'共同但有区别的责任'（CBDR）原则如何塑造气候谈判的博弈？
How does the CBDR principle shape climate negotiation dynamics?
CBDR承认各国历史排放与发展阶段不同，要求发达国家带头减排并出资，发展中国家在资金技术支持下列出自主贡献（NDC）；这平衡了公平与可行，却也因责任界定模糊常成谈判拉锯点。
CBDR recognizes differing historical emissions and development stages, expecting developed nations to lead cuts and finance while developing countries submit NDCs with support; it balances equity and feasibility but its blurry responsibility lines fuel perennial negotiation standoffs.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#CBDR #NDC
中国的“限塑令”和“禁塑令”区别在哪，现在管到哪些？
How do China's 'limit' and 'ban' on plastic differ, and what's covered now?
限塑是逐步限制厚度、使用场景与免费提供；禁塑是对特定一次性塑料（如某些塑料袋、吸管、餐具）直接禁用。范围从商超外卖扩展到电商快递，并鼓励替代与回收。
Limits gradually restrict thickness, settings and free giveaways; bans directly prohibit specific single-use plastics (some bags, straws, cutlery). Scope has spread from shops and takeout to e-commerce and delivery, pushing alternatives and recycling.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#限塑令 #禁塑令 #一次性塑料
碳达峰之后到碳中和，为什么“中和”比“达峰”难得多？
After peaking, why is 'carbon neutrality' much harder than 'peak'?
达峰只是增长停下，靠效率提升和结构优化就能部分实现；中和要求剩余排放被森林、CCUS 等完全抵消，涉及钢铁、水泥、航空等难减排部门，几乎要改造整个经济底色。
Peaking just stops growth via efficiency and restructuring; neutrality demands remaining emissions be fully offset by forests or CCUS, tackling hard sectors like steel, cement and aviation—essentially remaking the economy's base.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#碳达峰 #碳中和 #难减排
ESG 评分是怎么把环境表现变成投资信号的？
How does an ESG score turn environmental performance into an investment signal?
评级机构按环境、社会、治理指标给企业打分，高分意味着更低的政策与气候风险、更易获资金和客户；资金因此流向更可持续的公司，间接倒逼减排。
Raters score firms on environmental, social and governance metrics; high scores signal lower policy and climate risk and easier capital, so money flows to greener companies, indirectly pushing cuts.
难度 专业 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Messie Pondie, Berriche, Laroutis,《The weight of silent criteria: ESG score performance and investment attractiveness in sub-Saharan Africa》, Journal of Environmental Management, 2026 (DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.128192)
Messie Pondie, Berriche, Laroutis, 'The weight of silent criteria: ESG score performance and investment attractiveness in sub-Saharan Africa', Journal of Environmental Management, 2026, DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.128192
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.128192
#ESG #可持续投资 #评级
塑料“延伸生产者责任(EPR)”让厂家为包装回收买单是什么意思？
What does plastic 'extended producer responsibility (EPR)'—making makers pay for packaging recycling—mean?
EPR 把产品废弃后的回收处置成本前移给生产/进口商，促使他们在设计时就减少包装、用易回收材料，并用基金支持本地回收体系，从源头减轻垃圾。
EPR shifts end-of-life costs onto producers/importers, pushing them to use less and more recyclable packaging at design stage and fund local recycling—cutting waste at the source.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#EPR #生产者责任 #包装
“禁塑”后餐饮外卖怎么合规，纸浆模塑、PLA 怎么选？
After plastic bans, how do takeout firms comply, and how to choose molded pulp vs PLA?
主流替代是纸浆模塑、可堆肥 PLA 等。纸浆模塑易回收但怕油水；PLA 需工业堆肥才有降解意义。关键不是“看起来环保”，而是本地有无对应回收/堆肥末端。
Common swaps are molded pulp and compostable PLA. Pulp recycles easily but hates grease; PLA only matters if industrial composting exists. The point isn't 'looks green' but whether local end-of-life handling exists.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#外卖 #纸浆模塑 #PLA
'污染者付费'原则在现实中是怎么落地的？
How is the 'polluter pays' principle applied in practice?
