氢气储运为什么比天然气麻烦得多，液态储氢、氨载体和有机液体储氢各解决什么问题？
Why is hydrogen storage and transport far trickier than natural gas, and what do liquid hydrogen, ammonia carriers and liquid organic carriers each solve?
氢气极轻、常压体积巨大，液化要深冷到零下253℃且耗能高。液氢适合航天等高频场景，氨和有机液体（LOHC）则在常温常压下以化合物形式安全储运，用时再释放氢气。
Hydrogen is very light and bulky at ambient pressure; liquefaction needs minus 253°C and high energy. Liquid H2 suits spaceflight; ammonia and liquid organic carriers (LOHC) store and ship it safely at room conditions, releasing H2 on demand.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Züttel，《储氢材料》，《今日材料》6(9)卷，24–33页（2003）
Züttel, 'Materials for hydrogen storage,' Materials Today 6(9), 24–33 (2003)
#储氢 #液氢 #氨载体
什么是“氢脆”，为什么它让输氢管道和储氢罐的材料选择格外困难？
What is hydrogen embrittlement, and why does it make material choice for hydrogen pipelines and tanks especially difficult?
氢原子会渗入金属晶界，使材料变脆、在远低于设计应力下开裂。普通高强度钢和某些焊缝容易中招，因此输氢设备往往要改用低强度钢、奥氏体不锈钢或特殊涂层。
Hydrogen atoms seep into metal grain boundaries, making it brittle and cracking below design stress. Common high-strength steels and some welds are vulnerable, so hydrogen equipment often uses low-strength steel, austenitic stainless or special coatings.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
ASM手册第20卷，《材料选择与设计中氢脆》
ASM Handbook Vol. 20, 'Materials Selection and Design: Hydrogen Embrittlement'
#氢脆 #管材 #材料
质子交换膜燃料电池的铂催化剂为什么昂贵，非铂催化剂研究卡在哪里？
Why is the platinum catalyst in PEM fuel cells expensive, and where does platinum-free catalyst research get stuck?
铂能高效催化阴极的氧还原反应，但稀缺昂贵，占电堆成本大头。铁氮碳等非铂材料活性已接近，却在长期稳定性和抗一氧化碳中毒上仍不及铂，难以撑过数千小时寿命。
Platinum efficiently catalyzes cathodic oxygen reduction but is scarce and costly, dominating stack price. Platinum-free Fe-N-C materials approach its activity yet lag in long-term stability and CO tolerance, struggling to last thousands of hours.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Gasteiger & Marković，《只是梦想还是未来现实？无铂氧还原催化剂》，《科学》324卷（2009）
Gasteiger & Marković, 'Just a dream—or future reality? Pt-free catalysts for oxygen reduction,' Science 324 (2009)
#燃料电池 #铂催化剂 #氧还原
“绿氢”“蓝氢”“灰氢”是按什么来区分的，为什么绿氢最被推崇？
How are green, blue and gray hydrogen distinguished, and why is green hydrogen most favored?
它们按制氢过程的碳排放划分：灰氢来自化石能源且无捕集，蓝氢有碳捕集，绿氢用可再生电力电解水几乎零碳。绿氢最清洁，但当前成本也最高。
They are classified by carbon emissions: gray from fossil fuels without capture, blue with capture, and green from renewable-powered electrolysis near zero carbon. Green is cleanest but currently costliest.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
IEA,《低碳能源未来中的氢能》(The Role of Hydrogen in a Low-carbon Energy Future),2019
IEA, The Role of Hydrogen in a Low-carbon Energy Future, 2019
#绿氢 #蓝氢 #碳足迹
氢燃料电池车和氢内燃机车的区别是什么，为什么前者效率更高？
What is the difference between a hydrogen fuel-cell car and a hydrogen combustion car, and why is the former more efficient?
燃料电池车在电池里让氢和氧直接发生电化学反应发电驱动，不受热机效率上限束缚；氢内燃机只是把氢当汽油烧，仍受卡诺效率限制，能量浪费更多。
A fuel-cell car makes electricity by electrochemically combining hydrogen and oxygen, free of the heat-engine efficiency ceiling, while a hydrogen engine just burns hydrogen and is still limited by Carnot efficiency, wasting more energy.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Larminie & Dicks，《燃料电池系统解析》（第2版）
Larminie & Dicks, 'Fuel Cell Systems Explained' (2nd ed.)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL18161114W：Fuel cell systems expl
#氢燃料 #燃料电池 #效率