403/30274852; ISO 4302
#塔式起重机 #风载荷 #自由回转
自动喷淋头为什么是单个'爆'开而不是一起喷？
Why do sprinklers activate one at a time, not all together?
每个喷头的玻璃球感温到阈值才爆破喷水，只有火点附近动作，节水又减损。
Each head's glass bulb bursts only when its spot gets hot enough, so just the fire area sprays—saving water and limiting damage.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
ASCE 7-16《最小设计荷载》；FEMA P-749；NFPA 减灾规范
ASCE 7-16, Minimum Design Loads; FEMA P-749; NFPA mitigation standards
#防灾工程 #韧性城市
城市为什么要挖'深隧'（深层排水隧道）？
Why do cities build deep drainage tunnels?
在地下水位以下建大口径隧洞调蓄暴雨洪水，避免浅层管网溢流造成内涝。
Large tunnels below the water table store storm surges, preventing shallow sewers from overflowing and flooding streets.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
ASCE 7-16《最小设计荷载》；FEMA P-749；NFPA 减灾规范
ASCE 7-16, Minimum Design Loads; FEMA P-749; NFPA mitigation standards
#防灾工程 #韧性城市
抗震'摇摆墙'凭什么比刚性墙更安全？
Why can a 'rocking wall' be safer than a rigid wall?
摇摆墙在墙底留一条可控水平缝，震时整墙绕墙脚如钟摆转动、一侧抬离基础，把输入能量转为刚体摆动，缝处阻尼器与预应力筋耗能并把它拉回原位。变形由转动承担，墙身不必靠开裂与钢筋屈服耗能，震后几乎无残余位移。刚性墙则靠墙脚塑性铰开裂与钢材屈服耗能，构造简单却把不可逆损伤留在主体上。更安全指震后还能用、好修复，不是位移一定更小。
A rocking wall leaves a controlled horizontal joint at its base, so in a quake the whole wall turns about its toe like a pendulum and one side lifts off the foundation, turning the incoming energy into rigid-body rocking, while dampers and tendons at the joint both dissipate that energy and pull it back. Because the deformation comes from rotation, the wall body need not crack or yield its steel to absorb energy, and almost no residual displacement is left. A rigid wall instead burns energy through a plastic hinge cracking at its toe and yielding steel, which is simple to build but keeps irreversible damage in the structure. Safer here means still usable and easy to repair after the quake, not necessarily smaller drift.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
ASCE 7-16《最小设计荷载》；FEMA P-749；NFPA 减灾规范
ASCE 7-16, Minimum Design Loads; FEMA P-749; NFPA mitigation standards
#防灾工程 #韧性城市
海堤为什么多做成斜坡而不是笔直的墙？
Why are seawalls sloped rather than vertical walls?
斜坡能消减波浪能量、减少越浪和反射，比直墙更抗冲击、也不易被水流掏空。
Slopes dissipate wave energy and reduce overtopping and reflection; they resist impact better and are less likely to be scoured out.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
ASCE 7-16《最小设计荷载》；FEMA P-749；NFPA 减灾规范
ASCE 7-16, Minimum Design Loads; FEMA P-749; NFPA mitigation standards
#防灾工程 #韧性城市
地下综合管廊为什么能消灭'马路拉链'？
Why do utility tunnels kill the 'road zipper' problem?
把水、电、气、通信管线集中入廊，检修在廊内完成，不必反复开挖路面。
Utility lines (water, power, gas, comms) run in one tunnel, so maintenance happens inside—no repeated road digging.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
ASCE 7-16《最小设计荷载》；FEMA P-749；NFPA 减灾规范
ASCE 7-16, Minimum Design Loads; FEMA P-749; NFPA mitigation standards
#防灾工程 #韧性城市
防火门为什么平时开着、着火却会自动关上？
Why are fire doors open normally but close by themselves in a fire?
电磁门吸平时保持通行，烟温探测器触发后释放，门靠闭门器自闭，隔火防烟蔓延。
Electromagnetic holders keep them open for passage; smoke/heat detectors release them so closers shut the door, blocking fire and smoke.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
ASCE 7-16《最小设计荷载》；FEMA P-749；NFPA 减灾规范
ASCE 7-16, Minimum Design Loads; FEMA P-749; NFPA mitigation standards
#防灾工程 #韧性城市
超高层防风设计为什么反而'允许'它晃动？
Why do skyscraper wind designs actually allow swaying?
适度柔性把风振能量耗散掉，硬扛反而应力集中；再配阻尼器把幅度控制在舒适范围更安全。
Some flexibility dissipates wind energy; fighting it head-on causes stress concentration. Dampers then keep the motion within a comfortable range.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
《高层民用建筑钢结构技术规程》JGJ 99-2015，中国建筑工业出版社，2015年 ; 另见: ISO 10137:2007, Bases for design of structures - Serviceability of buildings and walkways against vibrations, ISO, 2007
ISO 10137:2007, Bases for design of structures - Serviceability of buildings and walkways against vibrations, ISO, 2007 ; see also: 《高层民用建筑钢结构技术规程》JGJ 99-2015，中国建筑工业出版社，2015年
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ARCHIVE 标识 et.iso.10137.2007：ET ISO 10137: Bases for des
#防灾工程 #韧性城市
透水铺装怎么让路面不积水？
How does permeable pavement keep roads from pooling?
砖缝和孔隙让雨水直接下渗回补地下水，减少地表径流和热岛，缓解内涝。
Joints and pores let rain soak straight into groundwater, cutting surface runoff and the heat island and easing flooding.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
ASCE 7-16《最小设计荷载》；FEMA P-749；NFPA 减灾规范
ASCE 7-16, Minimum Design Loads; FEMA P-749; NFPA mitigation standards
#防灾工程 #韧性城市
应县木塔为什么近千年经历多次地震还不倒？
Why does the Yingxian Wood Pagoda survive many earthquakes over nearly a millennium?
