什么是核聚变，它与核裂变有何不同？
What is nuclear fusion and how does it differ from fission?
核聚变是轻原子核结合成较重原子核并释放能量的过程，正是太阳发光的方式。它与裂变相反，燃料丰富、不产生长寿命高放废料，但需要上亿度高温和强约束，目前尚未实现商用发电。
Nuclear fusion is the joining of light nuclei into heavier ones with energy release, the process that powers the Sun. Opposite to fission, its fuel is abundant and it produces no long-lived high-level waste, but it needs temperatures of hundreds of millions of degrees and strong confinement, so commercial power is not yet achieved.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Krane，《原子核物理导论》（第3版）
Krane, 'Introductory Nuclear Physics' (3rd ed.)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9780471805533 (1987) · 核验依据 2 ISBN 9780471805533 (1988)
#核聚变 #裂变 #约束
什么是氢能，绿色氢为什么重要？
What is hydrogen energy and why does green hydrogen matter?
氢能以氢气作燃料或储能介质，燃烧只生成水，是潜在的零碳能源。绿色氢指用可再生电力电解水制取的氢，全程无碳排放，可用于难以电气化的工业和交通领域。
Hydrogen energy uses hydrogen as fuel or storage medium, burning to water only, a potentially zero-carbon source. Green hydrogen is made by electrolyzing water with renewable electricity, producing no carbon emissions, and can serve industry and transport that are hard to electrify.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Larminie & Dicks，《燃料电池系统解析》（第2版）
Larminie & Dicks, 'Fuel Cell Systems Explained' (2nd ed.)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL18161114W：Fuel cell systems expl
#氢能 #电解 #零碳
核裂变反应堆是怎样把原子能变成电的？
How does a nuclear fission reactor turn atomic energy into electricity?
反应堆里铀-235 受中子轰击发生链式裂变，释放的热由冷却剂带走，经蒸汽发生器产生蒸汽驱动汽轮机发电。Fermi 在 1942 年建成首座可控链式反应堆，控制棒和吸收体用来调节功率与安全停堆。
In the reactor, uranium-235 fissions in a chain reaction when struck by neutrons; the released heat is carried by coolant to a steam generator that drives a turbine. Fermi built the first controlled chain reactor in 1942; control rods and absorbers regulate power and safe shutdown.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Lamarsh《核工程导论》(Introduction to Nuclear Engineering)；Fermi《首座反应堆》(1942, 获 1938 诺奖)
Lamarsh, 'Introduction to Nuclear Engineering'; Fermi, 'First nuclear reactor' (1942, Nobel 1938)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL5901582W：Introduction to nuclear
#核裂变 #链式反应 #控制棒 #蒸汽发生器
风力机为什么存在理论最大效率的『贝兹极限』？
Why is there a theoretical maximum—the Betz limit—for wind turbine efficiency?
风轮机要减速气流才能提取动能，但若把风完全拦停，下游空气无法流出、反而无风可吸；Betz 在 1919 年算出能提取的最大功率约为来流动能的 59.3%。实际机组因损耗只能接近这一极限。
A turbine must slow the air to extract kinetic energy, but if it stopped the air completely, downstream flow would stall and no wind would follow; Betz calculated in 1919 that at most about 59.3% of the incoming kinetic power can be captured. Real machines only approach it due to losses.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Betz《风力机最大出力》(1919)；Manwell 等,《Wind Energy Explained》,2002 (DOI: 10.1002/0470846127)
Betz, 'Maximum of windmill power' (1919); Manwell et al., 'Wind Energy Explained', 2002, DOI: 10.1002/0470846127
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1002/0470846127
#贝兹极限 #风能 #动量守恒 #功率系数
在窄密度窗口地层中，常规钻井停泵接单根时为什么容易发生井涌？控压钻井的恒定井底压力模式如何解决这一难题？
In formations with a narrow mud-weight window, why is conventional drilling prone to kicks when pumps are shut off for a connection, and how does the constant-bottomhole-pressure mode of managed pressure drilling solve this problem?
