为什么“电网灵活性”对高比例可再生能源至关重要？
Why is 'grid flexibility' crucial for high renewable shares?
风光出力随天气剧烈波动，若电网不能快速调节，就会出现弃风弃光或供电缺口。灵活性来自储能、可调水电、需求响应和跨国互联等多种手段的组合，是脱碳同时保供电安全的枢纽。
Wind and solar swing sharply with weather, so without fast adjustment the grid faces curtailment or shortfalls. Flexibility comes from a mix of storage, dispatchable hydro, demand response and interconnections—central to decarbonizing without losing supply security.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
国际能源署《Renewables》年度市场报告(iea.org/reports)
IEA, Renewables Market Report, iea.org/reports
#电网灵活性 #调节 #供需平衡
什么是“平准化度电成本（LCOE）”，为什么它常被用来比较不同发电技术？
What is the levelized cost of energy (LCOE), and why is it used to compare power technologies?
LCOE把电站全生命周期内的建设、运营、燃料和退役等成本折算成单位发电量（通常为每千瓦时）的平均成本，便于跨技术横向比较。近年来光伏和陆上风电的LCOE大幅下降，在许多地区已低于新建化石燃料电站，成为能源转型的关键经济指标。
LCOE converts a plant's lifetime costs—construction, operation, fuel, and decommissioning—into an average cost per unit of electricity (usually per kWh), enabling fair comparison across technologies. In recent years solar PV and onshore wind LCOE have fallen sharply and are now often below new fossil plants in many regions, making LCOE a key economic metric for the energy transition.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
国际能源署（IEA）《世界能源展望》（World Energy Outlook）
International Energy Agency (IEA), 'World Energy Outlook'
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1787/3a469970-en：World Energy Outlook 202
#平准化度电成本 #全生命周期 #光伏 #风电 #能源转型
什么是「能源投资回报率」（EROI）？为何它对向可再生能源转型很重要？
What is the energy return on investment (EROI) and why does it matter for transitioning to renewables?
EROI 是系统产出的能源除以其全寿命周期消耗能源的比值。现代电网级可再生能源 EROI 约 10–30，虽低于传统石油早期水平，但远高于维持经济所需的门槛；EROI 过低的社会难以支撑复杂经济活动。
EROI is the energy a system delivers divided by the energy spent across its life cycle. Grid-scale renewables show EROI around 10–30—lower than early oil but well above the threshold needed to sustain an economy; very low EROI societies struggle to support complex activity.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Hall, Lambert & Balogh《可持续社会所需的最低 EROI》(2011, Sustainability)
Hall, Lambert & Balogh, 'What is the Minimum EROI that a Sustainable Society Requires?' (2011, Sustainability)
#能源投资回报率 #EROI #能源转型
为何「绿氢」难以规模化？它与「蓝氢」有何不同？
Why is green hydrogen considered hard to scale, and how does it differ from blue hydrogen?
绿氢通过可再生电力电解水制取，目前电解槽成本与可再生电力价格偏高，能效约 60–70%。蓝氢来自天然气重整并配套碳捕集，碳足迹较低但依赖化石燃料与封存可靠性。
Green hydrogen is made by electrolyzing water with renewable power, but electrolyzer costs and renewable electricity prices keep it expensive, with about 60–70% efficiency. Blue hydrogen comes from natural-gas reforming with carbon capture—lower footprint but tied to fossil fuels and storage reliability.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
国际能源署《Renewables》年度市场报告(iea.org/reports)
IEA, Renewables Market Report, iea.org/reports
#绿氢 #蓝氢 #氢能
绿氢、蓝氢和灰氢有什么区别？
How do green, blue and grey hydrogen differ?
它们按制氢的碳足迹区分：灰氢来自化石燃料且无碳捕集，蓝氢同样来自化石但配套碳捕集封存，绿氢则用电解水、且电力来自可再生。绿氢被视为深度脱碳（如重工业、航运）的关键选项。
They differ by the carbon footprint of production: grey hydrogen comes from fossil fuels with no capture, blue from fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage, and green from electrolyzing water using renewable electricity. Green hydrogen is seen as key for hard-to-abate sectors like heavy industry and shipping.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
国际能源署《Renewables》年度市场报告(iea.org/reports)
IEA, Renewables Market Report, iea.org/reports
#绿氢 #蓝氢 #灰氢 #电解
地热能是从哪里来的？
Where does geothermal energy come from?
