什么是微纳制造？
What is micro-nano manufacturing?
微纳制造是在微米到纳米尺度加工结构的技术，涵盖光刻、电子束刻蚀和原子层沉积等。它支撑芯片、MEMS传感器和微流控器件。挑战在于尺度效应和良率控制。
Micro-nano manufacturing fabricates structures at micron to nanometer scales, including lithography, electron-beam etching, and atomic layer deposition. It underpins chips, MEMS sensors, and microfluidic devices. Challenges are scale effects and yield control.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
B.J. Lin《Optical Lithography: Here Is Why》，SPIE Press，2009年
B.J. Lin, Optical Lithography: Here Is Why, SPIE Press, 2009
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9780819475602 (2009)
#微纳 #制造 #纳米
什么是半导体光刻？
What is semiconductor photolithography?
光刻把电路图案通过掩模和光投射到涂有光刻胶的硅片上，再经显影刻蚀转移到芯片。它是决定芯片线宽和集成度的核心工艺。极紫外（EUV）光刻可达几纳米精度。
Photolithography projects a circuit pattern through a mask onto a photoresist-coated silicon wafer, then develops and etches it onto the chip. It is the core process setting line width and integration. EUV lithography reaches a few-nanometer precision.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
S.A. Campbell《The Science and Engineering of Microelectronic Fabrication》第4版,Oxford University Press,2018
S. A. Campbell, The Science and Engineering of Microelectronic Fabrication, 4th ed., Oxford University Press, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL2953942W：The Science and Enginee
#光刻 #半导体 #芯片
什么是增材制造？
What is additive manufacturing?
增材制造（工业3D打印）按三维模型逐层堆积材料成型，几乎不受形状复杂度限制。它适合小批量和个性化、拓扑优化件。缺点是速度和材料种类仍受限。
Additive manufacturing, or industrial 3D printing, builds parts layer by layer from a 3D model, with almost no limit from shape complexity. It suits small batches, customization, and topology-optimized parts. Limits are speed and available materials.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03
来源 · Source
Kalpakjian & Schmid《制造工程与技术》；Groover《现代制造基础》；AWS 美国焊接学会标准
Kalpakjian & Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology; Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing; AWS standards
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9789810694067 (7th SI Edition, (c)2014)
#增材制造 #3D打印 #分层
什么是粉末冶金？
What is powder metallurgy?
粉末冶金把金属粉末压制成形再烧结成零件，可制造难熔、高合金和带孔隙的自润滑件。它材料利用率极高、适合大批量小零件。汽车齿轮和含油轴承常用此法。
Powder metallurgy presses metal powder into shape and sinters it, making refractory, high-alloy, and porous self-lubricating parts. It has very high material use and suits high-volume small parts. Auto gears and oil-impregnated bearings often use it.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03
来源 · Source
Kalpakjian & Schmid《制造工程与技术》；Groover《现代制造基础》；AWS 美国焊接学会标准
Kalpakjian & Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology; Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing; AWS standards
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9789810694067 (7th SI Edition, (c)2014)
#粉末冶金 #烧结 #成型
喷墨印刷有机光伏器件中,咖啡环效应如何影响成膜均匀性,有哪些抑制策略?
How does the coffee-ring effect affect film uniformity in inkjet-printed organic photovoltaic layers, and what strategies suppress it?
