什么是钙钛矿太阳能电池？
What is a perovskite solar cell?
钙钛矿电池用一种钙钛矿结构材料吸光发电，实验室效率已超25%且成本低、可柔性制备。它可与晶硅叠层进一步提升效率。主要瓶颈是长期稳定性和大面积均匀制备。
A perovskite solar cell uses a perovskite-structured material to absorb light and generate power; lab efficiency exceeds 25% with low cost and flexible fabrication. It can be stacked on silicon to push efficiency higher. The main bottlenecks are long-term stability and uniform large-area making.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
Green & Emery《太阳能电池原理》；NREL 光伏研究
Green & Emery, Solar Cells; NREL photovoltaics research
#钙钛矿 #光伏 #新材料
什么是第四代核反应堆？
What is a Generation IV nuclear reactor?
第四代核反应堆是六种先进概念的总称，强调更安全、更经济、防扩散和高效利用燃料。例如快堆可增殖燃料，高温气冷堆用惰性气体冷却。部分设计具备被动安全，无需外部干预即可停堆。
Generation IV refers to six advanced reactor concepts emphasizing safety, economy, proliferation resistance, and efficient fuel use. For example, fast reactors breed fuel and high-temperature gas-cooled reactors use inert gas cooling. Some have passive safety that shuts down without external action.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
NREL 美国国家可再生能源实验室；Twidell & Weir《可再生能源资源》；IAEA 核安全标准
NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory); Twidell & Weir, Renewable Energy Resources; IAEA Safety Standards
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL5479870W：Renewable energy resour
#核能 #四代堆 #安全
什么是固态电池？
What is a solid-state battery?
固态电池用固体电解质代替易燃液态电解液，安全性更高且能量密度更大。它有望让电动车续航更长、充电更快。大规模量产仍受材料和界面阻抗制约。
A solid-state battery replaces the flammable liquid electrolyte with a solid one, improving safety and enabling higher energy density. It could give EVs longer range and faster charging. Mass production is still limited by materials and interface resistance.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Janek & Zeier，《电池发展的固态未来》，《自然·能源》1卷，16141（2016）
Janek & Zeier, 'A solid future for battery development,' Nature Energy 1, 16141 (2016)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1038/nenergy.2016.141：A solid future for
#固态电池 #储能 #电动车
什么是抽水蓄能？
What is pumped-storage hydropower?
抽水蓄能在用电低谷时用多余电把水抽到上库，高峰时放水发电，相当于巨型充电宝。它响应快，是电网调峰和消纳风光的重要手段。全球储能装机中它占大头。
Pumped storage uses surplus power at low-demand times to pump water uphill to a reservoir, then releases it to generate at peaks, acting like a giant power bank. It responds quickly and is key for grid balancing and absorbing wind and solar. It dominates global storage capacity.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Twidell & Weir，《可再生能源资源》（第3版）
Twidell & Weir, 'Renewable Energy Resources' (3rd ed.)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL5479870W：Renewable energy resour
#抽水蓄能 #储能 #电网
卡诺定理给所有热机设定了怎样不可逾越的效率上限？
What unbeatable efficiency ceiling does Carnot's theorem set for all heat engines?
卡诺定理指出，工作在高温热源 T_h 和低温热源 T_c 之间的任何热机，效率都不可能超过 1 − T_c/T_h（温度用绝对温标）。它说明要想更高效，要么提高热源温差，要么减少不可逆损失。
Carnot's theorem states no engine operating between a hot reservoir T_h and a cold T_c can exceed an efficiency of 1 − T_c/T_h (absolute temperatures). It means higher efficiency needs a bigger temperature gap or fewer irreversibilities.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Carnot《论火的动力》(1824)；Cengel 与 Boles《工程热力学》
Carnot, 'Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire' (1824); Cengel & Boles, 'Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach'
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-1-259-27989-8 (9th ed., McGraw-Hill) · 核验依据 2 ISBN 9781260116106 (2018) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 9780665590955 (2002)
#卡诺定理 #热机 #效率上限 #绝对温度
什么是核裂变？
What is nuclear fission?
核裂变是重原子核（如铀235）被中子击中分裂成较小核并释放巨大能量的过程。反应堆用它持续产生热能再发电。控制链式反应是安全运行的关键。
Nuclear fission is when a heavy nucleus such as uranium-235 is hit by a neutron and splits into smaller nuclei, releasing large energy. Reactors sustain this to produce heat for electricity. Controlling the chain reaction is the key to safe operation.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Atkins，《物理化学》（第10版）
Atkins, 'Physical Chemistry' (10th ed.)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL1907523W：Physical chemistry（首版 1
#核能 #裂变 #发电
什么是智能电网？
What is a smart grid?
智能电网用传感器、通信和自动控制在传统电网上加装“大脑”，实现供需实时平衡。它能更好接纳风光等波动电源并支持电动车充电。停电时还能快速定位隔离。
A smart grid adds a 'brain' of sensors, communications, and automation to the traditional grid for real-time supply-demand balance. It better absorbs variable sources like wind and solar and supports EV charging. During outages it can quickly locate and isolate faults.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
IEEE 电网调度标准；Kundur《电力系统稳定与控制》
IEEE grid dispatch standards; Kundur, Power System Stability and Control
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3927662W：Power system stability
#智能电网 #电力 #数字化
热泵和冰箱为什么能用一份电搬来几份热量？
Why can a heat pump or fridge move several units of heat per unit of electricity?
