什么是“再野化”（rewilding）？
What is rewilding?
再野化是撤除人为干预、恢复大面积自然过程，有时重新引入大型食草或食肉动物（如欧洲野牛、狼）来重建自愈的生态系统。
Rewilding removes human intervention to restore natural processes, sometimes reintroducing large herbivores or predators (bison, wolves) to rebuild self-healing ecosystems.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Odum & Barrett,《Fundamentals of Ecology》第5版,Brooks/Cole,2004
E. P. Odum and G. W. Barrett, Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th ed., Brooks/Cole, 2004
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3334843W：Fundamentals of ecology
#再野化 #大型动物 #自愈
环境 DNA（eDNA）如何革新生物多样性监测？
How is environmental DNA (eDNA) revolutionizing biodiversity monitoring?
从水样、土壤或空气中提取生物脱落的 DNA，用测序比对就能无接触地检出隐存物种与入侵种，比传统样线调查更快、更广，但需注意污染与数据库完整性。
Extracting DNA shed into water, soil or air and sequencing it detects cryptic and invasive species without contact, faster and broader than transects—though contamination and database gaps need care.
难度 专业 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Methods in Ecology
Methods Ecol Evol
#eDNA #生物多样性 #监测
保护地'扩张 vs 强化管理'在有限预算下如何权衡？
How to weigh protected-area expansion versus management under limited budgets?
研究用系统保护规划显示：覆盖更多生境的'广度'能保全稀有种，但管理薄弱的纸面保护区形同虚设；在资金受限时，优先把现有高价值保护区的巡护与执法做实，往往比新增边界带来更高物种存续收益。
Systematic conservation planning shows breadth covers more habitats and rare species, but poorly managed 'paper parks' do nothing; under tight budgets, strengthening enforcement and management of existing high-value reserves often yields more persistence per dollar than adding new boundaries.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Campbell 与 Gray,《Area expansion versus effective and equitable management in international marine protected areas goals and targets》,Marine Policy,2019 (DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2018.11.030)
Campbell & Gray, 'Area expansion versus effective and equitable management in international marine protected areas goals and targets', Marine Policy, 2019, DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2018.11.030
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1016/j.marpol.2018.11.030
#系统保护规划 #纸面保护区
保护区设计中的 SLOSS 之争是什么？目前的共识怎样？
What is the SLOSS debate in reserve design and what is the current consensus?
SLOSS（Single Large Or Several Small）争论是应该建一个大保护区还是多个小保护区。岛屿生物地理学支持大斑块，但多个小斑块可覆盖更多生境类型并降低灾难性风险；当代共识倾向依目标组合，且连通性至关重要。
SLOSS (Single Large Or Several Small) debated whether one big reserve beats several small ones. Island biogeography favors large patches, but several small ones cover more habitat types and lower catastrophic risk; current consensus favors context-specific mixes with connectivity as key.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
MacArthur 与 Wilson《岛屿生物地理学理论》(1967)
MacArthur & Wilson, The Theory of Island Biogeography (1967)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL5605777W：The Theory of Island Bi
#SLOSS #保护区设计 #连通性
什么是「辅助迁徙」（物种转移）？其主要风险是什么？
What is assisted migration (species translocation) and what are its main risks?
辅助迁徙指人为把物种迁移到原分布区之外更适宜的气候区以避免灭绝。风险包括成为入侵种、携带病害，以及破坏目的地原有群落结构，因此需严格评估。
Assisted migration moves species beyond their native range to climatically suitable areas to avoid extinction. Risks include becoming invasive, carrying disease, and disrupting recipient communities, so rigorous assessment is required.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Odum & Barrett,《Fundamentals of Ecology》第5版,Brooks/Cole,2004
E. P. Odum and G. W. Barrett, Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th ed., Brooks/Cole, 2004
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3334843W：Fundamentals of ecology
#辅助迁徙 #物种保护 #气候变化适应
什么是“生态廊道”？
What is an ecological corridor?
生态廊道是连接破碎栖息地的绿色通道（如植树带、河流），让动物安全迁徙、交流基因，避免种群被隔离而衰退。
An ecological corridor is a green link (e.g., tree belts, rivers) between fragmented habitats, letting animals migrate and exchange genes, preventing isolation decline.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Odum & Barrett,《Fundamentals of Ecology》第5版,Brooks/Cole,2004
E. P. Odum and G. W. Barrett, Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th ed., Brooks/Cole, 2004
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3334843W：Fundamentals of ecology
#生态廊道 #连通性 #栖息地
迁地保护与就地保护有什么区别？
How do ex-situ and in-situ conservation differ?
就地保护在物种原生栖息地保护（如保护区），维持其自然生态关系；迁地保护把物种移到动物园、种子库或繁育中心，作为最后保险，但成本高且难以复原生态功能。
In-situ conservation protects species in their native habitat, keeping natural ecological relationships; ex-situ moves them to zoos, seed banks or breeding centers as a last insurance, but at high cost and with limited ecological function.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Odum & Barrett,《Fundamentals of Ecology》第5版,Brooks/Cole,2004
E. P. Odum and G. W. Barrett, Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th ed., Brooks/Cole, 2004
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3334843W：Fundamentals of ecology
#迁地保护 #种子库
什么是 IUCN 红色名录？
What is the IUCN Red List?
