钙钛矿与硅的叠层电池为什么能突破单结硅电池的效率天花板？
Why can perovskite-silicon tandem cells break through the efficiency ceiling of single-junction silicon?
单结电池受肖克利-奎塞尔极限约束，能量低于带隙的光子无法吸收，远高于带隙的光子多余能量以热量浪费掉，硅的实用上限约 29%。叠层结构把宽带隙钙钛矿放在顶层吸收蓝绿光，硅在底层吸收红外光，各自在更接近自身带隙处工作，从而降低热化损失。美国国家可再生能源实验室的效率纪录表显示，钙钛矿-硅叠层的认证效率已超过 33%，但钙钛矿的湿热与紫外稳定性仍是产业化瓶颈。
A single junction is bound by the Shockley-Queisser limit: photons below the bandgap are not absorbed and the excess energy of high-energy photons is lost as heat, capping practical silicon near 29%. A tandem places a wide-bandgap perovskite on top to harvest blue and green light while silicon underneath takes the infrared, so each layer works closer to its own bandgap and thermalisation losses shrink. NREL's efficiency chart records certified perovskite-silicon tandems above 33%, though perovskite stability under heat, humidity, and ultraviolet exposure remains the barrier to mass production.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
美国国家可再生能源实验室（NREL）最佳研究电池效率图表；Shockley 与 Queisser（1961）《Journal of Applied Physics》
NREL Best Research-Cell Efficiency Chart; Shockley and Queisser (1961), Journal of Applied Physics
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1063/1.1736034
#叠层电池 #钙钛矿 #肖克利-奎塞尔极限
用绿电制氢再发电，为什么整体效率只有三成左右？
Why does making hydrogen with clean electricity and then burning it back to power yield only about 30% efficiency?
损失沿着能量链逐级累积：电解槽把电能转成氢的效率约六到七成，随后压缩或液化再运输又要消耗氢自身能量的一成以上，燃料电池或燃气轮机发电效率约五成。三段相乘后电到电的往返效率通常落在 25% 至 40% 之间，远低于电池的九成。因此国际能源署主张把绿氢优先用于难以直接电气化的钢铁、化工与远洋运输，而不是替代电池做日常储电。
Losses compound along the chain: electrolysers convert electricity to hydrogen at roughly 60–70% efficiency, compression or liquefaction plus transport consumes more than a tenth of the hydrogen's own energy, and fuel cells or turbines convert back to electricity at around 50%. Multiplying the stages leaves a power-to-power round trip of about 25–40%, far below the 90% typical of batteries. That is why the IEA argues green hydrogen should be reserved for hard-to-electrify uses such as steel, chemicals, and deep-sea shipping rather than everyday electricity storage.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
国际能源署《Renewables》年度市场报告(iea.org/reports)
IEA, Renewables Market Report, iea.org/reports
#绿氢 #电解效率 #能量链损失
电网要容纳高比例风电光伏，为什么必须“升级”而不只是“换电源”？
Why must the grid be upgraded, not just have its generators swapped, to host high shares of wind and solar?
传统电网围绕火电“说发就发”设计，而风光出力随风和光照波动。高比例可再生能源需要电网整体变“灵活”：用跨区特高压输电把风光资源与负荷中心相连，用储能和需求响应平衡波动，用智能调度实时匹配供需。电网脱碳因此是一个系统改造工程，而不只是增加清洁发电机。
Traditional grids were designed around thermal plants that can dispatch on demand, whereas wind and solar output fluctuates with the weather. High renewable shares demand a fundamentally more flexible grid: ultra-high-voltage lines to connect windy, sunny regions with load centres, storage and demand response to smooth variability, and smart dispatch to balance supply and demand in real time. Decarbonising the grid is therefore a system redesign, not just swapping generators.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#电网 #脱碳 #特高压
“绿电”是怎么被追踪和认证的，避免“同一度电被卖多次”？
How is 'green electricity' tracked and certified to avoid selling the same electron many times?
通过绿证（如 RECs / GEC）把发电的环境属性与物理电量分离并登记，配合电网计量与注销机制，确保一份绿色属性只被一个用户声明使用。
Renewable certificates (RECs/GEC) separate a unit's environmental attribute from physical power and register it; grid metering and retirement ensure each green attribute is claimed only once.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
RE100 / 绿证机制
RE100; certificate
#绿证 #环境属性 #认证
光伏板的能量回收期是什么意思？
What does the energy payback time of a solar panel mean?
