什么是信号优先控制？
What is transit signal priority?
信号优先控制在公交或轻轨接近路口时，自动延长绿灯或缩短红灯以减少等待。它提升公共交通准点率和吸引力。需与路网整体配时协调避免连锁延误。
Transit signal priority automatically extends a green or shortens a red when a bus or light rail approaches, reducing its wait. It improves public transit punctuality and attractiveness. It must coordinate with area-wide timing to avoid cascading delays.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
ITE，《交通工程手册》（第7版）
ITE, 'Traffic Engineering Handbook' (7th ed.)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787114026225（豆瓣书目条目: 交通工程手册）
#信号 #公交优先 #控制
什么是列车空气动力学？
What is train aerodynamics?
列车空气动力学研究高速运行时的空气阻力、列车交会和隧道压力波等问题。阻力随速度平方增长，是能耗主因之一。流线型车头和密封车体可减弱隧道微压波噪声。
Train aerodynamics studies air drag, train-passing effects, and tunnel pressure waves at high speed. Drag grows with the square of speed and is a major energy consumer. Streamlined noses and sealed bodies reduce tunnel micro-pressure-wave noise.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Anderson，《空气动力学基础》（第6版）
Anderson, 'Fundamentals of Aerodynamics' (6th ed.)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787516504413（豆瓣书目条目: 空气动力学基础）
#空气动力学 #高铁 #隧道
什么是交通流量模型？
What is a traffic flow model?
交通流量模型用数学描述车流的速度、密度和流量关系，预测拥堵与传播。宏观模型看整体流量，微观模型模拟单车跟驰行为。它们用于信号配时和路网规划。
A traffic flow model uses mathematics to describe the relationship among speed, density, and flow of vehicles and to predict congestion and its spread. Macroscopic models look at overall flow, while microscopic models simulate individual car-following. They guide signal timing and network planning.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
ITE，《交通工程手册》（第7版）
ITE, 'Traffic Engineering Handbook' (7th ed.)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787114026225（豆瓣书目条目: 交通工程手册）
#交通流 #建模 #拥堵
什么是列控系统（ATP/ATO）？
What is a train control system (ATP/ATO)?
列控系统用信号和通信实时计算列车安全间隔与速度曲线。ATP负责超速防护强制制动，ATO负责自动驾驶巡航和精准停车。它是高铁高密度安全运行的基础。
A train control system uses signals and communications to compute safe headways and speed profiles in real time. ATP enforces overspeed protection and emergency braking, while ATO handles automatic cruising and precise stopping. It is the basis for safe, high-density high-speed rail operation.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：作者 / 书名 / 版次 / 出版社 / 年份齐备，仅缺独立比对证据；已在可信度报告单列披露，不再重复核验。
《铁路技术管理规程》（高速铁路部分），中国铁路总公司编，中国铁道出版社 ; 另见: Commission Regulation (EU) No 636/2014, Technical Specification for Interoperability relating to the 'control-command and signalling' subsystem (ETCS), European Commission
Commission Regulation (EU) No 636/2014, Technical Specification for Interoperability relating to the 'control-command and signalling' subsystem (ETCS), European Commission ; see also: 《铁路技术管理规程》（高速铁路部分），中国铁路总公司编，中国铁道出版社
#列控 #信号 #高铁
什么是自动驾驶分级？
What are the levels of driving automation?
国际通行把自动驾驶分0到5级：0级全人工，2级以下为辅助驾驶，3级起系统可在特定场景接管，4级高度自动，5级完全自动无需方向盘。目前多数量产车处于2级水平。
The common standard ranks driving automation from 0 to 5: level 0 is fully manual, below level 2 is driver assistance, from level 3 the system can take over in defined situations, level 4 is high automation, and level 5 is full automation with no steering wheel needed. Most production cars today are at level 2.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Maurer、Gerdes、Lenz & Winner，《自动驾驶：技术、法律与社会视角》（Springer, 2016）
Maurer, Gerdes, Lenz & Winner, 'Autonomous Driving: Technical, Legal and Social Aspects' (Springer, 2016)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-3-662-45854-9 / DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-45854-9 (
#自动驾驶 #智能交通 #汽车
什么是高铁的无砟轨道？
What is ballastless (slab) track on high-speed rail?
