电网调度最核心的任务是什么？
What is the core task of grid dispatch?
调度要时刻让发电出力与用电负荷平衡，并把频率稳定在50 Hz（或60 Hz），否则会引发设备跳闸甚至大范围停电。
Dispatch must constantly balance generation with load and hold frequency at 50 Hz or 60 Hz; imbalance can trip equipment or cause blackouts.
难度 专业 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
IEEE 电网调度标准；Kundur《电力系统稳定与控制》
IEEE grid dispatch standards; Kundur, Power System Stability and Control
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3927662W：Power system stability
#电力 #电网调度
电力系统状态估计中加权最小二乘法的基本思想是什么？
What is the basic idea of the weighted least squares method in power system state estimation?
状态估计利用冗余的遥测与支路潮流量测，以量测误差方差的倒数作为权重，最小化量测值与模型计算值之差的加权平方和，从而求得最可信的电压幅值与相角。其前提是网络拓扑与线路参数已知。
State estimation uses redundant telemetry and branch-flow measurements, weighting each by the inverse of its error variance, to minimize the weighted sum of squared differences between measurements and model outputs, yielding the most reliable bus voltage magnitudes and angles. It assumes known network topology and line parameters.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Abur & Expósito《Power System State Estimation: Theory and Implementation》，Marcel Dekker, 2004
Abur & Expósito, Power System State Estimation: Theory and Implementation, Marcel Dekker, 2004
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9780824757342 (2004)
#状态估计 #最小二乘 #量测冗余
可再生能源并网时，逆变器采用虚拟同步机控制解决了什么核心问题？
What core problem does virtual synchronous machine control in grid-connected inverters solve for renewable integration?
高比例新能源经电力电子并网后，系统转动惯量下降、频率稳定性变差。虚拟同步机通过模拟同步发电机的转子惯量与阻尼特性，使逆变器输出具备等效惯量支撑，缓解频率突变。
High shares of renewables connected via power electronics reduce system rotational inertia and worsen frequency stability. A virtual synchronous machine emulates the inertia and damping of a synchronous generator in the inverter, providing equivalent inertia support and mitigating sudden frequency deviations.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Zhong, Weiss,《Synchronverters: Inverters That Mimic Synchronous Generators》,IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2011 (DOI: 10.1109/tie.2010.2048839)
Zhong, Weiss, 'Synchronverters: Inverters That Mimic Synchronous Generators', IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2011, DOI: 10.1109/tie.2010.2048839
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1109/tie.2010.2048839
#虚拟同步机 #新能源并网 #频率稳定
柔性直流输电相比传统直流输电在并网场景有什么优势？
What advantages does voltage-source-converter HVDC offer over conventional line-commutated HVDC for grid connections?
传统直流输电依赖电网换相，需坚强交流系统支撑且无法向无源网络供电。柔性直流采用自换相结构，可独立控制有功与无功，能向孤岛、海上风电场等弱网或无源系统可靠供电。
Conventional line-commutated HVDC relies on line commutation and needs a strong AC system, and cannot supply passive networks. VSC-HVDC is self-commutated, independently controls active and reactive power, and can feed weak or passive systems such as islands and offshore wind farms.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Flourentzou、Agelidis 与 Demetriades,《VSC-Based HVDC Power Transmission Systems: An Overview》,IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,2009 (DOI: 10.1109/tpel.2008.2008441)
Flourentzou, Agelidis & Demetriades, 'VSC-Based HVDC Power Transmission Systems: An Overview', IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2009, DOI: 10.1109/tpel.2008.2008441
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1109/tpel.2008.2008441
#柔性直流 #VSC-HVDC #海上风电
变电站起什么作用？
What does a substation do?
变电站通过变压器升高或降低电压，并借助开关设备分配、保护电路，是连接发电、输电与配电的关键节点。
A substation transforms voltage up or down and uses switches to route and protect circuits, the key node linking generation, transmission and distribution.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Stevenson《电力系统分析》；IEEE 输电标准
Stevenson, Elements of Power System Analysis; IEEE transmission standards
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9780070612938 (1994) · 核验依据 2 ISBN 9780665590955 (2002)
#电力 #变电站
高比例光伏接入配电网络时，电压越限问题主要由什么机制引起，常见缓解手段是什么？
With high photovoltaic penetration in distribution networks, what mechanism mainly causes voltage violations, and what are common mitigation methods?