能量回收期指光伏板从制造到发电所偿还其生产耗能所需的时间。现代晶硅组件通常只需一到两年即可回收制造能耗，而寿命可达25年以上。因此其一生的净清洁能源产出远大于投入。
Energy payback time is how long a panel must operate to generate the energy used to make it. Modern crystalline modules typically repay their manufacturing energy in one to two years and last over 25 years. So their lifetime net clean output far exceeds the input.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
国际可再生能源署;《自然》
IRENA;Nature
#光伏 #能量回收 #生命周期
可再生能源比例高了之后，电网为什么需要“灵活性资源”？
Why does a grid with lots of renewables need 'flexibility resources'?
风光的出力随天气剧烈波动，需用储能、可调负荷、灵活气电与跨境互联来削峰填谷、保持供需秒级平衡，否则会出现弃风弃光或停电。
Wind and solar swing with weather, so storage, flexible demand, dispatchable plants and interconnection balance supply second-by-second; without them grids face curtailment or blackouts.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
国际能源署《Renewables》年度市场报告(iea.org/reports)
IEA, Renewables Market Report, iea.org/reports
#电网 #灵活性 #储能
核能为什么被归入“低碳能源”，却始终充满争议？
Why is nuclear power classed as low-carbon, and why does it stay so controversial?
核裂变反应堆发电时几乎不排放二氧化碳，能量密度极高，一座机组能稳定提供大量基荷电力，因此许多气候模型把核能作为低碳组合的一部分。但核废料需要安全处置上千年、重大事故后果严重、建设周期和成本高，这些风险让各国对核能态度不一，有的扩建，有的弃核。
Nuclear fission plants emit almost no CO2 while generating, and their huge energy density lets one unit deliver steady baseload power, so many climate models include nuclear in low-carbon portfolios. But spent fuel must be contained safely for millennia, severe accidents carry catastrophic consequences, and builds are slow and costly. These trade-offs explain why some countries expand nuclear power while others phase it out.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#核能 #核废料 #基荷电力
为什么说储能是光伏风电大规模并网的“最后一块拼图”？
Why is storage described as the last piece of the puzzle for large-scale wind and solar integration?
阳光和风时有时无，而用电需求时刻在变。储能可以在出力高峰存电、用电高峰放电，把“间歇”的电源变成“可按需调度”的电源。抽水蓄能容量最大、最成熟；锂电池响应快、部署灵活。随着储能成本下降，电网才能在安全的前提下容纳越来越高的可再生能源比例。
Sunshine and wind come and go, but electricity demand changes by the minute. Storage charges when generation peaks and discharges when demand peaks, turning intermittent sources into dispatchable ones. Pumped hydro remains the largest and most mature option; lithium batteries respond fast and deploy flexibly. As storage costs fall, grids can safely host ever-higher shares of renewables.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#储能 #锂电池 #抽水蓄能
什么是电网惯量？风光比例升高后为什么要专门补充它？
What is grid inertia, and why must it be replaced as wind and solar shares rise?
传统火电和水电的同步发电机转子储存着旋转动能，当负荷突增或机组跳闸时，这些动能会自动释放，减缓频率下降速率，为一次调频争取时间，这就是电网惯量。风光通过电力电子逆变器并网，本身与系统频率解耦，因此高渗透率下系统惯量减少，频率变化率变陡，保护装置更易连锁跳闸。解决办法包括虚拟同步机控制、构网型逆变器、快速电池调频以及保留同步调相机提供短路容量。
Rotors in conventional synchronous generators store rotational kinetic energy that is released automatically when load jumps or a unit trips, slowing the rate of frequency change and buying time for primary control — that is grid inertia. Wind and solar connect through power-electronic inverters that are decoupled from system frequency, so at high penetration inertia falls, the rate of change of frequency steepens, and protection schemes trip more readily. Remedies include virtual synchronous machine control, grid-forming inverters, fast battery frequency response, and retaining synchronous condensers for short-circuit strength.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
国际能源署《Renewables》年度市场报告(iea.org/reports)
IEA, Renewables Market Report, iea.org/reports
#电网惯量 #构网型逆变器 #频率稳定
核电的整体安全记录如何？
What is the overall safety record of nuclear power?
现代核电在严格监管下每发电单位的事故致死率远低于煤电、石油等化石燃料。重大事故如切尔诺贝利和福岛极为罕见，且新一代反应堆设计进一步提升了安全裕度。其主要争议更多在于核废料处置与高成本。
Under strict regulation, modern nuclear power's deaths per unit of electricity are far lower than fossil fuels like coal and oil. Major accidents such as Chernobyl and Fukushima are extremely rare, and newer reactor designs add safety margins. Its main debates concern waste disposal and high cost.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#核电 #安全 #低碳
为什么科学家称氢为“能源载体”而不是“能源”？
Why do scientists call hydrogen an energy carrier rather than an energy source?