液滴蒸发时接触线钉扎驱动内部毛细流,把溶质携带到边缘沉积,形成边缘厚中心薄的环状形貌,破坏活性层厚度一致性。抑制手段包括升高基板温度加快马兰戈尼对流、添加高沸点共溶剂改变接触线行为,以及用表面活性剂使接触线去钉扎。成分梯度调控还可诱导反向马兰戈尼流,让颗粒重新向中心聚集。
During droplet evaporation, a pinned contact line drives internal capillary flow that carries solute to the perimeter, producing ring-like deposits thick at the edge and thin at the center, which degrades active-layer thickness uniformity. Suppression approaches include raising substrate temperature to strengthen Marangoni convection, adding high-boiling cosolvents to alter contact-line behavior, and using surfactants to depin the line. Compositional gradients can even reverse the Marangoni flow so particles accumulate toward the center.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Hu & Larson,《Marangoni Effect Reverses Coffee-Ring Depositions》,The Journal of Physical Chemistry B,2006 (DOI: 10.1021/jp0609232)
Hu & Larson, 'Marangoni Effect Reverses Coffee-Ring Depositions', The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2006, DOI: 10.1021/jp0609232
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1021/jp0609232
#印刷电子 #咖啡环效应
搅拌摩擦焊过程中,轴肩下压量与焊接速度如何共同决定焊核区的热输入和缺陷类型?
In friction stir welding, how do the shoulder plunge depth and travel speed jointly determine the heat input in the nugget zone and the resulting defect types?
下压量增大使轴肩与工件接触面积增加,摩擦产热量近似随压力和转速乘积上升,而焊接速度决定单位长度材料接收的热量。热输入不足时前进侧易出现隧道型孔洞和未熔合缺陷;热输入过高则导致晶粒严重长大及轴肩前沿材料挤出形成的飞边。工程上常用每转进给量(焊接速度/转速)作为综合控制指标,铝合金典型范围约0.5–1.2 mm/r。
Increasing plunge depth enlarges the shoulder-workpiece contact area, so frictional heat rises roughly with the product of axial force and rotation speed, while travel speed sets how much heat each unit length of material receives. Insufficient heat input produces tunnel porosity and lack-of-fill defects on the advancing side; excessive heat input causes pronounced grain growth and flash expelled from the shoulder's leading edge. In practice engineers use feed per revolution (travel speed divided by rotation speed) as a combined control index, typically about 0.5-1.2 mm/rev for aluminum alloys.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Mishra, Ma,《Friction stir welding and processing》,Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports,2005 (DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2005.07.001)
Mishra, Ma, 'Friction stir welding and processing', Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 2005, DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2005.07.001
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1016/j.mser.2005.07.001
#搅拌摩擦焊 #热输入控制
航空发动机涡轮叶片采用的定向凝固（Bridgman法）铸造是怎样实现的？为什么它能大幅延长叶片的高温服役寿命？
How is Bridgman-type directional solidification casting carried out for turbine blades, and why does it greatly extend their high-temperature service life?
定向凝固让铸型底部贴合水冷结晶器、整体在加热炉内按设定速率下拉，热量仅沿单一方向导出，柱状晶沿<001>取向纵向生长，横向晶界基本消失。晶界是蠕变孔洞与热疲劳裂纹的优先通道，消除它之后叶片在高温高应力下的持久寿命显著提高；配合选晶器引晶还能得到完全无晶界的单晶叶片。
In Bridgman-type directional solidification the shell mold rests on a water-cooled chill plate inside a furnace and is withdrawn at a controlled rate, so heat flows along one axis and columnar grains grow longitudinally in the <001> orientation while transverse grain boundaries vanish. Boundaries are fast paths for creep cavitation and thermal-fatigue cracking, so their removal markedly raises high-temperature rupture life; a pigtail selector can extend this into a fully single-crystal blade.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
J. Campbell《Complete Casting Handbook》（第2版），Elsevier，2015年
J. Campbell, Complete Casting Handbook, 2nd ed., Elsevier, 2015
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9780081015544 (2018)
#定向凝固 #单晶叶片 #高温合金
什么是精密锻造？
What is precision forging?