无砟轨道不用碎石道床，而是把轨道板或双块式轨枕直接固定在混凝土底座上。它平顺性好、维护少，能支撑列车以350公里时速平稳运行。京津、京沪等线广泛采用。
Ballastless track replaces the gravel bed with rails fixed directly to a concrete base via track slabs or twin-block sleepers. It offers smooth riding and low maintenance, supporting trains at 350 km/h steadily. It is widely used on lines like Beijing-Tianjin and Beijing-Shanghai.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Wang, Chen, Chen,《Dynamic Assessment of Ballastless Track Stiffness and Settlement in High-Speed Railway》,2010 Joint Rail Conference, Volume 1,2010 (DOI: 10.1115/jrc2010-36115)
Wang, Chen, Chen, 'Dynamic Assessment of Ballastless Track Stiffness and Settlement in High-Speed Railway', 2010 Joint Rail Conference, Volume 1, 2010, DOI: 10.1115/jrc2010-36115
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1115/jrc2010-36115
#高铁 #无砟轨道 #轨道
什么是轻轨？
What is light rail?
轻轨是运量介于地铁和公交之间的有轨电车系统，多用地面或高架，造价较低。它可与其他交通共享路权或独立路权。欧洲和北美许多城市将其作为骨干公交。
Light rail is a tramway system with capacity between a metro and a bus, often at grade or elevated, at lower cost. It may share or have exclusive right-of-way. Many European and North American cities use it as a backbone transit.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
ITE，《交通工程手册》（第7版）
ITE, 'Traffic Engineering Handbook' (7th ed.)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787114026225（豆瓣书目条目: 交通工程手册）
#轻轨 #有轨 #城市交通
什么是单轨铁路？
What is a monorail?
单轨铁路用一条高架轨道支撑并引导列车，占地少、转弯半径小，适合城市和景区。列车骑跨在轨道梁上或用悬挂式。重庆的跨座式单轨很有名。
A monorail uses a single elevated beam to support and guide the train, taking little land and allowing tight turns, so it suits cities and scenic areas. Trains straddle the beam or hang beneath it. Chongqing's straddle-type monorail is well known.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《十万个为什么》第六版建筑与交通分册,少年儿童出版社,2013
Ten Thousand Whys: Architecture and Transportation volume, 6th ed., Juvenile and Children Publishing House, 2013
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-7-5324-9328-9 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787532493289
#单轨 #轨道交通 #城市
什么是BRT快速公交？
What is Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)?
BRT是用专用车道、站台售票和信号优先模拟地铁体验的公交系统，造价远低于地铁。它运量介于普通公交和轨道之间。拉美城市如库里蒂巴最早成功应用。
BRT is a bus system using dedicated lanes, off-board ticketing, and signal priority to mimic the metro experience at far lower cost. Its capacity lies between ordinary buses and rail. Curitiba in Brazil was among the first to apply it successfully.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
ITE，《交通工程手册》（第7版）
ITE, 'Traffic Engineering Handbook' (7th ed.)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787114026225（豆瓣书目条目: 交通工程手册）
#公交 #BRT #专用道
什么是磁悬浮列车？
What is a maglev train?
磁悬浮列车利用电磁力使车体悬浮于轨道之上，消除轮轨摩擦，因此能跑得极快。它靠直线电机推进，运行平稳噪音低。上海磁悬浮线最高运营时速约430公里。
A maglev train uses electromagnetic force to levitate the car above the track, removing wheel-rail friction so it can travel very fast. It is propelled by linear motors and runs smoothly with low noise. Shanghai's maglev line reaches about 430 km/h in service.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《十万个为什么》第六版建筑与交通分册,少年儿童出版社,2013
Ten Thousand Whys: Architecture and Transportation volume, 6th ed., Juvenile and Children Publishing House, 2013
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-7-5324-9328-9 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787532493289
#磁悬浮 #列车 #高速
什么是轮轨关系？
What is the wheel-rail interaction?