地球上几乎没有天然氢，需要耗能制取：用可再生能源电解水得到的叫绿氢，全程零碳；用天然气重整的灰氢仍会排放二氧化碳。氢可以长期储存电能，适合重型卡车、航运、钢铁化工等难以直接电气化的环节。目前绿氢成本仍高，扩大电解槽规模、降低电价是它能否普及的关键。
Hydrogen barely exists naturally on Earth; it must be manufactured. Electrolysing water with renewable power yields green hydrogen with zero lifecycle emissions, while reforming natural gas gives grey hydrogen that still emits CO2. Hydrogen can store electricity long-term and suits heavy trucks, shipping and steel or chemicals that are hard to electrify directly. Its future hinges on cutting cost — cheaper electrolysers and lower electricity prices.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#氢能 #电解水 #绿氢
电网如何整合大量波动的可再生能源？
How can power grids integrate large shares of variable renewables?
整合依赖多种手段：扩大储能与需求响应、建设跨区域输电以平滑风光波动、并用气电或水电作灵活调节。数字化调度与更高电网互联度也至关重要。系统灵活性而非单纯装机决定可消纳比例。
Integration relies on several means: scaling storage and demand response, building cross-regional transmission to smooth wind and solar variability, and using gas or hydro as flexible backup. Digital dispatch and greater interconnection are also vital. System flexibility, not just capacity, determines how much can be absorbed.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
国际能源署《Renewables》年度市场报告(iea.org/reports)
IEA, Renewables Market Report, iea.org/reports
#电网 #可再生能源 #系统集成
太阳能组件价格为何能长期沿着学习曲线下降？
Why have solar module prices followed a long-run learning curve downward?
光伏遵循经验学习曲线：累计出货量每翻一番，组件价格大约下降两成，这一规律有时被称为斯旺森定律。降本来自硅片切得更薄、电池转换效率提升、生产规模化与自动化，以及供应链的标准化竞争。国际可再生能源署统计，2010 至 2022 年全球公用规模光伏的平准化发电成本下降了约九成，使其在多数市场成为最便宜的新增电源。
Photovoltaics follow an experience curve in which module prices fall roughly 20% for every doubling of cumulative shipments, a pattern sometimes called Swanson's law. The savings come from thinner wafers, higher cell efficiency, larger and more automated factories, and fierce standardised supply-chain competition. IRENA data show the levelised cost of utility-scale solar fell about 90% between 2010 and 2022, making it the cheapest source of new generation in most markets.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
国际可再生能源署《可再生能源发电成本 2023》；国际能源署《世界能源展望》
IRENA, Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2023; IEA World Energy Outlook
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787801649843（豆瓣书目条目: 2004-世界能源展望）；本条出处含多部著作，此标识只担保
#学习曲线 #光伏成本 #平准化成本
核聚变和核裂变有什么区别？
What is the difference between nuclear fusion and fission?
裂变是重原子核（如铀）分裂释放能量，是现有核电站的原理。聚变则是轻核（如氢同位素）结合成更重核释放能量，是太阳的能量来源。聚变燃料更丰富、几乎无长寿命核废料，但尚需攻克持续点火难题。
Fission splits heavy nuclei like uranium to release energy and powers today's reactors. Fusion joins light nuclei such as hydrogen isotopes into heavier ones, the process fueling the Sun. Fusion has more abundant fuel and little long-lived waste, but sustaining ignition remains a challenge.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
国际能源署《Renewables》年度市场报告(iea.org/reports)
IEA, Renewables Market Report, iea.org/reports
#核聚变 #核裂变 #能源
抽水蓄能至今仍占全球储能容量绝大多数，锂电池为什么没有取代它？
Pumped hydro still holds most of the world's storage capacity — why have lithium batteries not displaced it?
抽水蓄能靠两座高差水库搬运水体储能，往返效率约七至八成，单站容量可达数吉瓦、连续放电时间数小时到数十小时，寿命长达半个世纪以上。锂电池优势在于响应毫秒级、选址灵活，适合调频与两到四小时的削峰，但按能量计的成本和寿命在长时储能上仍不划算。因此两者是互补关系：电池负责短时高频调节，抽蓄承担日内乃至跨日的能量搬移。
Pumped hydro stores energy by moving water between reservoirs at different elevations, with round-trip efficiency around 70–80%, single-site capacity in the gigawatt range, discharge durations from hours to tens of hours, and service lives beyond fifty years. Lithium batteries respond in milliseconds and can be sited almost anywhere, which suits frequency regulation and two-to-four-hour peak shaving, but their cost per unit of energy and cycle life remain unattractive for long-duration storage. The two are complements: batteries handle fast, short bursts while pumped hydro shifts energy across a day or longer.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
国际水电协会《世界水电展望 2023》；国际能源署《储能追踪报告》
International Hydropower Association, World Hydropower Outlook 2023; IEA energy storage tracking reports
#抽水蓄能 #长时储能 #往返效率
核能算不算可再生能源？
Is nuclear energy a renewable energy source?