常规钻井靠钻井液静液柱压力平衡地层孔隙压力，循环时环空摩阻压耗叠加其上；停泵接单根时压耗消失，井底压力骤降，一旦低于地层压力便发生井涌。控压钻井的恒定井底压力模式在井口设置节流管汇与自动控制系统：停泵时施加井口回压补偿损失的摩阻，使井底压力始终保持在溢流压力与漏失压力之间的窄窗内，从而安全钻穿高压易漏互层段。
In conventional drilling the mud column alone balances pore pressure, and annular frictional losses exist only while circulating; when the pumps stop for a connection, bottomhole pressure drops abruptly and can fall below formation pressure, letting reservoir fluids flow into the wellbore. The constant-bottomhole-pressure mode of managed pressure drilling adds a choke manifold with automated control at surface: as flow ceases, applied backpressure replaces the lost friction, holding bottomhole pressure inside the narrow band between pore pressure and fracture pressure so that interbedded, high-pressure, loss-prone sections can be drilled safely.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Wilson C. Chin《Managed Pressure Drilling: Modeling, Strategy and Planning》，Gulf Professional Publishing（Elsevier），2012年
Wilson C. Chin, Managed Pressure Drilling: Modeling, Strategy and Planning, Gulf Professional Publishing (Elsevier), 2012
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9780123851253 (2012)
#控压钻井 #井底压力 #井控 #窄密度窗口
风力发电机是怎么把风变成电的？
How does a wind turbine turn wind into electricity?
风推动叶片绕轴旋转，把风能转为机械能，再通过齿轮箱增速带动发电机发电。风向标和变桨系统调节迎风和角度，使机组在不同风速下高效且安全。
Wind spins the blades, turning kinetic energy to mechanical rotation that a gearbox speeds up to drive a generator. Yaw and pitch systems tune alignment and angle for efficient, safe operation.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Burton，《风能手册》（第2版）
Burton, 'Wind Energy Handbook' (2nd ed.)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL21606346W：Wind Energy Handbook（首
#风力 #叶片 #发电机
什么是『智能电网』？
What is a 'smart grid'?
智能电网在传统电网中加入传感、通信和自动控制，能实时监测潮流、快速隔离故障、接纳分布式发电并引导需求响应，使供电更可靠、高效和灵活。
A smart grid adds sensing, communications, and automation to the traditional grid, monitoring flows in real time, isolating faults fast, integrating distributed generation, and enabling demand response for reliability.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
陈敏恒 丛德滋 方图南 等 编,《化工原理》第3版,化学工业出版社,2006
Chen Minheng et al., Chemical Engineering Principles, 3rd ed., Chemical Industry Press, 2006
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787502582517（豆瓣书目条目: 化工原理）
#智能电网 #分布式 #自动化
太阳能电池（光伏）是怎样把光变成电的？
How do solar (photovoltaic) cells turn light into electricity?
光伏电池用半导体PN结吸收光子，使电子受激跃迁产生电子—空穴对，在内建电场作用下分离并向两极移动，形成可对外输出的电流。
A PV cell's semiconductor junction absorbs photons, exciting electrons into electron–hole pairs that a built-in field separates and drives to the terminals, yielding current.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Luque & Hegedus，《光伏科学与技术手册》（第2版）
Luque & Hegedus, 'Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering' (2nd ed.)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL18449153W：Handbook of photovolta
#光伏 #半导体 #发电
锂离子电池的工作原理是什么？充放电时锂离子如何移动？
How does a lithium-ion battery work, and how do lithium ions move during charge and discharge?
锂离子电池靠锂离子在石墨负极与金属氧化物正极（如 LiCoO2）之间通过电解液往返穿梭。放电时 Li+ 从负极迁向正极、电子经外电路做功；充电时在外电压下 Li+ 回到负极嵌入。
A Li-ion battery shuttles Li+ ions between a graphite anode and a metal-oxide cathode such as LiCoO2 through the electrolyte. On discharge Li+ moves from anode to cathode while electrons do work in the external circuit; on charge an external voltage drives Li+ back into the anode.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
美国能源部（US DOE）；Tarascon & Armand《可充电锂离子电池面临的挑战》（Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries），《自然》（Nature），2001 年
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE); Tarascon & Armand, 'Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries,' Nature, 2001
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1038/35104644：Issues and challenges facin
#锂离子电池 #电解液 #嵌入 #石墨负极
什么是能量转换效率？
What is energy conversion efficiency?
能量转换效率是输出的有用能量与输入总能量的比值，永远小于100%。例如燃煤电厂把约40%的燃料热转化为电，其余以废热形式损失。
Energy conversion efficiency is the ratio of useful output energy to total input energy and is always below 100%. A coal plant, for example, converts only about 40% of fuel heat into electricity, losing the rest as waste heat.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
王兆安 刘进军 主编,《电力电子技术》第5版,机械工业出版社,2009
Wang Zhaoan and Liu Jinjun eds., Power Electronics, 5th ed., China Machine Press, 2009
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787111268062（豆瓣书目条目: 电力电子技术）
#效率 #能量损失 #转化
为什么氢能被看作潜在的清洁能源载体？
Why is hydrogen seen as a potential clean energy carrier?