榫卯柔性连接允许层间错动耗能，斗拱像弹簧一样缓冲，整体'柔中带刚'，震力被化解。
Flexible mortise-and-tenon joints let floors shift to dissipate energy; bracket sets act like springs. The structure is 'soft yet strong', absorbing quake forces.
难度 进阶 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
Chen & Zhang《应县木塔》；建筑抗震设计
Chen & Zhang, Yingxian Wood Pagoda; seismic design of timber structures
#防灾工程 #韧性城市
台风区的窗户为什么要用夹层玻璃？
Why laminated glass in typhoon zones?
中间PVB膜把两片玻璃粘在一起，碎了也不飞散，仍能挡住风雨灌入室内。
A PVB interlayer bonds the panes so even if broken they don't fly apart, still blocking wind and rain.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
ASCE 7-16《最小设计荷载》；FEMA P-749；NFPA 减灾规范
ASCE 7-16, Minimum Design Loads; FEMA P-749; NFPA mitigation standards
#防灾工程 #韧性城市
水库大坝防洪靠什么'腾出库容'？
How do reservoirs make room for flood storage?
汛前预泄降低水位留出防洪库容，洪峰来时拦蓄削峰，再按下游安全能力下泄。
Before floods they pre-release to lower the level and free storage; at peak flow they hold back water, then release only as much as the lower reaches can take.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
USBR 水库运行规程；中国《防洪标准》GB 50201
USBR reservoir operations; China Flood Control Standard (GB 50201)
#防灾工程 #韧性城市
城市分洪区为什么宁可淹农田也要保城市？
Why do flood-diversion zones sacrifice farmland to protect cities?
主动分滞洪水、削减下游洪峰，比堤防无序溃决更可控，是用'有计划淹没'换重点安全。
Deliberately diverting water cuts the downstream peak and is more controllable than random levee breaks—planned flooding for key safety.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
ASCE 7-16《最小设计荷载》；FEMA P-749；NFPA 减灾规范
ASCE 7-16, Minimum Design Loads; FEMA P-749; NFPA mitigation standards
#防灾工程 #韧性城市
建筑'基础隔震'到底是怎么把震动隔开的？
How does building base isolation actually block quakes?
在基础与上部结构之间放橡胶隔震支座，拉长结构周期、避开地震主频，大幅降低传入的力。
Rubber bearings between foundation and structure lengthen its period, avoiding the quake's main frequency and greatly cutting the force transmitted up.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
ASCE 7-16；FEMA P-749《地震隔离与耗能》
ASCE 7-16; FEMA P-749, Earthquake Protective Systems
#防灾工程 #韧性城市
举高消防车最多只能伸到几十米，更高楼层起火靠什么扑救？
Aerial fire trucks reach only a few tens of metres, so what fights a fire on much higher floors?
主流举高消防车的工作高度多在五十到七十米，大约十几到二十几层，再高就受车辆稳定性、臂架强度和场地条件限制，所以高层建筑必须自带消防能力。规范要求设置室内消火栓系统、自动喷水灭火系统、消防水泵、高位消防水箱和转输水泵，消防员可在着火层下一层的消火栓接口取水并携带水带上楼扑救。同时用防烟楼梯间、消防电梯、避难层和防火分区限制火势与烟气蔓延，室外还设水泵接合器，让消防车向室内管网加压补水。
Most aerial appliances work to about 50–70 m, roughly the teens to low twenties of storeys, beyond which vehicle stability, boom strength and site access take over, so tall buildings must carry their own firefighting capability. Codes require interior standpipes with hose outlets, automatic sprinklers, fire pumps, a high-level fire water tank and transfer pumps so crews can connect hoses at the standpipe one floor below the fire. Smoke-proof stairs, firefighter lifts, refuge floors and compartmentation limit fire and smoke spread, while fire department connections outside let engines boost pressure and water into the building's own piping.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
中国《建筑设计防火规范》GB 50016-2014（2018年版）
China National Standard GB 50016-2014 (2018 revision), 'Code for Fire Protection Design of Buildings'
#高层建筑消防 #室内消火栓 #自动喷水灭火
商场里绿色的『安全出口』灯，为什么停电了还一直亮着？
Why do the green exit signs in a shopping mall stay lit even when the power goes out?
这类标志灯内部带有自备蓄电池，平时由市电充电，一旦外部供电中断，控制电路立刻切换到电池供电，让灯继续亮够规定的时间（常要求三十分钟以上）。火灾里浓烟遮挡视线、走廊一片漆黑，人往往只能沿着贴近地面的持续光带和箭头找到最近的出口，所以规范要求这些标志常亮、配备用电源并定期做断电试验。这也是为什么它们不能被货物遮挡，更不能随便把电源关掉。
Such signs contain their own rechargeable battery kept topped up by the mains, and when external supply fails the control circuit switches instantly to battery power so the sign stays lit for a required period, commonly at least thirty minutes. In a fire, smoke blocks vision and corridors go dark, so people can often only follow the continuous glow and arrows near floor level to the nearest exit, which is why codes require these signs to remain illuminated, have standby power and be tested by simulated power failure. It is also why they must never be blocked by goods or switched off casually.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
NFPA 101《Life Safety Code》关于出口标志与应急照明的规定
NFPA 101, 'Life Safety Code', requirements for exit signs and emergency lighting
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9780877651925 (1985)
#应急照明 #疏散指示标志 #备用电源