什么是材料的蠕变，在什么条件下最危险？
What is creep in materials, and when is it most dangerous?
蠕变是材料在恒定应力下随时间的缓慢塑性变形，通常在高温（对金属）或长期荷载（对混凝土、塑料）下显著。它会导致涡轮叶片、管道和预应力构件逐渐失效。
Creep is slow time-dependent deformation under constant stress, significant at high temperature for metals or under long loads for concrete and plastics. It can gradually fail turbine blades, pipes, and prestressed members.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Callister,《Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction》Wiley 多版
W. D. Callister Jr., Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, Wiley, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-119-45520-2 (Global Ed.) / 978-1-119-45391-8
#蠕变 #高温 #长期荷载
什么是晶体缺陷，它们如何影响材料性能？
What are crystal defects and how do they affect material properties?
晶体缺陷是材料原子排列中偏离理想周期性的地方，包括空位、位错和晶界等。位错的运动决定了金属的塑性变形能力，而控制缺陷数量和类型可以调控材料的强度与韧性。
Crystal defects are departures from the ideal periodic atomic arrangement, including vacancies, dislocations, and grain boundaries. Dislocation motion governs a metal's plastic deformation, and controlling defect type and density tunes strength and toughness.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Callister,《Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction》Wiley 多版
W. D. Callister Jr., Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, Wiley, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-119-45520-2 (Global Ed.) / 978-1-119-45391-8
#晶体缺陷 #位错 #强度
铁—碳相图对钢铁材料有什么指导作用？
What guidance does the iron–carbon phase diagram give for steel materials?
铁碳相图显示不同温度和含碳量下钢铁组织的平衡相（如铁素体、奥氏体、渗碳体）。据此可预测淬火、退火等热处理后的组织与性能，是钢铁冶金的基础工具。
The iron–carbon diagram shows equilibrium phases (ferrite, austenite, cementite) at each temperature and carbon level, predicting the microstructure after heat treatment—a foundation of steel metallurgy.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Callister,《Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction》Wiley 多版
W. D. Callister Jr., Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, Wiley, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-119-45520-2 (Global Ed.) / 978-1-119-45391-8
#相图 #铁碳 #奥氏体
什么是相图，工程师为什么用它？
What is a phase diagram and why do engineers use it?
相图用温度和成分等坐标描述合金在不同条件下由哪些相组成，例如钢的铁碳相图。工程师依据相图选择热处理工艺和成分，以获得所需的组织和性能。
A phase diagram shows which phases an alloy consists of under different conditions such as temperature and composition, like the iron-carbon diagram for steel. Engineers use it to choose heat treatments and compositions that yield desired microstructures and properties.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Callister,《Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction》Wiley 多版
W. D. Callister Jr., Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, Wiley, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-119-45520-2 (Global Ed.) / 978-1-119-45391-8
#相图 #热力学 #热处理
PET 熔体纺丝过程中，提高牵伸倍数如何改变分子取向、结晶度以及纤维的最终力学响应？
How does raising the draw ratio during PET melt spinning reshape molecular orientation, crystallinity, and the mechanical response of the finished filament?
牵伸把大分子链段拉向纤维轴向，诱导规整片晶生成，结晶度与晶区取向同步上升，强度和初始模量随之提高。非晶区可伸展的连接链变少，断裂伸长率相应下降，过度牵伸还会萌生微孔和原纤化损伤。工业上常把总牵伸倍数控制在约三点五至五倍，并配合热定型松弛内应力以平衡强伸指标。
Drawing stretches chain segments along the fibre axis and induces ordered lamellae, so crystallinity and crystal orientation climb together with tenacity and initial modulus. Stretchable tie chains in the amorphous phase grow scarce, dropping elongation at break, while over-drawing seeds voids and fibrillation. Mills therefore hold total draw ratios near 3.5 to 5 and heat-set the yarn to relax residual stress and balance strength against extensibility.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
董纪震等《合成纤维生产工艺学》第二版，中国石化出版社，熔体纺丝章
A. Ziabicki, Fundamentals of Fibre Formation: The Science of Fibre Spinning and Drawing, John Wiley & Sons, orientation and crystallization sections
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ARCHIVE 标识 fundamentalsoffi0000ziab：Fundamentals of fibr
#熔融纺丝 #牵伸取向
纸张受潮后为什么沿横向（CD）的伸长明显大于纵向（MD）？这种尺寸各向异性从何而来？
Why does paper lengthen much more in the cross direction (CD) than in the machine direction (MD) when it takes up moisture, and where does this dimensional anisotropy come from?
