气候变化谈判中的“共同但有区别的责任（CBDR）”原则是什么意思？
What does the principle of 'common but differentiated responsibilities' (CBDR) mean in climate negotiations?
CBDR是《联合国气候变化框架公约》的核心原则，承认所有国家都有应对气候变化的共同责任，但强调发达国家因历史排放更高、能力更强，应承担更大且率先的减排与资金技术支持义务。它在历次气候大会中是发达国家与发展中国家争议与博弈的焦点之一。
CBDR is a core principle of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change: all nations share a common responsibility to address climate change, but developed countries, having emitted more historically and possessing greater capacity, should take larger and earlier mitigation and financial-support obligations. It has long been a focal point of negotiation between developed and developing countries.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
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《联合国气候变化框架公约》（UNFCCC，1992）原则3
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, 1992), Principle 3
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787800935336（豆瓣书目条目: 联合国气候变化框架公约）
#共同但有区别的责任 #UNFCCC #历史排放 #资金技术 #气候谈判
什么是“碳定价”，它包含哪两种主要政策工具？
What is carbon pricing, and what two main policy instruments does it include?
碳定价是通过给二氧化碳排放赋予货币成本来激励减排的机制，主要工具是碳税（对单位排放直接征税）和碳排放交易体系（ cap-and-trade，设定总量上限并交易配额）。世界银行数据显示已有70多个司法管辖区实施了某种形式的碳定价，但覆盖率和价格水平仍不足以实现《巴黎协定》目标。
Carbon pricing puts a monetary cost on CO2 emissions to incentivize reductions, mainly through a carbon tax (a direct levy per unit emitted) and a cap-and-trade system (an emissions cap with tradable allowances). World Bank data show over 70 jurisdictions have some form of carbon pricing, yet coverage and price levels remain insufficient for the Paris Agreement goals.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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世界银行《碳定价现状与趋势》（State and Trends of Carbon Pricing）
World Bank, 'State and Trends of Carbon Pricing' report
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1596/39796：State and Trends of Carbon Pri
#碳定价 #碳税 #碳排放交易 #总量上限 #世界银行
“环境影响评价（EIA）”制度要求项目在开工前做什么？
What does an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) system require before a project begins?
环境影响评价制度要求重大开发项目在动工前，系统预测、分析和公开其可能造成的环境后果，并提出减缓措施。许多国家以法律形式将EIA作为项目审批的前置条件，是世界银行等多边机构贷款项目的标准流程。
An Environmental Impact Assessment system requires major development projects, before construction, to systematically predict, analyze, and disclose their likely environmental consequences and propose mitigation measures. Many countries legally require EIA as a precondition for approval, and it is standard practice for World Bank and other multilateral project financing.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
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G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#环境影响评价 #减缓措施 #项目审批 #世界银行 #环境后果
什么是“生物多样性补偿（biodiversity offset）”，它试图解决什么问题？
What is a biodiversity offset, and what problem does it try to address?
生物多样性补偿指开发活动不可避免造成生境破坏时，通过在其他地方实施保护或修复项目来补偿等效的生物多样性损失，遵循“避免—减缓—补偿”的层级。它试图在发展与保护间取得平衡，但因“等效性”难以准确衡量而受到批评。
A biodiversity offset is when unavoidable habitat damage from development is compensated by conservation or restoration elsewhere to achieve equivalent biodiversity gains, following an 'avoid–reduce–offset' hierarchy. It tries to balance development with protection, but is criticized because true ecological equivalence is hard to measure.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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《生物多样性公约》（CBD）及 世界银行 生物多样性补偿操作指南
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD); World Bank biodiversity offset guidelines
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL16367593W：Convention on Biologic
#生物多样性补偿 #生境破坏 #避免减缓补偿 #等效 #保护
什么是环境领域的“预防原则（precautionary principle）”？
What is the precautionary principle in environmental policy?
预防原则指当某种活动存在造成严重或不可逆环境损害的科学不确定时，不应以“证据不足”为由推迟采取防范性措施。它体现在《里约环境与发展宣言》等国际文件中，强调在不确定性下优先保护生态与人类健康。
The precautionary principle holds that lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason to postpone measures when an activity threatens serious or irreversible environmental harm. It appears in instruments such as the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and stresses protecting ecology and human health even under uncertainty.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#预防原则 #科学不确定 #里约宣言 #不可逆损害 #防范