它通过环境税、排污费、押金退还与损害赔偿等工具，把外部成本内部化，让排放者承担治理代价，从而改变行为；但费率设定与监管能力决定其真实效力。
Through environmental taxes, effluent fees, deposits and damages liability, it internalizes external costs so emitters bear cleanup bills and change behavior; but fee levels and enforcement decide its real bite.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#污染者付费 #内化
碳交易（碳市场）是怎么用价格减碳的？
How does a carbon market use price to cut emissions?
政府设定排放总量并发放或拍卖配额，超排需购买配额，减排多余则可出售；稀缺性使碳排放产生成本，激励企业以最低成本减排，典型如EU ETS。
The government caps total emissions and issues or auctions allowances; over-emitters must buy, savers can sell. Scarcity prices carbon and pushes firms to cut where cheapest—as in the EU ETS.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#碳市场 #配额
什么是中国提出的“双碳”目标，时间表是怎样的？
What is China's 'dual carbon' goal and its timeline?
“双碳”指力争 2030 年前碳达峰、2060 年前碳中和。这是国家层面的长期承诺，驱动能源、产业、交通和城市的系统性低碳转型。
'Dual carbon' means striving to peak emissions before 2030 and reach carbon neutrality before 2060. It is a national pledge driving systemic low-carbon shifts in energy, industry, transport and cities.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
国际能源署（IEA）《世界能源展望》
International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787801649843（豆瓣书目条目: 2004-世界能源展望）
#双碳 #2030 #2060
欧盟碳排放交易体系（ETS）如何形成碳价？市场稳定储备（MSR）起什么作用？
How does the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) set carbon prices, and what is the role of the Market Stability Reserve?
EU ETS 通过「上限与交易」给排放设总量上限并拍卖配额，市场供需决定碳价。市场稳定储备（MSR，2019 年启动）会吸收过剩配额或注入配额，以平抑价格的剧烈波动。
The EU ETS caps total emissions and auctions allowances, letting supply and demand set the carbon price under a cap-and-trade design. The Market Stability Reserve (launched 2019) absorbs surplus or injects allowances to dampen sharp price swings.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#碳交易 #欧盟ETS #市场稳定储备
碳税与总量管制交易（cap-and-trade）有何区别？哪一种在国家层面采用更广？
What distinguishes a carbon tax from cap-and-trade, and which has seen broader national adoption?
碳税对每单位排放直接定价，收入可归入财政；总量管制交易设定排放上限并交易配额，价格由市场决定。目前全球已有数十个国家开征碳税，而 ETS 体系相对集中在欧盟、中国与少数地区。
A carbon tax directly prices each unit of emissions, with revenue returned to the budget; cap-and-trade sets a ceiling and trades allowances, letting the market set the price. Dozens of countries have adopted carbon taxes, while ETS systems are concentrated in the EU, China, and a few regions.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
世界银行《碳定价现状与趋势》(2023)
World Bank State and Trends of Carbon Pricing (2023)
#碳税 #总量管制交易 #气候政策
《蒙特利尔议定书》是什么？为何被视为成功的环保条约？
What is the Montreal Protocol and why is it considered a successful environmental treaty?
《蒙特利尔议定书》（1987）逐步淘汰消耗臭氧层的氟氯碳化物（CFC）等物质。它已被所有国家批准，使臭氧层空洞开始恢复，并因 CFC 也是强温室气体而额外减缓了气候变暖。
The Montreal Protocol (1987) phased out ozone-depleting substances such as CFCs. Ratified by every country, it has put the ozone hole on a recovery path and, because CFCs are potent greenhouse gases, also slowed warming.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#蒙特利尔议定书 #臭氧层 #CFC
为什么要对一次性塑料“收费”而不是免费给？
Why charge for single-use plastic instead of giving it free?
免费让人随手拿、随手扔；收一点点钱就把“看不见的环境成本”提醒给你，行为经济学证明小额收费能大幅减少使用量，比单纯倡导更有效。
Free means grab-and-toss; a small charge reminds you of the hidden environmental cost, and behavioral economics shows tiny fees sharply cut use—more effective than appeals alone.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#塑料收费 #行为经济学 #减量
相对一刀切式的统一排放标准,总量控制叠加配额交易凭借什么以更低的社会总成本兑现同等减排量,又需要付出哪些代价?