根源在纤维形态与网上排列。单根纤维素纤维吸湿时直径可膨胀20%以上，而长度几乎不变（约1%）。纸机上纤维多数沿运行方向（MD）取向，横向（CD）因此叠加大量纤维直径方向的溶胀，湿胀幅度远超MD；干燥时受约束冻结的内应力遇高湿又部分释放，进一步放大CD变形。这种各向异性会造成套印失准与卷曲，需靠浆料处理、加填与涂布控制。
The origin lies in fibre geometry and its alignment on the wire. A single cellulose fibre can swell more than 20% in diameter upon moisture uptake yet barely changes in length (about 1%). Because most fibres orient along the run direction (MD), the cross direction (CD) sums many diametral swellings and shows far larger hygroexpansion and shrinkage than MD; internal stresses frozen in during restrained drying are partly released at high humidity, amplifying CD distortion further. This anisotropy causes print misregister and curl, controlled through furnish treatment, filling and coating.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Niskanen, K.（主编）《Paper Physics》，Papermaking Science and Technology丛书第16卷，第2版，Paperi ja Puu Oy，2011
Niskanen, K. (ed.), Paper Physics, Papermaking Science and Technology series, Book 16, 2nd edition, Paperi ja Puu Oy, 2011
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9789525216295 (2008)
#湿胀干缩 #纤维取向 #横向 #尺寸稳定性
一百吨铁水吹几十分钟就变成钢?氧气顶吹转炉凭什么这么快?
A hundred tonnes of molten iron becomes steel in half an hour — how does basic oxygen steelmaking move so fast?
诀窍是把纯氧直接吹进铁水当氧化剂。氧枪从炉口插入,高压氧气射流穿入熔池,硅、锰、碳与磷的氧化都是强放热反应,不仅不需外热反而升温到1600度以上;碳氧化成一氧化碳气泡搅动熔池形成金属雨滴喷雾,反应面积暴增,精炼速度比平炉时代快十倍以上。终点用副枪测温取样自动判定碳含量,一键出钢。副产品物尽其用:炉渣铺路造水泥,高炉煤气与转炉煤气回收发电。现代钢铁联合企业里,矿石进门到钢卷出厂可以压缩到数小时。
The trick is blowing pure oxygen straight into the melt as oxidizer. An oxygen lance pierces the furnace mouth; the jet drives oxidation of silicon, manganese, carbon and phosphorus — all fiercely exothermic, heating the bath past sixteen hundred degrees with no external fuel. Carbon monoxide bubbles churn the pool into a spray of droplets, multiplying reaction area and making refining more than ten times faster than the open hearth. A sublance samples temperature and carbon automatically to call the endpoint. Slag paves roads and feeds cement; converter gas returns as fuel — ore in, coil out within hours at integrated mills.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Fruehan 主编,《The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel: Steelmaking Volume》,AISE Steel Foundation,1998
R. J. Fruehan ed., The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel: Steelmaking Volume, AISE Steel Foundation, 1998
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9780930767037 (1998)
#氧气转炉 #炼钢 #冶金反应
钢的淬火和回火分别起什么作用？
What do quenching and tempering do to steel?
淬火把钢快速冷却，获得硬而脆的马氏体；回火是随后适度加热，让组织部分软化、消除内应力、提高韧性，使钢既硬又不至于太脆。
Quenching cools steel rapidly to form hard but brittle martensite; tempering then reheats it mildly to soften slightly, relieve stress, and gain toughness—hard yet not too brittle.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
David Macaulay,《The Way Things Work》,Houghton Mifflin,1988;中译《万物运转的秘密》
D. Macaulay, The Way Things Work, Houghton Mifflin, 1988; Chinese ed.
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL15130328W：The Way Things Work（按标
#淬火 #回火 #马氏体
碳纤维复合材料强在哪里？
What makes carbon-fiber composites strong?
复合材料由高强度纤维（如碳纤维）嵌在基体（如树脂）中，纤维承担主要载荷，基体传递力并保护纤维。它比强度、比刚度极高且耐腐蚀，广泛用于航空和体育器材。
Composites embed strong fibers like carbon in a matrix like resin; fibers carry the load while the matrix transfers force and protects them. They offer exceptional strength-to-weight and stiffness and resist corrosion.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Callister & Rethwisch《材料科学与工程基础》第9版,Wiley
W. D. Callister Jr. & D. G. Rethwisch, Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, 9th ed., Wiley
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-1-119-45520-2 (Global Ed.) / 978-1-119-45391-8 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 9781292247137 · 核验依据 3 ISBN 9781641950565 (2019)
#复合材料 #碳纤维 #比强度
材料的『屈服强度』是什么意思？
What does the 'yield strength' of a material mean?