精密锻造在接近最终形状的条件下锻压金属，尺寸公差小、几乎无需后续切削。它材料利用率高、晶粒流线好，零件更强韧。常用于齿轮和航空发动机盘件。
Precision forging shapes metal near its final form with tight tolerances, needing almost no later cutting. It has high material use and good grain flow, making parts tougher. It is used for gears and aero-engine disks.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03
来源 · Source
Kalpakjian & Schmid《制造工程与技术》；Groover《现代制造基础》；AWS 美国焊接学会标准
Kalpakjian & Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology; Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing; AWS standards
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9789810694067 (7th SI Edition, (c)2014)
#锻造 #精密 #近净形
什么是电泳涂装？
What is electrophoretic coating (e-coating)?
电泳涂装把工件浸入带电漆液，靠电场让涂料均匀沉积在表面，连缝隙也能覆盖。它防腐好、涂料利用率高，汽车车身底漆普遍采用。之后还要喷面漆。
Electrophoretic coating dips the part in a charged paint bath so the electric field deposits coating evenly, even into crevices. It gives good corrosion resistance and high paint use, and is standard for car body primers. A topcoat follows.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
《ASM Handbook, Vol. 13A: Corrosion — Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection》
'ASM Handbook, Vol. 13A: Corrosion — Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection'
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9781947192898 (2021)
#电泳 #涂装 #防腐
什么是注塑成型？
What is injection molding?
注塑把熔融塑料高速注入钢模，冷却后顶出成型，适合大批量生产塑料件。手机壳、牙刷和餐具多由此而来。模具成本高但单件极便宜。
Injection molding forces molten plastic into a steel mold at high speed and ejects it after cooling, ideal for mass plastic parts. Phone cases, toothbrushes, and utensils come from it. The mold is costly but each part is very cheap.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03
来源 · Source
Kalpakjian & Schmid《制造工程与技术》；Groover《现代制造基础》；AWS 美国焊接学会标准
Kalpakjian & Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology; Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing; AWS standards
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9789810694067 (7th SI Edition, (c)2014)
#注塑 #塑料 #模具
什么是热处理和退火？
What is heat treatment and annealing?
热处理通过加热保温冷却改变金属内部组织，从而调整硬度、韧性和强度。退火是其中一种，缓慢冷却以消除内应力、软化材料便于加工。淬火和回火则提高硬度。
Heat treatment changes a metal's internal structure by heating, holding, and cooling to adjust hardness, toughness, and strength. Annealing is one type that cools slowly to relieve stress and soften the material for machining. Quenching and tempering raise hardness.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Callister,《Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction》Wiley 多版
W. D. Callister Jr., Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, Wiley, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-119-45520-2 (Global Ed.) / 978-1-119-45391-8
#热处理 #退火 #金属
什么是激光切割？
What is laser cutting?
激光切割用高功率光束熔化或气化材料，配合气体吹走熔渣，切口细且变形小。它适合金属、木材和亚克力等多种材料。数控路径让复杂图形也能快速完成。
Laser cutting uses a high-power beam to melt or vaporize material while gas blows away slag, giving fine, low-distortion cuts. It suits metal, wood, acrylic, and more. CNC paths let complex shapes be cut quickly.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03
来源 · Source
Kalpakjian & Schmid《制造工程与技术》；Groover《现代制造基础》；AWS 美国焊接学会标准
Kalpakjian & Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology; Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing; AWS standards
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9789810694067 (7th SI Edition, (c)2014)
#激光 #切割 #数控
什么是数控加工？
What is CNC machining?
数控加工用计算机程序控制机床自动切削金属或塑料，精度可达微米级。它适合复杂零件的小批量和柔性生产。车、铣、钻都可由CNC完成。
CNC machining uses computer programs to control machine tools that automatically cut metal or plastic, with micron-level precision. It suits complex parts in small batches and flexible production. Turning, milling, and drilling can all be CNC-run.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Altintas，《Manufacturing Automation: Metal Cutting Mechanics, Machine Tool Vibrations, and CNC Design》（第2版，Cambridge，2012）
Altintas, 'Manufacturing Automation: Metal Cutting Mechanics, Machine Tool Vibrations, and CNC Design' (2nd ed., Cambridge, 2012)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9780521659734 (2012)
#数控 #机床 #精密
什么是表面处理？
What is surface treatment?
