什么是生态修复？
What is ecological restoration?
生态修复是帮助已退化、受损或被破坏的生态系统恢复其结构、功能和生物多样性的过程。方法包括植树造林、退耕还湿、清理污染土壤等。成功的修复不仅要种植物，还要重建完整的食物网和自然过程。
Ecological restoration is the process of assisting degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystems to recover their structure, function, and biodiversity. Methods include reforestation, wetland restoration, and soil cleanup. Successful restoration rebuilds not just plants but whole food webs and natural processes.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Odum & Barrett,《Fundamentals of Ecology》第5版,Brooks/Cole,2004
E. P. Odum and G. W. Barrett, Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th ed., Brooks/Cole, 2004
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3334843W：Fundamentals of ecology
#生态修复 #退化 #恢复
什么是栖息地破碎化？
What is habitat fragmentation?
栖息地破碎化是指连片的栖息地被道路、农田或城市分割成许多小块，使野生动物活动范围受限、种群被隔离。破碎的栖息地更难维持物种生存，并增加近亲繁殖和局部灭绝的风险。修建生态廊道可以帮助动物在被分割的栖息地之间移动。
Habitat fragmentation is the breaking of continuous habitat into smaller isolated patches by roads, farms, or cities, limiting wildlife movement and isolating populations. Fragmented habitat makes species survival harder and raises risks of inbreeding and local extinction. Ecological corridors help animals move between separated patches.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Odum & Barrett,《Fundamentals of Ecology》第5版,Brooks/Cole,2004
E. P. Odum and G. W. Barrett, Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th ed., Brooks/Cole, 2004
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3334843W：Fundamentals of ecology
#栖息地 #破碎化 #廊道
“就地保护”和“迁地保护”有什么不同？
How do in-situ and ex-situ conservation differ?
就地保护是在物种原本的栖息地直接保护，如建立自然保护区；迁地保护是把物种移出原生环境保存，如动物园、植物园和种子库。前者更根本，后者常作为危急时的“备份”。
In-situ conservation protects species in their natural habitat, such as nature reserves; ex-situ conservation moves them elsewhere, like zoos, botanic gardens and seed banks. The former is more fundamental, the latter often a backup in crises.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#就地保护 #迁地保护 #自然保护区
什么是社区参与式保护？
What is community-based conservation?
社区参与式保护强调让当地居民成为保护的主体，把保护目标与他们的生计和发展结合起来。当居民从保护中获益（如生态旅游收入），就更有动力守护自然资源。它在许多发展中国家的保护区管理中效果显著。
Community-based conservation makes local residents the main actors, linking conservation goals with their livelihoods and development. When people benefit—say from ecotourism income—they are motivated to safeguard nature. It has worked well in many protected areas of developing countries.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Odum & Barrett,《Fundamentals of Ecology》第5版,Brooks/Cole,2004
E. P. Odum and G. W. Barrett, Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th ed., Brooks/Cole, 2004
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3334843W：Fundamentals of ecology
#社区 #参与 #保护
1995 年灰狼重回黄石后,柳树和河狸为什么跟着恢复了起来?
After gray wolves returned to Yellowstone in 1995, why did willows and beavers recover as well?
狼群让马鹿不敢久留在河谷等易遭伏击的取食地,柳树和杨树的萌条得以存活长高。柳带为河狸提供食物与筑坝材料,坝体抬高地下水位又反过来滋养更多柳树并改善水禽与鱼类生境。这条狼—鹿—柳—河狸食物链说明顶级捕食者能间接重塑植被与水文格局。
Wolves made elk avoid lingering in river valleys where ambush risk was high, so willow and aspen sprouts finally survived to grow tall. Those willow stands gave beavers food and dam-building material, and the raised water tables behind their dams fed back into more willows plus better waterfowl and fish habitat. This wolf-elk-willow-beaver chain shows how an apex predator can indirectly reshape vegetation and hydrology.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Ripple & Beschta, BioScience 54 (2004): 狼的风险效应与黄石植被结构
Ripple & Beschta, 'Wolves and the ecology of fear: can predation risk structure ecosystems?', BioScience 54 (2004)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0755:wateof]2.0.c
#再野化 #营养级联
再野化和常规的物种重引入有什么区别?为什么不少项目主张先恢复生态过程,而不急于放归明星物种?
What separates rewilding from conventional species reintroduction, and why do many projects argue for restoring ecological processes rather than rushing to release flagship species?
再野化追求让营养级联、自然扰动和扩散等过程重新运转,使生态系统恢复自我调节能力;常规重引入通常只关注单一濒危物种种群的回升。海狸重返河道后自发筑坝蓄水、大型食草动物自由游荡塑造出斑块镶嵌般的生境,这类案例说明关键种一旦归位,生境异质性会自行增长,效果往往比持续人工维护更稳固。因此衡量成败要看捕食、筑坝、践踏等过程是否重现,而非放归个体的数量。
Rewilding seeks to get trophic cascades, natural disturbance and dispersal running again so ecosystems regain self-regulation, while conventional reintroduction usually targets the rebound of a single threatened population. Beavers returning and damming streams again, or large herbivores roaming freely and carving mosaic landscapes, show that once key species are back, habitat heterogeneity grows on its own and often proves sturdier than constant human maintenance. Projects succeed when processes such as predation, dam-building and trampling reappear, not when a quota of animals has been released.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Svenning et al. 2016, Science for a wilder Anthropocene, PNAS 113(4); Perino et al. 2019, Rewilding complex ecosystems, Science 364:eaav5570
Svenning et al. 2016, Science for a wilder Anthropocene, PNAS 113(4); Perino et al. 2019, Rewilding complex ecosystems, Science 364:eaav5570
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 EUROPEPMC 标识 26504218：Science for a wilder Anthropocene:
#再野化 #物种重引入
为什么保护地之间需要“生态廊道”？
Why do protected areas need ecological corridors?