屈服强度是材料开始发生明显塑性变形（永久变形）时的最小应力。超过它就回不到原状，所以结构设计通常以屈服强度为安全承载的界限。
Yield strength is the stress at which a material begins permanent plastic deformation. Beyond it the shape won't recover, so engineers use it as the safe load limit in design.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
美国材料与试验协会（ASTM International）
ASTM International
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787506639071（豆瓣书目条目: 美国材料与试验协会）
#屈服强度 #塑性 #应力
什么是复合材料？
What is a composite material?
复合材料由两种或多种性能不同的材料组合而成，常是强韧的纤维嵌入较软的基体中。碳纤维增强塑料就是典型例子，又轻又强，广泛用于飞机和赛车。
A composite combines two or more materials with different properties, often strong fibers embedded in a softer matrix. Carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic is a classic example: light and strong, it is widely used in aircraft and race cars.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Callister,《Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction》Wiley 多版
W. D. Callister Jr., Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, Wiley, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-119-45520-2 (Global Ed.) / 978-1-119-45391-8
#复合材料 #纤维 #增强
工程上常用什么方法测量材料硬度？
What methods are commonly used to measure material hardness?
硬度反映材料抵抗压入或划伤的能力。常用布氏、洛氏、维氏等压痕法，用标准压头在给定载荷下压入，再按压痕尺寸换算硬度值，用于质量控制和选材。
Hardness is resistance to indentation or scratching. Common Brinell, Rockwell, and Vickers tests press a standard indenter under load and convert the impression size to a hardness number for QC and selection.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
美国材料与试验协会（ASTM International）
ASTM International
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787506639071（豆瓣书目条目: 美国材料与试验协会）
#硬度 #布氏 #洛氏
什么是材料的屈服强度？
What is the yield strength of a material?
屈服强度是材料开始发生永久变形（不再恢复原状）时的最小应力。设计零件时通常要确保其工作应力低于屈服强度，以避免永久变形。
Yield strength is the minimum stress at which a material begins permanent deformation and will not return to its original shape. Designers keep working stress below yield strength to avoid permanent deformation.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Callister,《Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction》Wiley 多版
W. D. Callister Jr., Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, Wiley, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-119-45520-2 (Global Ed.) / 978-1-119-45391-8
#屈服强度 #应力 #变形
金属的晶体结构主要有哪几种，对性能有何影响？
What are the main crystal structures of metals, and how do they affect properties?
常见有面心立方（FCC）、体心立方（BCC）和密排六方（HCP）。FCC金属（如铜、铝）塑性好易加工，BCC（如铁、钨）强度高，HCP（如镁、钛）较难变形。
The main structures are FCC, BCC, and HCP. FCC metals like copper and aluminum are ductile and easy to form; BCC like iron and tungsten are strong; HCP like magnesium and titanium deform less easily.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Callister,《Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction》Wiley 多版
W. D. Callister Jr., Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, Wiley, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-119-45520-2 (Global Ed.) / 978-1-119-45391-8
#晶体结构 #FCC #BCC
塑料等聚合物按受热行为可分哪两类？
How are plastic polymers classified by their response to heat?
热塑性塑料受热软化、可反复熔融重塑（如聚乙烯）；热固性塑料一次固化后交联成网，再加热不熔融只会分解（如环氧树脂）。这决定了它们的加工与回收方式。
Thermoplastics soften when heated and can be remolded (like polyethylene); thermosets cross-link into a network after one cure and won't melt again, only decompose (like epoxy). This dictates processing and recycling.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
美国材料与试验协会（ASTM International）
ASTM International
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787506639071（豆瓣书目条目: 美国材料与试验协会）
#聚合物 #热塑性 #热固性
陶瓷材料为什么既硬又脆？
Why are ceramics both hard and brittle?
陶瓷以强离子或共价键结合，原子排列致密，所以硬度高、耐高温、耐腐蚀。但键性强而缺乏滑移系，受冲击或拉应力时裂纹易快速扩展，表现为脆性断裂。
Ceramics bond by strong ionic or covalent bonds in a dense lattice, giving high hardness, heat, and corrosion resistance. But the rigid bonds lack slip systems, so cracks spread fast under impact or tension—brittle failure.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Callister & Rethwisch,《材料科学与工程导论》(Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction),Wiley
W. Callister & D. Rethwisch, Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, Wiley
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-1-119-45520-2 (Global Ed.) / 978-1-119-45391-8 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 9781292247137 · 核验依据 3 ISBN 9781641950565 (2019)
#陶瓷 #脆性 #共价键
纳米材料为什么常表现出特殊性能？
Why do nanomaterials often show special properties?