氢气燃烧或与燃料电池反应只产水、不直接排碳，且能量密度高、可长期储存与远距离运输。难点在绿氢的制备成本和储运安全。
Hydrogen burns or reacts in fuel cells producing only water, with no direct carbon, plus high energy density and storable transport. The hurdles are green-hydrogen cost and safe storage.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
IEA,《低碳能源未来中的氢能》(The Role of Hydrogen in a Low-carbon Energy Future),2019
IEA, The Role of Hydrogen in a Low-carbon Energy Future, 2019
#氢能 #燃料电池 #绿氢
什么是“抽水蓄能”？为何储能对电网很重要？
What is pumped-storage hydropower, and why is energy storage important for the grid?
抽水蓄能是在电力富余时把水抽到上游水库、用电高峰时放水发电，往返效率约70%–80%。储能可平抑风电光伏的波动、削峰填谷并参与调频，是高比例可再生能源电网的关键。
Pumped-storage hydropower pumps water uphill when power is abundant and generates by releasing it at peak demand, with round-trip efficiency of about 70%–80%. Storage balances intermittent wind and solar, shifts peak load, and provides frequency regulation, making it key to renewable-heavy grids.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
国际能源署（IEA）；美国能源部（US DOE）《电网储能》报告
International Energy Agency (IEA); U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) 'Grid Energy Storage' report
#抽水蓄能 #电网储能 #削峰填谷 #调频
什么是“热电联产”（CHP）？为何它的能源利用率高？
What is combined heat and power (CHP), and why is its energy utilization high?
热电联产在发电的同时回收排热用于供热或工艺蒸汽，使燃料总利用率可达70%–90%，远高于单独电厂约40%的水平，因而显著降低能耗与排放。典型应用包括工业园区自备电站以及医院、数据中心的分布式能源系统。
Combined heat and power generates electricity while recovering waste heat for heating or process steam, raising total fuel utilization to 70%–90%, far above the roughly 40% of separate plants, thus cutting energy use and emissions. Typical uses include industrial-park cogeneration plants and distributed energy systems for hospitals and data centers.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
陈敏恒 丛德滋 方图南 等 编,《化工原理》第3版,化学工业出版社,2006
Chen Minheng et al., Chemical Engineering Principles, 3rd ed., Chemical Industry Press, 2006
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787502582517（豆瓣书目条目: 化工原理）
#热电联产 #余热利用 #总能系统 #能效
什么是储能电池，为什么电网需要它？
What is an energy storage battery and why does the grid need it?
储能电池在发电多时充电、用电高峰时放电，平抑电力供需的波动。它对太阳能和风能这类不稳定电源尤为重要，能提升电网的稳定性和可靠性。
A storage battery charges when generation is high and discharges at peak demand, smoothing the swings between supply and use. It is especially important for variable sources like solar and wind, improving grid stability and reliability.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Linden & Reddy，《林登电池手册》（第4版）
Linden & Reddy, 'Lindens Handbook of Batteries' (4th ed.)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-07-037921-3 (1995, McGraw-Hill)
#储能 #电网 #电池
比较能源时常说的『能量密度』是什么？
What is 'energy density' often compared among energy sources?
能量密度指单位质量或单位体积所含的能量，分质量能量密度和体积能量密度。它决定燃料能跑多远、电池能多轻，是选动力源的关键指标。
Energy density is energy per mass or per volume, split into gravimetric and volumetric. It decides how far a fuel goes or how light a battery is—key when choosing a power source.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Linden & Reddy，《林登电池手册》（第4版）
Linden & Reddy, 'Lindens Handbook of Batteries' (4th ed.)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-07-037921-3 (1995, McGraw-Hill)
#能量密度 #比能量 #燃料
旋转钻井中钻井液（泥浆）要一刻不停地循环，它究竟承担哪些关键任务？
During rotary drilling, drilling fluid (mud) must circulate nonstop—what critical jobs does it actually perform?