破碎的栖息地让动物被分隔，近亲繁殖和局部灭绝风险升高。生态廊道用连片的森林、河流或草原把保护地连通，让物种能迁移、扩散和交换基因，提升整体存活率。
Fragmented habitats isolate animals, raising inbreeding and local extinction risk. Corridors of forest, river or grassland link reserves so species can migrate, spread and exchange genes, improving overall survival.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#生态廊道 #连通性 #基因交流
什么是濒危物种？
What is an endangered species?
濒危物种是指种群数量极少、面临灭绝风险的野生动植物，常因栖息地丧失、过度捕猎或气候变化而陷入困境。世界自然保护联盟用红色名录评估物种的受威胁等级。保护濒危物种需要栖息地保护和人工繁育等多种手段。
An endangered species is a wild plant or animal with very low population numbers at risk of extinction, often due to habitat loss, overhunting, or climate change. The IUCN Red List assesses species' threat levels. Saving them requires habitat protection, captive breeding, and other measures.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#濒危物种 #灭绝 #红色名录
什么是自然保护区？
What is a nature reserve?
自然保护区是为保护珍稀动植物、自然遗迹或生态系统而划定并严格管理的区域。区内通常限制开采、狩猎和开发，让自然得以休养生息。建立保护区是保护生物多样性的最直接手段之一。
A nature reserve is an area set aside and strictly managed to protect rare plants and animals, natural landmarks, or ecosystems. Activities like extraction, hunting, and development are usually restricted so nature can recover. Establishing reserves is one of the most direct ways to conserve biodiversity.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#自然保护区 #保护 #栖息地
为什么要保护湿地？
Why should we protect wetlands?
湿地（如沼泽、湖泊边缘）被称为“地球之肾”，能过滤污染物、储存洪水和为大量水鸟提供家园。许多鱼虾也在湿地繁殖，是重要渔业的源头。围填和污染正使全球湿地快速减少，保护它们非常紧迫。
Wetlands such as marshes and lake edges are called Earth's kidneys because they filter pollutants, store floodwater, and provide homes for many waterbirds. Countless fish and shrimp breed there, supporting important fisheries. Reclamation and pollution are shrinking wetlands worldwide, making their protection urgent.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
《拉姆萨尔公约》（湿地公约）
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
#湿地 #过滤 #洪水
在公园看到小刺猬,为什么不能把它抱回家?
Why can't I take a hedgehog home from the park?
刺猬的妈妈正在草丛里等它回家吃晚饭!野生动物有自己的家和爸爸妈妈,被人抱着会害怕得发抖,离开野外它还会生病。我们远远看它,就是对它最好的喜欢。
Hedgehog mama is waiting in the grass for dinner time! Wild animals have their own homes and parents; being held scares them and life indoors makes them sick. Watching quietly from far away is the best love.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
韩启德总主编《十万个为什么》(第六版),少年儿童出版社,2013
Han Qide chief ed., Ten Thousand Whys, 6th edition, Juvenile and Children Publishing House, 2013, 6th ed., Juvenile and Children Publishing House, 2013
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-7-5324-9328-9 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787532493289
#野生动物 #爱护动物 #观察
什么是入侵物种？
What is an invasive species?
入侵物种是指被人类无意或故意引入新地区后，因缺乏天敌而大量繁殖、危害本地生态的外来生物，如福寿螺、水葫芦。它们会挤占本土物种的生存空间，造成农业和经济损失。防止外来物种随贸易和旅行传入是最有效的控制办法。
An invasive species is a non-native organism introduced to a new area, often by human activity, that spreads rapidly without natural enemies and harms local ecosystems, such as the golden apple snail or water hyacinth. They displace native species and cause agricultural and economic losses. Preventing their introduction through trade and travel is the most effective control.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Odum & Barrett,《Fundamentals of Ecology》第5版,Brooks/Cole,2004
E. P. Odum and G. W. Barrett, Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th ed., Brooks/Cole, 2004
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3334843W：Fundamentals of ecology
#入侵物种 #外来 #生态危害
什么是国家公园？
What is a national park?
国家公园是由国家设立、以保护自然风光和生态系统为主，同时适度允许公众游憩的大型保护区。它既守护珍稀动植物，也让人们在受控范围内亲近自然。世界上第一个国家公园是1872年设立的美国黄石公园。
A national park is a large protected area established by a country to conserve natural landscapes and ecosystems while allowing controlled public recreation. It safeguards rare plants and animals and lets people experience nature responsibly. The world's first national park was Yellowstone in the United States, established in 1872.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#国家公园 #保护 #游憩