地热能利用地球内部放射性衰变和原始余热产生的热量，可通过地热井抽取热水或蒸汽来发电或供暖。在板块边界和火山活动区资源最丰富，而且几乎不受天气和昼夜影响，可稳定供电。
Geothermal energy taps heat from Earth's interior, produced by radioactive decay and leftover primordial heat, drawn up through wells as hot water or steam for power and heating. It is richest at plate boundaries and volcanoes, and can supply steady power regardless of weather.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#地热能 #地球内热 #稳定供电
核能发电在生命周期温室气体排放上处于什么水平？
Where does nuclear power stand in terms of lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions?
综合采矿、建设、运行到退役的全生命周期评估，核能发电的温室气体排放与风电、太阳能同属最低梯队（通常在每千瓦时十几克二氧化碳当量以下）。因此许多气候研究将其视为低碳基荷电源，但其推广也面临核废料和安全的争议。
Across the full lifecycle—mining, construction, operation, and decommissioning—nuclear power's greenhouse gas emissions rank among the lowest, comparable to wind and solar (typically well under a few tens of grams of CO2-equivalent per kWh). Many climate studies therefore treat it as a low-carbon baseload source, though waste and safety concerns remain contentious.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#核能 #生命周期排放 #低碳 #基荷电源 #核废料
“净零排放（net zero）”是什么意思，它与“碳中和”有何关系？
What does 'net zero' emissions mean, and how is it related to 'carbon neutrality'?
净零排放指在一定时期内，人为排放的温室气体通过自然或技术手段（如造林、碳捕集）被等量清除，使净增加为零。碳中和常作为净零的同义或近似表述，但严格说前者多强调全部温室气体，后者有时仅指二氧化碳。
Net zero means that, over a period, human-caused greenhouse gas emissions are balanced by removals through natural or technological means—such as afforestation or carbon capture—so the net addition is zero. Carbon neutrality is often used synonymously, though strictly the former usually covers all greenhouse gases while the latter sometimes refers only to CO2.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#净零排放 #碳中和 #碳捕集 #温室气体 #减排
水力发电目前在世界电力中占什么地位？
What role does hydropower play in world electricity today?
水电利用河流落差驱动水轮机发电，是迄今规模最大、最成熟的可再生电力来源，提供全球约六分之一的电力。但它也受生态影响（如阻断鱼道、淹没土地）和干旱气候风险的制约。
Hydropower uses the fall of rivers to spin turbines and is still the largest and most mature source of renewable electricity, supplying roughly one sixth of global power. Yet it faces ecological concerns like blocked fish passages and drought vulnerability.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
国际能源署《Renewables》年度市场报告(iea.org/reports)
IEA, Renewables Market Report, iea.org/reports
#水电 #可再生 #最大规模
为什么风光发电需要储能？
Why do wind and solar power need storage?
风和阳光时有时无，发电出力与用电高峰常常错开，所以需要电池、抽水蓄能等方式把多余电力存起来、在缺电时放出。储能是让高比例风光电网稳定可靠的关键。
Wind and sunlight come and go, so generation often misses peaks in demand; storage like batteries or pumped hydro saves surplus power for when it is needed. Storage is key to keeping a grid with high shares of wind and solar stable and reliable.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#储能 #电池 #抽水蓄能
风力发电是怎样产生电的？
How does wind power generate electricity?
风力机用叶片捕获风的动能，带动发电机转子旋转产生电能。海上风电因风速更稳、单机更大，近年增长尤其快，是低碳电力的重要组成。
Wind turbines capture the kinetic energy of wind with their blades, spinning a generator rotor to make electricity. Offshore wind has grown especially fast thanks to steadier winds and larger turbines, becoming a key part of low-carbon power.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#风力发电 #动能 #海上风电
什么是“可再生能源”，请举出几种常见类型。
What are renewable energy sources? Give several common examples.
可再生能源指在合理利用下能不断补充、不会枯竭的能源，主要包括太阳能、风能、水能、地热能和生物质能。与煤炭、石油等化石燃料相比，它们通常在发电过程中不直接排放二氧化碳，因而被视为低碳能源。
Renewable energy comes from sources that are continuously replenished and not depleted with use, mainly solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, and biomass. Unlike coal or oil, they typically emit little or no CO2 during electricity generation and are therefore regarded as low-carbon energy.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#可再生能源 #太阳能 #风能 #水能 #低碳
太阳能电池板是把什么转化成电的？
What do solar panels convert into electricity?
太阳能电池板利用光伏效应，把太阳光中的光子直接转化为电能，不燃烧任何燃料、运行时也不排放温室气体。过去十年其成本大幅下降，已成为许多地方最便宜的电力来源之一。
Solar panels use the photovoltaic effect to turn sunlight's photons directly into electricity, with no fuel burned and no emissions during operation. Their cost has fallen sharply in a decade, making them among the cheapest power sources in many places.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#太阳能 #光伏效应 #成本下降