什么是绿氢？
What is green hydrogen?
绿氢是用可再生电力电解水制取的氢气，整个过程几乎不排放二氧化碳，被视为理想的清洁燃料和储能载体。它可用于难以电气化的重工业、长途运输和季节性储能。目前成本较高，但随着可再生能源降价正快速受到关注。
Green hydrogen is produced by electrolyzing water with renewable electricity, emitting almost no CO2, and is seen as an ideal clean fuel and storage medium. It can serve hard-to-electrify heavy industry, long-haul transport, and seasonal storage. Costs are still high but falling with cheaper renewables.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
国际能源署（IEA）《全球氢能评估》
International Energy Agency (IEA), Global Hydrogen Review
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1787/a15b8442-en：Global Hydrogen Review 2
#绿氢 #电解 #清洁燃料
什么是容量因子？
What is the capacity factor?
容量因子是一段时间内发电厂实际发电量与其在满负荷下理论最大发电量的比值，反映设备的利用效率。太阳能和风能因受天气和时段限制，容量因子通常低于常年稳定运行的传统电站。它是评估电厂经济性和电网规划的重要指标。
The capacity factor is the ratio of a plant's actual output over a period to its maximum possible output at full rating, reflecting utilization. Solar and wind, limited by weather and time, usually have lower factors than steady conventional plants. It is key for evaluating economics and grid planning.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#容量因子 #发电效率 #评估
电网储能为什么重要？
Why is grid-scale energy storage important?
太阳能和风能出力随天气变化，发电时多时少，而用电需求也要随时满足，因此电网需要储能来“削峰填谷”。电池（如锂电池）可在富电时充电、缺电时放电，平抑波动。储能是解决可再生能源并网难题的关键技术。
Solar and wind output varies with weather while demand must be met anytime, so the grid needs storage to shift energy from peaks to valleys. Batteries like lithium-ion charge when surplus and discharge when short, smoothing fluctuations. Storage is key to integrating renewables.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#储能 #电池 #电网
什么是地热能？
What is geothermal energy?
地热能是利用地球内部的热量来发电或供暖的技术，常见于火山和板块交界等地下温度高的地区。它几乎不受天气影响，可以稳定连续地供电。冰岛等国就大量使用地热满足能源需求。
Geothermal energy taps Earth's internal heat for power or heating, common where underground temperatures are high, such as volcanic and tectonic regions. It is largely weather-independent and can supply steady baseload power. Countries like Iceland rely on it heavily.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#地热能 #地球内部 #稳定
什么是生物质能？
What is biomass energy?
生物质能是利用植物、农业废弃物、木屑甚至生活垃圾中的有机物燃烧或发酵来产生热能、电力或生物燃料的能源。它来源于近期生长的植物，理论上碳排放可接近中性。但若大规模毁林种能源作物，反而可能破坏生态。
Biomass energy comes from burning or fermenting organic matter—plants, crop residues, wood, even some waste—to yield heat, power, or biofuel. Because it derives from recently grown plants, its carbon emissions can be near neutral. But large-scale energy-crop planting on cleared forest can harm ecosystems.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#生物质 #生物燃料 #有机物
风能是怎样工作的？
How does wind power work?
风力发电机的叶片在风吹动下旋转，带动内部的发电机把机械能转化为电能。风越大、风机越高（风速更稳），发电效率通常越高。海上风电场因为风更强劲稳定，近年发展很快。
Wind turbines spin their blades in the wind, driving a generator that converts mechanical energy into electricity. Stronger, steadier winds at greater heights usually mean higher output. Offshore wind farms, with steadier winds, have expanded rapidly.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
国际能源署（IEA）《世界能源展望》
International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787801649843（豆瓣书目条目: 2004-世界能源展望）
#风能 #风机 #发电
电解水制取绿氢的基本原理是什么？为什么说绿氢的碳排放主要取决于所用电力的来源而非电解槽本身？
What is the basic principle of producing green hydrogen by water electrolysis, and why do its carbon emissions depend mainly on the electricity source rather than the electrolyser itself?