当尺寸小到纳米级，表面原子比例急剧升高、量子效应显现，使材料在强度、催化、导电和光学上偏离宏观表现，例如纳米银抗菌、碳纳米管超强。
At nanometer size the surface-to-volume ratio soars and quantum effects appear, shifting strength, catalysis, conductivity, and optics away from bulk behavior—as in antibacterial nano-silver or super-strong nanotubes.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
美国材料与试验协会（ASTM International）
ASTM International
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787506639071（豆瓣书目条目: 美国材料与试验协会）
#纳米 #表面效应 #量子
金属腐蚀大多是哪种化学过程？
What kind of chemical process is most metal corrosion?
多数腐蚀是电化学过程：金属表面形成微小原电池，活泼处作为阳极失去电子被氧化溶解，另一处阴极发生还原反应。潮湿、盐分和不同金属接触会加速腐蚀。
Most corrosion is electrochemical: tiny cells form on the surface where the anodic area loses electrons and dissolves, while reduction occurs at the cathode. Moisture, salt, and dissimilar metals accelerate it.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
美国材料与试验协会（ASTM International）
ASTM International
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787506639071（豆瓣书目条目: 美国材料与试验协会）
#腐蚀 #电化学 #原电池
涤纶织物出厂前为什么要经过高于玻璃化转变温度的热定形处理?
Why are polyester fabrics heat-set above their glass transition temperature before leaving the mill?
纺丝拉伸后的纤维内部冻结着取向应力,遇热便以收缩和起皱的形式释放。在玻璃化温度以上保温让链段重排并生成稳定结晶,冷却后新形态被固定,织物获得尺寸稳定性、持久折皱回复力和染色过程中的保形性。
As-spun drawn fibres carry frozen-in orientation stresses that release later as shrinkage and creasing when heated. Holding the fabric above the glass transition lets chain segments rearrange into stable crystals, and on cooling the new geometry is locked in, yielding dimensional stability, durable crease recovery and shape retention through dyeing and washing.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
W. E. Morton 与 J. W. S. Hearle《Physical Properties of Textile Fibres》(Woodhead出版,第4版)定形章节
W. E. Morton & J. W. S. Hearle, Physical Properties of Textile Fibres, 4th ed., Woodhead Publishing, setting chapter
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9780470618509 (2008)
#热定形 #玻璃化转变
瓦楞纸箱的抗压强度为什么能用纸板边压强度、箱体周长和纸板厚度估算出来？
Why can a corrugated box's compression strength be estimated from board edge crush strength, box perimeter, and board thickness?
受载的纸箱像一根薄壁短柱：失效由四块侧壁板的屈曲控制。纸板边压强度越高，箱体承压越强；周长加大或纸板变厚会提高壁板的抗弯刚度，故整箱承载力近似随二者乘积的平方根增长。McKee 公式 BCT≈5.87×ECT×√(Z×d)（Z 为周长、d 为板厚）据此用简单的材料试验数据预测堆码破坏载荷，大幅减少实物试压次数，是运输包装设计的经典依据。
A loaded box behaves like a thin-walled short column whose failure is governed by buckling of its four side panels. Higher edge crush strength lets the board carry more load, while larger perimeter or thicker board raises panel bending stiffness, so box strength grows roughly with the square root of their product. The McKee formula BCT ≈ 5.87 × ECT × √(Z×d), with Z the perimeter and d the board thickness, predicts stacking failure loads from simple board tests, greatly reducing physical compression trials—a classic basis of transport packaging design.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
R.C.麦基、J.W.甘德与J.R.瓦楚塔《瓦楞纸箱抗压强度公式》，Paperboard Packaging，第48卷第8期，1963年。
R.C. McKee, J.W. Gander & J.R. Wachuta, "Compression Strength Formula for Corrugated Boxes", Paperboard Packaging, Vol. 48, No. 8, 1963.
#瓦楞纸箱 #抗压强度 #屈曲 #McKee公式
纸为什么干的时候挺结实，一泡水就变软发弱？
Why does paper feel fairly strong when dry but turn soft and weak when soaked in water?