表面处理在零件表层形成保护或装饰膜，如镀锌、阳极氧化和喷塑，用以防锈美观或耐磨。它不改变整体形状只改表层性能。选择取决于基材和使用环境。
Surface treatment forms a protective or decorative layer on a part, such as galvanizing, anodizing, and powder coating, for rust proofing, looks, or wear resistance. It changes only the surface, not the shape. Choice depends on the substrate and environment.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
《ASM Handbook, Vol. 13A: Corrosion — Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection》
'ASM Handbook, Vol. 13A: Corrosion — Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection'
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9781947192898 (2021)
#表面处理 #防腐 #涂层
低合金高强钢焊接接头为什么常在焊完几小时甚至几十小时后才出现冷裂纹?'氢致延迟开裂'的'延迟'从何而来?
Cold cracks in low-alloy high-strength steel weldments often show up hours or even tens of hours after the arc goes out — what gives hydrogen-induced delayed cracking its delay?
冷裂纹需三要素同时满足:足量扩散氢、马氏体类淬硬组织和较高拘束应力,缺一不裂。焊后氢原子沿位错与晶界向热影响区应力集中处扩散富集,局部浓度越过临界值才萌生微裂纹并逐步连通扩展,这段扩散富集时间正是'延迟'的来源。工艺对策是采用低氢焊材、按规定预热并在焊后及时后热消氢,把扩散氢含量与热影响区硬度控制在临界组合以内。
A cold crack requires three factors together — sufficient diffusible hydrogen, a harden microstructure such as martensite, and substantial restraint stress; lacking any one, it will not form. After welding, hydrogen atoms diffuse along dislocations and grain boundaries and pile up at stress concentrations in the heat-affected zone, and microcracks initiate only when the local concentration crosses a critical threshold, which is exactly where the delay comes from. Countermeasures are low-hydrogen consumables, prescribed preheat, and prompt post-weld hydrogen bake-out so diffusible hydrogen and HAZ hardness stay below their critical combination.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
AWS D1.1/D1.1M Structural Welding Code - Steel, Annex XI: Guideline on alternative methods for determining preheat temperatures, American Welding Society.
AWS D1.1/D1.1M Structural Welding Code - Steel, Annex XI (guideline on preheat determination against hydrogen cracking), American Welding Society.
#冷裂纹 #扩散氢
OLED 蒸镀工艺中,精细金属掩膜版的开口精度为什么会成为限制高分辨率面板像素密度的关键因素?
In OLED thermal evaporation, why does the aperture precision of the fine metal mask become the key factor limiting the pixel density of high-resolution panels?
精细金属掩膜版依靠微米级开孔把红、绿、蓝有机材料分别蒸镀到对应子像素上,开口位置误差会直接造成混色与暗态漏光。当 PPI 提升到数百量级时,开口尺寸缩至十余微米,掩膜自重下垂和热膨胀引起的对位偏移被急剧放大,成为良率的主要瓶颈。厂商因此采用低热膨胀合金掩膜、磁力吸附整平与实时激光对位来支撑更高分辨率产品的量产。
A fine metal mask deposits red, green and blue organic materials onto their respective subpixels through micron-scale apertures, so positional errors of those apertures directly cause color mixing and dark-state leakage. Once PPI climbs into the hundreds, apertures shrink to roughly ten micrometers, and mask sag together with thermal-expansion misalignment grows sharply, becoming the dominant yield bottleneck. Manufacturers therefore rely on low-CTE alloy masks, magnetic flattening and real-time laser alignment to mass-produce ever higher-resolution panels.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 中 OLED 蒸镀与 FFM 对位方向的论文
SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, papers on OLED evaporation and FFM alignment
#OLED蒸镀 #金属掩膜版
砂型铸造中的冒口起什么作用？为什么要求它比铸件本体晚凝固？
What does a riser do in sand casting, and why must it solidify later than the casting body?