钻井液经钻杆泵送到井底，从钻头喷嘴高速喷出后沿环空返出地面，同时完成三件事：把钻头破碎的岩屑携带出井，冷却并润滑钻头与钻具，以及在裸眼段维持液柱压力。液柱压力略高于地层孔隙压力时，油气水就被“顶住”进不了井筒；一旦停泵，岩屑下沉易卡钻，压力失衡还可能诱发井涌乃至井喷，因此循环不能中断。
Mud is pumped down the drill pipe, jets out of the bit nozzles at high speed, and returns up the annulus, doing three jobs at once: carrying rock cuttings out of the hole, cooling and lubricating the bit and string, and holding hydrostatic pressure across the openhole interval. As long as this column pressure slightly exceeds formation pore pressure, oil, gas, and water are held back from entering the wellbore; stop circulation and cuttings settle to stick the pipe, while any pressure imbalance can trigger a kick or even a blowout—so circulation never pauses.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
R.肯恩、H.C.H.达利与G.R.格雷《钻井与完井液的成分和性能》（第6版），Gulf Professional Publishing，2011年。
R. Caenn, H.C.H. Darley & G.R. Gray, Composition and Properties of Drilling and Completion Fluids, 6th ed., Gulf Professional Publishing, 2011.
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL16767957W：Composition and proper
#钻井液 #环空携岩 #井底压力控制
太阳能电池板是怎样发电的？
How do solar panels generate electricity?
太阳能电池板里的半导体材料在光照下把光子转化为电子流动，形成直流电。许多电池片串联组成板，再经逆变器变成家里可用的交流电。
The semiconductor material in a solar panel converts photons into flowing electrons under light, producing direct current. Many cells are wired in series into a panel, and an inverter then turns it into the AC power used at home.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Luque & Hegedus，《光伏科学与技术手册》（第2版）
Luque & Hegedus, 'Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering' (2nd ed.)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL18449153W：Handbook of photovolta
#太阳能 #光伏 #半导体
什么是核能，它是如何发电的？
What is nuclear energy and how is it used to generate power?
核能来自原子核裂变时释放的巨大能量，一座反应堆控制裂变速度产生热能。这些热把水变成蒸汽推动汽轮机发电，且不排放二氧化碳。
Nuclear energy comes from the huge energy released when atomic nuclei split, and a reactor controls the fission rate to produce heat. The heat turns water into steam that drives a turbine to generate electricity, with no carbon dioxide emissions.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
NREL 美国国家可再生能源实验室；Twidell & Weir《可再生能源资源》；IAEA 核安全标准
NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory); Twidell & Weir, Renewable Energy Resources; IAEA Safety Standards
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL5479870W：Renewable energy resour
#核能 #裂变 #发电
地热能是怎样被用来发电或供暖的？
How is geothermal energy used for power or heating?
地球内部的热量加热地下水和岩石，可通过钻井抽取高温蒸汽或热水直接供暖，或推动汽轮机发电。它稳定可靠、不受天气影响，但受地质条件限制。
Earth's internal heat warms underground water and rock; wells draw hot steam or water for direct heating or to spin turbines for power. It is steady and weather-independent but site-limited.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
NREL 美国国家可再生能源实验室；Twidell & Weir《可再生能源资源》；IAEA 核安全标准
NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory); Twidell & Weir, Renewable Energy Resources; IAEA Safety Standards
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL5479870W：Renewable energy resour
#地热 #钻井 #供暖
什么是可再生能源？
What is renewable energy?
可再生能源是来自自然界能不断补充的能源，如太阳能、风能、水能和生物质能。它们取用后不会枯竭，且通常比化石燃料更清洁。
Renewable energy comes from natural sources that replenish continuously, such as solar, wind, hydro, and biomass. They are not depleted by use and are generally cleaner than fossil fuels.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
王兆安 刘进军 主编,《电力电子技术》第5版,机械工业出版社,2009
Wang Zhaoan and Liu Jinjun eds., Power Electronics, 5th ed., China Machine Press, 2009
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787111268062（豆瓣书目条目: 电力电子技术）
#可再生能源 #太阳能 #风能
什么是“能量转换效率”？以光伏电池为例说明。
What is energy conversion efficiency, and explain it using a photovoltaic cell?
能量转换效率 = 有用输出能量 / 输入能量。光伏电池把太阳光转为电能，商用晶硅电池约20%–23%，受肖克利—奎伊瑟单结极限（约33%）制约。
Energy conversion efficiency equals useful output energy divided by input energy. A solar PV cell converts sunlight to electricity; commercial silicon cells reach about 20%–23%, limited by the Shockley-Queisser single-junction limit of about 33%.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Luque & Hegedus，《光伏科学与技术手册》（第2版）
Luque & Hegedus, 'Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering' (2nd ed.)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL18449153W：Handbook of photovolta
#光伏 #转换效率 #肖克利奎伊瑟极限 #晶硅