轮轨关系研究车轮与钢轨接触处的受力、磨损和导向机理。车轮的锥度踏面让列车能自动回正并顺利通过曲线。它是列车安全、平稳和噪声控制的核心。
Wheel-rail interaction studies the forces, wear, and guiding mechanism at the contact between wheel and rail. The coned wheel tread lets trains self-center and pass curves smoothly. It is central to safety, ride comfort, and noise control.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Iwnicki 主编,《Handbook of Railway Vehicle Dynamics》第2版,CRC Press,2019
S. Iwnicki ed., Handbook of Railway Vehicle Dynamics, 2nd ed., CRC Press, 2019
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-429-89062-8 (2nd ed., CRC Press, 2019)
#轮轨 #铁道 #力学
什么是地铁？
What is a subway (metro)?
地铁是建在城市地下、按班次运行的大运量轨道交通，由电力驱动、专用线路独立运行。它不占地面道路，能缓解城市拥堵。车厢无人驾驶或司机驾驶均可。
A subway, or metro, is a high-capacity rail transit built mainly underground in cities, running on dedicated tracks powered by electricity. It does not use surface roads and helps relieve urban congestion. Trains may be driver-operated or driverless.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《十万个为什么》第六版建筑与交通分册,少年儿童出版社,2013
Ten Thousand Whys: Architecture and Transportation volume, 6th ed., Juvenile and Children Publishing House, 2013
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-7-5324-9328-9 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787532493289
#轨道交通 #地铁 #城市交通
什么是环岛？
What is a roundabout?
环岛是车辆绕中央岛逆时针（靠右行驶地区）环行、让行合流的小广场式路口。它比红绿灯连续通行、事故率较低。进入车辆需让行环道内车辆。
A roundabout is a circular intersection where vehicles go around a central island and yield when merging. It flows more continuously and has fewer accidents than signalized junctions. Entering drivers must yield to those already in the circle.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
B. W. Robinson 等《Roundabouts: An Informational Guide》（FHWA-RD-00-067），美国联邦公路管理局，2000年
B. W. Robinson et al., Roundabouts: An Informational Guide, FHWA-RD-00-067, Federal Highway Administration, 2000
#路口 #环岛 #安全
什么是立交桥？
What is an interchange (grade-separated junction)?
立交桥让不同方向的车流在不同高度交叉，互不干扰地通行。它用匝道连接各方向，避免平面上红绿灯等待。城市快速路和高速出口常见。
An interchange lets traffic in different directions cross at different heights without interfering. Ramps connect the directions so vehicles need no traffic lights at grade. They are common on urban expressways and highway exits.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
ITE，《交通工程手册》（第7版）
ITE, 'Traffic Engineering Handbook' (7th ed.)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787114026225（豆瓣书目条目: 交通工程手册）
#道路 #立交 #交通
什么是ETC不停车收费？
What is ETC electronic toll collection?
ETC通过车上的电子标签与路边天线短距通信，自动扣费让车辆无需停车即可过收费站。它减少排队拥堵和尾气排放。现在很多高速全面启用ETC车道。
ETC uses a transponder in the vehicle to communicate with roadside antennas, automatically deducting fees so cars pass toll booths without stopping. It reduces queuing congestion and emissions. Many highways now run ETC lanes throughout.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
《Nonstop automatic charge collection system ETC (Electronic Toll Collection) 4. ETC car-loaded terminal technique.》,The Journal of The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japa,1999 (DOI: 10.1541/ieejjournal.119.604)
'Nonstop automatic charge collection system ETC (Electronic Toll Collection) 4. ETC car-loaded terminal technique.', The Journal of The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japa, 1999, DOI: 10.1541/ieejjournal.119.604
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1541/ieejjournal.119.604
#收费 #ETC #智能交通