光伏在轻载正午大发时向线路反向倒送功率，使馈线末端电压抬升越上限。常见缓解手段包括有载调压变压器、无功补偿、逆变器功率因数调节以及储能就地消纳。
At midday low load with high PV output, reverse power flow raises the voltage at feeder ends beyond limits. Mitigations include on-load tap changers, reactive compensation, inverter power-factor control, and local battery storage absorption.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Tonkoski, Lopes 与 El-Fouly,《Coordinated Active Power Curtailment of Grid Connected PV Inverters for Overvoltage Prevention》,IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 2(2): 139-147,2011 (DOI: 10.1109/tste.2010.2098483)
Tonkoski, Lopes and El-Fouly, 'Coordinated Active Power Curtailment of Grid Connected PV Inverters for Overvoltage Prevention', IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 2(2): 139-147, 2011, DOI: 10.1109/tste.2010.2098483
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1109/tste.2010.2098483
#光伏并网 #电压越限 #反送电
什么是需求侧响应，它如何帮助电网削峰填谷？
What is demand response, and how does it help a grid shave peaks and fill valleys?
需求侧响应指用户根据电价或激励信号主动调整用电时段与负荷。通过削峰（高峰时减少用电）和填谷（低谷时增加用电），它降低峰值机组需求、延缓电网扩容投资。
Demand response means consumers actively shift or adjust their load according to price or incentive signals. By shaving peaks and filling valleys, it lowers the need for peaking units and defers grid expansion.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Siano,《Demand response and smart grids—A survey》,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2014 (DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.10.022)
Siano, 'Demand response and smart grids—A survey', Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014, DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.10.022
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1016/j.rser.2013.10.022
#需求侧响应 #削峰填谷 #电价
电网频率和功率不平衡有什么关系？
How are grid frequency and power imbalance related?
发电多于负荷时频率上升，少于负荷时频率下降；调度靠调节机组出力把频率拉回额定值，频率是系统供需的晴雨表。
Excess generation raises frequency, shortage lowers it; dispatch adjusts output to restore the nominal value, so frequency is the barometer of supply-demand balance.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
IEEE 电网调度标准；Kundur《电力系统稳定与控制》
IEEE grid dispatch standards; Kundur, Power System Stability and Control
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3927662W：Power system stability
#电力 #频率
高压和特高压输电为什么要升高电压？
Why does transmission use very high voltages?
在输送相同功率时，电压越高电流越小，线路发热损耗（I²R）越低，因此用特高压把电能远距离、低损耗地送往负荷中心。
For the same power, higher voltage means lower current and far less I²R line loss, so UHV sends electricity long distances with minimal loss.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Stevenson《电力系统分析》；IEEE 输电标准
Stevenson, Elements of Power System Analysis; IEEE transmission standards
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9780070612938 (1994) · 核验依据 2 ISBN 9780665590955 (2002)
#电力 #输电
什么是智能电网，它与传统电网的主要区别是什么？
What is a smart grid, and how does it differ from a conventional power grid?
智能电网是集成了数字通信、传感和自动控制技术的电力网络，能够双向实时监控发电、输电与用电。相比传统电网，它支持分布式电源接入、需求侧响应和自愈能力，从而提升可靠性与运行效率。
A smart grid is an electricity network that integrates digital communications, sensing, and automatic control to monitor generation, transmission, and consumption in real time, bidirectionally. Unlike conventional grids, it accommodates distributed generation, demand response, and self-healing, improving reliability and efficiency.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
IEEE Std 2030-2011《智能电网互操作性指南》
IEEE Std 2030-2011 IEEE Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability
#智能电网 #电力系统 #分布式能源
抽水蓄能电站在电力系统中承担哪些典型功能？
What typical functions does a pumped-storage hydropower plant serve in a power system?
抽水蓄能利用电网低谷电能把水抽到上库，高峰时放水发电，实现大规模储能。它承担调峰、调频、调相、事故备用和黑启动等多种功能，是目前最成熟的吉瓦级储能方式。
Pumped storage uses off-peak electricity to pump water uphill and generates on demand, enabling large-scale storage. It provides peak shaving, frequency and phase regulation, emergency reserve, and black-start capability, and is the most mature gigawatt-scale storage.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《电力系统分析》（中国电力出版社）
Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9780070612938 (1994) · 核验依据 2 ISBN 9780665590955 (2002)
#抽水蓄能 #调峰 #大规模储能
储能系统参与电网调频的主要工作方式有哪些？
What are the main ways energy storage participates in grid frequency regulation?