它们都用压缩机驱动制冷剂的蒸汽压缩循环，让制冷剂在低温侧蒸发吸热、在高温侧冷凝放热，从而把热量从冷端『搬』到热端。电能是用来做功搬运热量而不是直接产热，所以性能系数(COP)可以远大于 1，其理论上限由逆卡诺循环给出。Carrier 在 1902 年设计出首台现代空调，奠定了工程化的空气处理与制冷方法。
Both use a compressor-driven vapor-compression cycle in which the refrigerant evaporates and absorbs heat on the cold side and condenses and releases it on the hot side, moving heat from cold to hot. The electricity does work to transport heat rather than to create it, so the coefficient of performance can far exceed 1, with the reversed Carnot cycle as its theoretical ceiling. Carrier designed the first modern air-conditioning system in 1902, establishing engineered air treatment and refrigeration.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Cengel 与 Boles《工程热力学》(Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach)；Carrier《合理焓湿计算公式》(Rational Psychrometric Formulae, ASME Transactions, 1911)
Cengel & Boles, 'Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach'; Carrier, 'Rational Psychrometric Formulae' (ASME Transactions, 1911)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-1-259-27989-8 (9th ed., McGraw-Hill) · 核验依据 2 ISBN 9781260116106 (2018) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 9780665590955 (2002)
#热泵 #逆卡诺循环 #COP #制冷
什么是地热发电？
What is geothermal power?
地热发电利用地球内部的热水或蒸汽驱动涡轮发电，稳定且不受天气影响。干蒸汽、闪蒸和二元循环是三种主要技术。冰岛和印尼等地热资源丰富。
Geothermal power uses heat from underground hot water or steam to drive turbines, providing steady output unaffected by weather. Dry steam, flash, and binary cycle are the three main technologies. Iceland and Indonesia have rich resources.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Twidell & Weir，《可再生能源资源》（第3版）
Twidell & Weir, 'Renewable Energy Resources' (3rd ed.)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL5479870W：Renewable energy resour
#地热 #可再生 #稳定
什么是潮汐能？
What is tidal energy?
潮汐能利用海水涨落的势能推动水轮机发电，周期可预测、稳定。拦坝式和潮流式是两类主要方式。适合潮差大的海湾，但选址受限且投资高。
Tidal energy uses the rise and fall of seawater to drive turbines, with a predictable and steady cycle. Barrage and tidal-stream are the two main approaches. It suits bays with large tidal range but is site-limited and capital-intensive.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Twidell & Weir，《可再生能源资源》（第3版）
Twidell & Weir, 'Renewable Energy Resources' (3rd ed.)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL5479870W：Renewable energy resour
#潮汐 #海洋能 #可再生
什么是热电联产？
What is combined heat and power (CHP)?
热电联产在同一机组中同时产出电力和可用余热，总效率可达80%以上。余热用于供暖或工业蒸汽，避免单独发电时废热排掉。它常见于工业园区和区域供暖。
Combined heat and power produces electricity and useful heat from the same unit, reaching overall efficiency above 80%. The waste heat warms buildings or feeds industrial steam instead of being dumped. It is common in industrial parks and district heating.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Cengel，《工程热力学：一种工程方法》（第9版）
Cengel, 'Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach' (9th ed.)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-1-259-27989-8 (9th ed., McGraw-Hill) · 核验依据 2 ISBN 9781260116106 (2018) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 9780665590955 (2002)
#热电联产 #效率 #节能
什么是水力发电？
What is hydroelectric power?
水力发电用水库高处的水落下推动水轮机发电，是最成熟的可再生能源。它能快速调峰，配合风光互补。但建坝会淹没土地并影响生态。
Hydroelectric power lets water from a high reservoir fall and spin a turbine to generate electricity; it is the most mature renewable source. It can ramp up quickly for peak shaving and pairs well with wind and solar. But dams flood land and affect ecology.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Twidell & Weir，《可再生能源资源》（第3版）
Twidell & Weir, 'Renewable Energy Resources' (3rd ed.)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL5479870W：Renewable energy resour
#水电 #可再生 #调峰
什么是风力发电？
What is wind power generation?
风力发电用风推动叶片带动发电机转动产生电。风机越高风速越大、效率越高。海上风电因风稳且强而发展很快。风能是增长最快的可再生能源之一。
Wind power uses wind to spin blades that drive a generator to make electricity. Taller turbines meet stronger, steadier wind and higher efficiency. Offshore wind is growing fast because of stable, strong winds. Wind is among the fastest-growing renewables.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Burton，《风能手册》（第2版）
Burton, 'Wind Energy Handbook' (2nd ed.)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL21606346W：Wind Energy Handbook（首
#风能 #风机 #可再生
什么是太阳能光伏？
What is solar photovoltaics (PV)?
太阳能光伏用半导体把太阳光直接变成电，常见材料是晶硅。它清洁无噪声，可装在屋顶或沙漠电站。阴天发电会减少，需要储能或并网互补。
Solar PV uses semiconductors, usually crystalline silicon, to turn sunlight directly into electricity. It is clean and quiet and can be mounted on roofs or in desert power plants. Output drops on cloudy days, so storage or grid balancing is needed.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Luque & Hegedus，《光伏科学与技术手册》（第2版）
Luque & Hegedus, 'Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering' (2nd ed.)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL18449153W：Handbook of photovolta
#太阳能 #光伏 #可再生
什么是电池？
What is a battery?
电池通过内部化学反应把化学能变成电能供设备使用。它由正极、负极和电解质组成，可充电电池能反复使用。手机、电动车和储能站都依赖它。
A battery converts chemical energy into electricity through internal reactions. It consists of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte, and rechargeable types can be used many times. Phones, EVs, and storage stations all rely on it.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Linden & Reddy，《林登电池手册》（第4版）
Linden & Reddy, 'Lindens Handbook of Batteries' (4th ed.)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-07-037921-3 (1995, McGraw-Hill)
#电池 #储能 #电化学