Relative to one-size-fits-all uniform emission standards, why can a cap combined with allowance trading hit identical aggregate reductions at lower social cost, and what tradeoffs does that efficiency carry?
配额交易允许边际减排成本低的企业超额减排并出售盈余,成本偏高的主体改为购买配额,全社会自动收敛到总费用最小的减排组合,这是统一标准在静态效率上无法企及的。代价在于配额价格波动放大企业长期投资的不确定性,且监测核证失守或配额超发会让市场信号即刻失真,欧盟碳市场第一阶段便因各国普遍超发而令碳价一度跌近零。
Trading lets firms with cheap abatement options overshoot their obligations and sell surplus allowances while high-cost emitters purchase permits instead of retrofitting, so the economy converges automatically on the least-cost reduction mix, an outcome uniform standards can never reach statically. The price of that efficiency is allowance-price volatility that clouds long-term investment decisions, and the mechanism collapses if verification slips or caps are set loosely: widespread over-allocation during Phase I of the EU carbon market pushed the permit price close to zero.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
欧洲议会及理事会第2003/87/EC号指令(欧盟碳排放交易体系)及欧委会第一阶段运行评估报告
Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing the EU Emissions Trading System, with European Commission reviews of Phase I performance
#环境政策 #排污权交易
当企业的边际减排成本难以事先估准时,总量控制与交易相比固定税率的排污税有何优势?
What advantage does a cap-and-trade scheme hold over an emission tax set at a fixed rate when firms' marginal abatement costs cannot be estimated in advance?
固定税率之下,若成本估计偏差过大,实际排放总量可能偏离政策目标,而总量交易先把环境结果锁定在上限之内,让配额价格去消化成本的不确定性。企业间的配额买卖使各方边际减排成本趋于一致,实现给定总量下的费用有效配置。其代价是配额价格波动剧烈,通常需辅以价格区间等稳定机制。
Under a fixed tax rate a misjudged cost curve can push actual aggregate emissions well away from the policy target, whereas cap-and-trade locks the environmental outcome within the cap first and lets the allowance price absorb cost uncertainty. Buying and selling permits drives every firm toward the same marginal abatement cost, delivering a cost-effective allocation for the chosen total. The price paid is volatile allowance markets, which normally call for stabilizers such as price corridors.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
M.L. Weitzman,《Prices vs. Quantities》,The Review of Economic Studies,1974 (DOI: 10.2307/2296698)；Ellerman & Buchner,《The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme: Origins, Allocation, and Early Results》,Review of Environmental Economics and Policy,2007 (DOI: 10.1093/reep/rem003)
M.L. Weitzman, 'Prices vs. Quantities', The Review of Economic Studies, 1974, DOI: 10.2307/2296698; Ellerman & Buchner, 'The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme: Origins, Allocation, and Early Results', Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 2007, DOI: 10.1093/reep/rem003
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1093/reep/rem003 · 核验依据 2 Crossref DOI 10.2307/2296698
#总量交易 #成本有效性
'碳达峰、碳中和'分别是什么意思？
What do 'carbon peak' and 'carbon neutrality' mean?
碳达峰指年度CO2排放量达到历史最高后开始下降；碳中和指人为排放与通过森林、碳捕集等吸收的碳相互抵消，净排放为零。
Carbon peak means annual CO2 emissions top out and start falling; carbon neutrality means human emissions are balanced by removals (forests, capture), reaching net zero.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#碳达峰 #碳中和
谁在管'世界环境日'这类国际环保行动？
Who runs international actions like World Environment Day?
联合国环境规划署（UNEP）牵头协调全球环境议题与纪念活动，推动各国政府、企业与公众共同参与，但不是拥有执法权的超国家政府。
The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) coordinates global environmental issues and campaigns like World Environment Day, engaging governments, business and the public—but it is not a supranational enforcer with police power.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#UNEP #国际合作