储能主要通过一次调频（秒级自动响应功率缺额）和二次调频（AGC 自动发电控制，分钟级）参与调频。电池储能响应快、精度高，可替代部分传统机组调频，降低煤耗与设备磨损。
Storage participates mainly through primary frequency regulation (sub-second automatic response to power imbalance) and secondary regulation (AGC, minute-scale). Battery storage responds fast and accurately, substituting some fossil units and reducing fuel use and wear.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Oudalov、Chartouni 与 Ohler,《Optimizing a Battery Energy Storage System for Primary Frequency Control》,IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2007 (DOI: 10.1109/tpwrs.2007.901459)
Oudalov, Chartouni & Ohler, 'Optimizing a Battery Energy Storage System for Primary Frequency Control', IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2007, DOI: 10.1109/tpwrs.2007.901459
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1109/tpwrs.2007.901459
#储能 #调频 #AGC
远距离大容量输电为什么必须采用超高压？
Why must long-distance, large-capacity power transmission use extra-high voltages?
输送功率一定时，电压越高线路电流越小，而导线发热损耗与电流平方成正比（P=I²R）：电压提高10倍、电流降到原来的1/10，同一导线的电阻损耗只剩1/100。更高的电压还能减小线路压降，让单回线路输送更大容量，因此远距离、大容量输电普遍采用超高压乃至特高压交流或直流线路。
For a fixed transmitted power, raising the voltage proportionally lowers the line current, and conductor heating loss grows with the square of the current (P = I²R): increasing voltage tenfold cuts current to one-tenth and leaves only one-hundredth of the resistive loss on the same conductors. Higher voltage also reduces voltage drop along the line and lets each circuit carry more capacity, which is why bulk, long-distance transfer relies on extra-high or ultra-high voltage AC and DC lines.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
何仰赞、温增银《电力系统分析》,中国水利水电出版社,远距离输电章节
He Yangzan & Wen Zengyin, Power System Analysis, China Water & Power Press, long-distance transmission chapter
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9780070612938 (1994) · 核验依据 2 ISBN 9780665590955 (2002)
#输配电 #线路损耗 #特高压
电网的系统惯量指什么？新能源高比例并网为什么会削弱这一特性？
What is system inertia in a power grid, and why does high renewable penetration weaken it?
同步发电机转子大而重，所储旋转动能与系统频率绑定：负荷骤增瞬间，功率缺口先由转子减速释放动能顶住，频率得以缓降，为调速器和备用机组争取响应时间，这就是系统惯量。风电、光伏经电力电子变流器并网，转速与电网解耦，替代常规机组越多，全网等效惯量越小，扰动后频率变化率越大，越易触发低频减载，需要虚拟惯量与快速一次调频加以补偿。
Synchronous generator rotors are big and heavy, and their kinetic energy is bound to grid frequency: the instant load jumps, the shortfall is first covered by rotors decelerating, so frequency falls slowly enough for governors and reserves to respond-that buffering is system inertia. Wind and photovoltaics connect through power converters decoupled from grid speed; the more conventional units they displace, the smaller the effective inertia, the steeper the post-disturbance rate of change of frequency, and the higher the low-frequency load-shedding risk-hence the need for virtual inertia and fast primary frequency response.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
P. Tielens 与 D. Van Hertem,《The relevance of inertia in power systems》,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2016 (DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.016)
P. Tielens & D. Van Hertem, 'The relevance of inertia in power systems', Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.016
#电网 #系统惯量 #频率稳定
远距离大容量输电为什么常常选用高压直流（HVDC）而不是超高压交流？
Why is high-voltage direct current (HVDC) often preferred over extra-high-voltage AC for long-distance bulk power transmission?
交流线路上导体间的电容以工频反复充放电，容性充电电流随距离增长，会占用大量输送容量，远送还需昂贵的无功补偿并受同步稳定约束。直流没有充电电流，只需正负两极，杆塔与走廊更省、损耗更低，超过交直流“等价距离”后明显更经济。换流站还将两端电网解耦，不同频率或非同步的系统也能可靠互联。
In an AC line the conductor capacitance charges and discharges every cycle, and this reactive charging current grows with distance, consuming line capacity and demanding costly compensation plus stability margins. DC carries no charging current: two poles suffice, towers and rights-of-way shrink, and losses drop, so past the break-even distance HVDC wins economically. Converter stations also decouple the two grids, letting asynchronous or different-frequency systems be interconnected reliably.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
J. Arrillaga《High Voltage Direct Current Transmission》（第2版），IEE，1998年
J. Arrillaga, High Voltage Direct Current Transmission, 2nd ed., IEE, 1998
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9780852969410 (1998)
#高压直流输电 #输电线路 #电网互联
微电网有什么特点？
What characterizes a microgrid?
微电网是局部可独立运行的发配用电系统，平时并网运行，外部故障时能切为孤岛模式靠本地光伏、储能和柴油机自供电。
A microgrid is a local generation-distribution system that normally runs grid-connected but can island itself on local solar, storage and generators during outages.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
IEEE 1547（并网）；DOE 智能电网报告；IEC 61850
IEEE 1547 (interconnection); DOE smart grid reports; IEC 61850
#电力 #微电网