电解槽通入直流电后，水在阴极还原析出氢气、在阳极氧化放出氧气，电能以化学键形式直接储入氢分子，过程不排二氧化碳。但每公斤氢约需耗电50–55千瓦时：电力来自风、光、水即近乎零碳的绿氢，若取自高煤电占比电网，其全生命周期排放可能不低于甚至超过天然气重整制灰氢，故“氢的颜色”实质是电的颜色。
In an electrolyser, direct current splits water: hydrogen evolves at the cathode and oxygen at the anode, storing electricity directly as chemical energy with no on-site CO2. Yet each kilogram of hydrogen costs roughly 50-55 kWh of power — supplied by wind, solar or hydro the product is near-zero-carbon green hydrogen, whereas coal-heavy grid power can give a lifecycle footprint comparable to or worse than unabated gas reforming. The colour of hydrogen is essentially the colour of its electricity.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
国际能源署（IEA）《氢能的未来》（The Future of Hydrogen），2019年
IEA, The Future of Hydrogen, 2019
#电解水 #绿氢 #生命周期排放 #能源效率
用氢燃料电池发电与在发动机里烧氢有何本质区别？前者为何不受卡诺定理的效率上限约束？
How does generating electricity with a hydrogen fuel cell fundamentally differ from burning hydrogen in an engine, and why is the cell exempt from the Carnot efficiency cap?
燃料电池把氢的化学能经电化学反应直接变成电能：阳极处氢被氧化为质子和电子，质子穿过质子交换膜抵达阴极，电子经外电路输出电流做功，最后与氧气结合，产物只有水。由于全程不经历燃烧，也不存在高温热源驱动热机的环节，转换效率不受卡诺定理限制，实际可达约60%，并在变负荷工况下保持较高水平，运行噪音也低。
A fuel cell turns hydrogen's chemical energy directly into electricity through electrochemical reactions: hydrogen is oxidised at the anode into protons and electrons, protons migrate through the proton-exchange membrane to the cathode, electrons deliver current through the external circuit, and oxygen finally combines with them, yielding nothing but water. Because there is no combustion and no high-temperature source driving a heat engine, the conversion is not bound by the Carnot limit: practical efficiencies reach about 60% and stay high under varying loads, with low noise.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Sharaf O.Z.、Orhan M.F.《燃料电池技术概览：原理与应用》，Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews，2014年第32卷
Sharaf O.Z. & Orhan M.F., 'An Overview of Fuel Cell Technology: Fundamentals and Applications', Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 32, 2014
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.012：An overview of fu
#氢能 #燃料电池 #质子交换膜 #电化学转化
水力发电是怎么来的？
How does hydropower work?
水力发电利用河流或水库中水流下落的动能推动水轮机旋转，再带动发电机发电。它是目前全球发电量最大的可再生能源之一。但大型水坝可能改变河流生态、淹没土地，因此也需权衡利弊。
Hydropower uses the kinetic energy of falling water from rivers or reservoirs to spin turbines that drive generators. It is among the largest renewable sources by generation today. But large dams can alter river ecology and flood land, so trade-offs must be weighed.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#水力发电 #水坝 #可再生能源
什么是能源效率？
What is energy efficiency?
能源效率是指用更少的能源完成同样的工作，比如LED灯比白炽灯更省电却一样亮。提高能效是应对能源和环境问题最经济快捷的办法之一。更换节能家电、做好建筑保温都是常见措施。
Energy efficiency means doing the same work with less energy, like an LED bulb that uses less power than an incandescent yet shines the same. Improving efficiency is among the cheapest, fastest ways to address energy and environmental problems. Efficient appliances and building insulation are common measures.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#能效 #节能 #LED
核能是清洁能源吗？
Is nuclear energy clean energy?
核电在发电时不排放二氧化碳，因此常被归为低碳能源，有助于应对气候变化。但它会产生需要长期安全管理的放射性废料，且建设成本高、周期长。是否把它视为“清洁能源”在不同国家存在争议。
Nuclear power emits no CO2 while generating electricity, so it is often classed as low-carbon and helps fight climate change. But it produces radioactive waste needing long-term safe management, and plants are costly and slow to build. Whether it counts as clean energy is debated across countries.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据结论有争议 · Contested
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#核能 #低碳 #放射性