IUCN 红色名录是全球最权威的物种受威胁等级清单，用“无危、近危、易危、濒危、极危、野外灭绝”等标准评估物种生存风险。
The IUCN Red List is the world's authoritative assessment of species threat, ranking them as Least Concern, Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically Endangered, etc.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Odum & Barrett,《Fundamentals of Ecology》第5版,Brooks/Cole,2004
E. P. Odum and G. W. Barrett, Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th ed., Brooks/Cole, 2004
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3334843W：Fundamentals of ecology
#红色名录 #受威胁 #评估
物种重引入（reintroduction）成功的关键前提有哪些？
What are key prerequisites for successful species reintroduction?
成功依赖三点：威胁已消除或可控（如捕猎停止）、栖息地质量与连通度足够、以及种群达到最小可存活规模并具备遗传多样性，否则易再灭绝。
Success needs three things: the original threat removed or controlled (e.g., hunting stopped), habitat of sufficient quality and connectivity, and a population above the minimum viable size with genetic diversity—otherwise relapse to extinction is likely.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Odum & Barrett,《Fundamentals of Ecology》第5版,Brooks/Cole,2004
E. P. Odum and G. W. Barrett, Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th ed., Brooks/Cole, 2004
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3334843W：Fundamentals of ecology
#重引入 #最小可存活种群
“斯瓦尔巴全球种子库”是做什么的？
What does the Svalbard Global Seed Vault do?
它建在北极冻土深处的地下仓库，免费替世界各国保存作物种子的备份，万一某地种子丢失可作恢复之用，被称为“末日种子库”。
Buried in Arctic permafrost, it stores backup copies of crop seeds from around the world, so lost collections can be restored—a 'doomsday' seed vault.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Odum & Barrett,《Fundamentals of Ecology》第5版,Brooks/Cole,2004
E. P. Odum and G. W. Barrett, Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th ed., Brooks/Cole, 2004
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3334843W：Fundamentals of ecology
#种子库 #备份 #作物
为什么要建立“海洋保护区”（MPA）？
Why establish marine protected areas (MPAs)?
海洋保护区限制捕捞和开发，让鱼群和珊瑚休养生息，保护区内生物量和多样性常明显回升，并惠及周边渔场。
MPAs restrict fishing and development so fish and corals recover; biomass and diversity inside often rebound and benefit nearby fisheries.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Odum & Barrett,《Fundamentals of Ecology》第5版,Brooks/Cole,2004
E. P. Odum and G. W. Barrett, Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th ed., Brooks/Cole, 2004
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3334843W：Fundamentals of ecology
#海洋保护区 #禁渔 #恢复
什么是“迁地保护”？
What is ex-situ conservation?
迁地保护是把濒危物种移到原栖息地之外人工照管，如动物园、植物园和种子库，作为野外灭绝时的“备份”。
Ex-situ conservation moves endangered species to safe human care outside their habitat—zoos, botanical gardens, seed banks—as a backup against wild extinction.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Odum & Barrett,《Fundamentals of Ecology》第5版,Brooks/Cole,2004
E. P. Odum and G. W. Barrett, Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th ed., Brooks/Cole, 2004
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3334843W：Fundamentals of ecology
#迁地保护 #动物园 #种子库
什么是物种“重新引入”计划？
What is a species reintroduction program?
重新引入是在物种已局部灭绝的地区，把人工繁育或异地种群放归野外，并恢复其栖息地与食物，以重建野生种群。
Reintroduction releases captive-bred or translocated individuals back to where a species vanished, restoring habitat and food to rebuild a wild population.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Odum & Barrett,《Fundamentals of Ecology》第5版,Brooks/Cole,2004
E. P. Odum and G. W. Barrett, Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th ed., Brooks/Cole, 2004
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3334843W：Fundamentals of ecology
#重新引入 #野化 #种群恢复
“熊猫保护”这类旗舰物种的投入，能惠及整个生态系统吗？
Can investing in a flagship species like the panda benefit whole ecosystems?
旗舰物种能吸引资金与公众关注，其保护地往往覆盖大片栖息地，顺带庇护同域的动植物；但也可能挤占对其他物种的投入，需与系统保护规划结合。
Flagships draw funds and attention; their reserves often span large habitats, sheltering co-occurring species—but can crowd out other taxa, so pair with systematic conservation planning.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Conservation Biology
Conserv Biol
#旗舰物种 #伞护 #保护策略
为什么要保护湿地被称为'地球之肾'？
Why are wetlands called 'Earth's kidneys'?
湿地通过植物与微生物吸附、沉降和分解污染物、截留洪水、补充地下水并固碳，像肾脏过滤血液一样净化水质，故得名且极具保护价值。
Wetlands trap, filter and break down pollutants via plants and microbes, buffer floods, recharge groundwater and store carbon—purifying water much like kidneys filter blood, giving them high conservation value.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Ramsar Convention
Ramsar Convention
#湿地 #水质净化
公民科学（如观鸟记录）对保护有什么用？
How does citizen science like bird counts help conservation?