金属液凝固收缩时若得不到补充，厚大部位会留下集中缩孔或分散缩松。冒口是连接铸件的储液池，按顺序凝固原则布置：离冒口最远的部位先冻结，固液界面逐渐朝冒口推进，补缩通道始终畅通，收缩空腔最终由冒口内的金属液填满。设计上令冒口模数大于被补缩部位，并常加保温套减缓散热，以确保它成为最后凝固的区域。
If shrinking melt gets no replenishment during freezing, heavy sections retain concentrated shrinkage cavities or dispersed porosity. A riser is a liquid reservoir attached to the casting and laid out for directional solidification: metal farthest from it freezes first, the front advances toward the riser, the feeding channel stays open, and the final cavity is filled from the riser. Its modulus is made larger than the fed section, often with insulating sleeves to slow heat loss.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
J. 坎贝尔（John Campbell），《完整铸造手册》第2版，Elsevier，2015
John Campbell, Complete Casting Handbook, 2nd ed., Elsevier, 2015
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9780081015544 (2018)
#铸造 #冒口 #顺序凝固
什么是铸造？
What is casting?
铸造是把熔融金属倒入模具冷却成型的方法，能做出复杂形状。常见有砂型铸造和压铸。发动机缸体和井盖多用铸造生产。
Casting pours molten metal into a mold and lets it cool into shape, able to make complex forms. Common methods are sand casting and die casting. Engine blocks and manhole covers are often cast.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03
来源 · Source
Kalpakjian & Schmid《制造工程与技术》；Groover《现代制造基础》；AWS 美国焊接学会标准
Kalpakjian & Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology; Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing; AWS standards
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9789810694067 (7th SI Edition, (c)2014)
#铸造 #模具 #金属
什么是焊接？
What is welding?
焊接是用加热或加压把两块金属永久连接在一起的工艺，如电弧焊和激光焊。它比铆接更轻更密封。桥梁、船舶和汽车制造都离不开它。
Welding permanently joins two metal pieces by heat or pressure, such as arc welding and laser welding. It is lighter and more sealed than riveting. Bridges, ships, and cars all depend on it.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03
来源 · Source
Kalpakjian & Schmid《制造工程与技术》；Groover《现代制造基础》；AWS 美国焊接学会标准
Kalpakjian & Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology; Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing; AWS standards
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9789810694067 (7th SI Edition, (c)2014)
#焊接 #连接 #金属
什么是冲压？
What is stamping?
冲压用模具和压机把金属板快速冲剪、弯曲成零件，效率高、适合大批量。汽车车身覆盖件主要靠冲压。它需要昂贵的模具但单件成本极低。
Stamping uses dies and presses to cut, bend, or form sheet metal quickly, with high efficiency for mass production. Car body panels are mainly stamped. It needs costly dies but gives very low per-part cost.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03
来源 · Source
Kalpakjian & Schmid《制造工程与技术》；Groover《现代制造基础》；AWS 美国焊接学会标准
Kalpakjian & Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology; Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing; AWS standards
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9789810694067 (7th SI Edition, (c)2014)
#冲压 #模具 #批量
什么是装配线？
What is an assembly line?
装配线把产品拆成多道工序，工件沿流水线移动、每站只做一件事，大幅提高产量。福特汽车1913年率先用于造车。它奠定了现代大规模制造的基础。
An assembly line breaks a product into stations; the workpiece moves along and each station does one task, greatly raising output. Ford first used it for cars in 1913. It founded modern mass manufacturing.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03
来源 · Source
Kalpakjian & Schmid《制造工程与技术》；Groover《现代制造基础》；AWS 美国焊接学会标准
Kalpakjian & Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology; Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing; AWS standards
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9789810694067 (7th SI Edition, (c)2014)
#装配线 #批量 #制造