纸的强度主要来自相邻纤维素纤维之间羟基形成的氢键：压榨和干燥使纤维收紧贴近，生成大量氢键把纤维“粘”成整体；水分子进入后会占据这些羟基位点、拆散氢键，纤维间结合力骤降，纸随之变软变弱。此外，经历过去干燥的纤维会发生“角质化”，再次润湿后结合能力下降，这正是再生纸浆强度通常低于原生纸浆的原因。
Dry strength comes mainly from hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups on neighboring cellulose fibers: pressing and drying pull the fibers close together, forming extensive bonds that knit them into a coherent sheet. When water penetrates, its molecules occupy those hydroxyl sites and break the bonds, so inter-fiber cohesion collapses and the sheet weakens. Once-dried fibers also “hornify”, bonding less effectively after rewetting—which is why recycled pulp usually yields weaker paper than virgin pulp.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：作者 / 书名 / 版次 / 出版社 / 年份齐备，仅缺独立比对证据；已在可信度报告单列披露，不再重复核验。
Smook G.A.《制浆造纸技术手册》（Handbook for Pulp & Paper Technologists）第4版，TAPPI Press，2016年
Smook, G.A., "Handbook for Pulp & Paper Technologists", 4th ed., TAPPI Press, Atlanta, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL4186636W：Handbook for pulp & pap
#造纸工程 #纤维结合 #氢键
什么是金属的腐蚀，如何防护？
What is metal corrosion and how is it prevented?
腐蚀是金属与环境发生化学或电化学反应而逐渐损耗的过程，常见的是铁生锈。防护方法包括涂漆、镀锌、使用不锈钢以及阴极保护等。
Corrosion is the gradual loss of metal through chemical or electrochemical reactions with its environment, with iron rusting being the common case. Protection methods include painting, galvanizing, using stainless steel, and cathodic protection.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Callister,《Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction》Wiley 多版
W. D. Callister Jr., Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, Wiley, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-119-45520-2 (Global Ed.) / 978-1-119-45391-8
#腐蚀 #防锈 #防护
为什么铝常用于易拉罐和飞机？
Why is aluminum used for cans and aircraft?
铝很轻又耐腐蚀，而且容易加工成型。它强度重量比高，所以既适合做轻便的饮料罐，也适合要求减重的飞机机身。
Aluminum is light, corrosion-resistant, and easy to shape. Its high strength-to-weight ratio makes it ideal both for lightweight drink cans and for aircraft bodies where weight saving matters.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Callister,《Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction》Wiley 多版
W. D. Callister Jr., Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, Wiley, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-119-45520-2 (Global Ed.) / 978-1-119-45391-8
#铝 #轻量化 #耐腐蚀
什么是合金？
What is an alloy?
合金是由两种或两种以上金属（或金属与非金属）熔合而成的材料，性能往往优于纯金属。例如黄铜是铜和锌的合金，不锈钢是含铁、铬、镍的合金。
An alloy is a material made by combining two or more metals, or a metal with a non-metal, usually by melting together, and its properties often beat pure metals. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc, and stainless steel contains iron, chromium, and nickel.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Callister,《Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction》Wiley 多版
W. D. Callister Jr., Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, Wiley, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-119-45520-2 (Global Ed.) / 978-1-119-45391-8
#合金 #金属 #性能
什么是合金，为什么要制造合金？
What is an alloy, and why make them?
合金是由两种或多种金属（或金属与非金属）熔合而成的材料，例如钢是铁加碳。通过调配成分，可以比纯金属更硬、更耐腐蚀或更轻，以满足不同用途。
An alloy is a material made by combining two or more metals, or a metal with non-metal, like steel (iron plus carbon). Tuning the mix yields harder, more corrosion-resistant, or lighter materials than pure metals.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
David Macaulay,《The Way Things Work》,Houghton Mifflin,1988;中译《万物运转的秘密》
D. Macaulay, The Way Things Work, Houghton Mifflin, 1988; Chinese ed.
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL15130328W：The Way Things Work（按标
#合金 #钢 #成分
塑料是怎么来的？
Where does plastic come from?
大多数塑料是以石油或天然气为原料，通过化学反应聚合成长链高分子制成的。这种高分子链赋予塑料轻便、可塑和耐腐的特点。
Most plastics are made from petroleum or natural gas through chemical reactions that polymerize long-chain molecules. These polymer chains give plastics their light weight, moldability, and resistance to corrosion.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Callister,《Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction》Wiley 多版
W. D. Callister Jr., Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, Wiley, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-119-45520-2 (Global Ed.) / 978-1-119-45391-8
#塑料 #高分子 #石油