志愿者大规模记录物种分布与数量，能补足专业监测的时空缺口，帮助发现种群趋势与受胁区域，使保护决策更有依据。
Volunteers record species distribution and abundance at massive scale, filling spatial-temporal gaps in professional monitoring and revealing population trends and threatened areas to guide decisions.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
eBird;Cornell Lab
eBird;Cornell
#公民科学 #监测
什么是「关键种」？它的消失为何会在生态系统中产生连锁崩溃？
What is a keystone species and why does its loss cascade through an ecosystem?
关键种对群落结构的影响远超其生物量，例如海獭捕食海胆、保护海带森林。一旦被移除，受其控制的物种会暴发，导致栖息地崩溃与多样性骤降。
A keystone species shapes its community far beyond its biomass—sea otters, for instance, eat sea urchins and protect kelp forests. Remove it and its prey explode, collapsing habitat and diversity.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Paine, R. T. (1969)《营养级复杂性与群落稳定性》（The American Naturalist）
Paine, R. T. (1969), 'A Note on Trophic Complexity and Community Stability', The American Naturalist
#关键种 #食物网 #生态平衡
什么是国家公园？由谁决定保护它？
What is a national park and who decides to protect it?
国家公园是受法律保护的、留给野生动物和自然景观的大片土地。通常由国家政府划定和管理，让动物和森林安全生长。
A national park is a large area of land protected by law for wildlife and nature. Usually a national government sets it aside and manages it so animals and forests can stay safe.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Odum & Barrett,《Fundamentals of Ecology》第5版,Brooks/Cole,2004
E. P. Odum and G. W. Barrett, Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th ed., Brooks/Cole, 2004
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3334843W：Fundamentals of ecology
#国家公园 #保护区 #自然保护
为什么我们不应该在森林里乱扔垃圾？
Why should we not litter in the forest?
垃圾会让动物误食或被缠住，塑料要几百年才分解。保持森林干净，鸟儿、小鹿和溪流才能健康安全。
Trash can be eaten or trap animals, and plastic takes hundreds of years to break down. Keeping forests clean lets birds, deer, and streams stay healthy and safe.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Odum & Barrett,《Fundamentals of Ecology》第5版,Brooks/Cole,2004
E. P. Odum and G. W. Barrett, Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th ed., Brooks/Cole, 2004
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3334843W：Fundamentals of ecology
#不乱扔垃圾 #森林保护 #动物安全
什么是“自然保护区”？
What is a nature reserve?
自然保护区是法律划定、限制人类开发的区域，用来保护珍稀动植物和自然景观，让生态系统不受干扰地自我恢复。
A nature reserve is a legally protected area with restricted human activity, safeguarding rare species and landscapes so ecosystems can recover undisturbed.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
IUCN《受保护地区分类系统》(The IUCN Category System for Protected Areas, 2008)
IUCN, The IUCN Category System for Protected Areas, 2008
#自然保护区 #保护地 #限制开发
设立自然保护区的主要目标是什么？
What is the main goal of nature reserves?
自然保护区通过限制开发为物种和栖息地提供避难所，保护基因库、水源与碳汇，并作为科研与生态恢复的基准点。
Nature reserves restrict development to give species and habitats refuge, safeguarding gene pools, water sources and carbon sinks, and serving as baselines for research and restoration.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Odum & Barrett,《Fundamentals of Ecology》第5版,Brooks/Cole,2004
E. P. Odum and G. W. Barrett, Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th ed., Brooks/Cole, 2004
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3334843W：Fundamentals of ecology
#自然保护区 #栖息地
没有买卖就没有杀害这句口号有道理吗?保护动物为什么难?
Does the slogan 'no trade, no killing' hold up? Why is protecting animals so hard?
有道理但只是拼图一角。象牙、犀牛角贸易直接驱动盗猎,切断市场能减杀戮。但保护难点还有:栖息地被农田城市切割(动物无处安家)、人兽冲突(庄稼被毁的农民不愿保护)、贫困社区需要生计。成功案例都靠组合拳:藏羚羊保护靠巡山反盗猎、动物通道、牧民补偿替代收入。生态保护的本质是平衡人与野生动物的利益。
True yet one puzzle piece. Ivory and rhino-horn trade directly fuels poaching so cutting markets reduces killing. But habitat fragmentation by farms and cities, human-wildlife conflict and community poverty matter too. Successes combine tools: Tibetan antelope patrols plus highway crossings plus herder compensation. Conservation balances human and wild lives.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
韩启德总主编《十万个为什么》(第六版),少年儿童出版社,2013
Han Qide chief ed., Ten Thousand Whys, 6th edition, Juvenile and Children Publishing House, 2013, 6th ed., Juvenile and Children Publishing House, 2013
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-7-5324-9328-9 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787532493289
#反盗猎 #栖息地 #人兽冲突