核裂变依靠铀等有限矿物燃料，从资源角度通常不归入可再生，但其发电过程几乎不排CO2。在气候减缓中，它常被视作低碳基荷电源。核聚变若实现商用，才可能真正接近取之不竭。
Nuclear fission relies on finite minerals like uranium, so it is usually not classified as renewable, yet its generation emits almost no CO2. In climate mitigation it is often treated as a low-carbon baseload source. Only commercial fusion would approach being truly inexhaustible.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#核能 #低碳 #基荷
生物质能是否真的低碳？
Is bioenergy truly low carbon?
若生物质来自可持续管理的作物或废料，其燃烧排放的CO2可被新生植物重新吸收，近似碳中性。但若毁林造田或长途运输，则全周期排放可能很高。因此生物质能的低碳性高度依赖原料与土地利用方式。
If biomass comes from sustainably managed crops or waste, the CO2 it emits when burned can be reabsorbed by new growth, approximating carbon neutrality. But clearing forests for feedstock or long-distance transport can make lifecycle emissions high. So bioenergy's low-carbon status depends heavily on feedstock and land use.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#生物质能 #碳中性 #可持续
为什么能源专家说“最清洁的能源是节省下来的能源”？
Why do energy experts say the cleanest energy is the energy we do not use?
提高能效就是用更少的能源满足同样的需求，比如LED照明、高效空调、房屋保温、变频电机。这些措施技术成熟、成本往往低于新建清洁电源，却能同时减少电费和碳排放，被国际机构称为“第一燃料”。家家户户的小改进，汇总起来就是巨大的减排量。
Energy efficiency means meeting the same needs with less energy — LED lighting, efficient air conditioners, insulated homes and variable-speed motors. Such measures are proven, often cheaper than building new clean capacity, and cut both bills and emissions, which is why agencies call efficiency the first fuel. Small household improvements add up to huge savings.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#能效 #第一燃料 #节能减排
地热能是如何被利用的？
How is geothermal energy used?
地热能利用地球内部热量，通过钻井抽取地热流体驱动涡轮发电，或直接用于供暖。它稳定可控、几乎不受天气影响，是优秀的低碳基荷能源。限制在于资源地理集中且前期钻探成本高。
Geothermal energy taps Earth's internal heat, using drilled fluids to drive turbines for power or directly for heating. It is stable, weather-independent, and an excellent low-carbon baseload source. Limits include geographically concentrated resources and high upfront drilling costs.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#地热 #低碳 #基荷能源
风力发电机为什么转得慢，却仍然能发出大量电？
Why do wind turbines rotate slowly yet still generate huge amounts of power?
风推动叶片旋转，通过齿轮箱或直驱结构带动发电机转子转动而发电。风机的发电功率与风速的立方成正比，所以风速翻倍、出力可达八倍；叶片很长，叶尖转速其实很高。海上风电场风力更稳定、资源更好，但建设与维护成本也更高。
Wind turns the blades, which spin a generator rotor via a gearbox or direct drive to make electricity. Power output grows with the cube of wind speed, so doubling the wind can raise output eightfold; the blades are huge, so their tips move surprisingly fast even when the hub seems to turn slowly. Offshore wind is steadier and stronger but costs more to build and maintain.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
中国科学院（风能研究）
CAS (wind energy research)
#风电 #风能 #海上风电
潮汐能是怎样发电的？
How is tidal energy generated?
潮汐能利用月球和太阳引力引起的海平面周期性涨落，通过水下涡轮或拦坝捕获水流动能发电。它比风光更可预测，但因流速有限、设备需耐海水腐蚀而发展较慢。适合特定海湾与河口的小型部署。
Tidal energy uses the periodic sea-level rise and fall from lunar and solar gravity, capturing water flow with submerged turbines or barrages. It is more predictable than wind or solar, but develops slowly due to limited flow speeds and corrosion-resistant equipment needs. It suits small deployments in specific bays and estuaries.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#潮汐能 #海洋能 #可预测
太阳能电池板是怎么把阳光变成电的？
How does a solar panel turn sunlight into electricity?
太阳能电池利用半导体材料（主要是硅）的光伏效应：阳光光子把硅中电子激发到更高能级，电子定向流动便形成电流。单晶硅电池的实验室效率已超过26%，实际组件一般在20%上下。光伏发电没有转动部件、运行时不排放污染物，成本过去十年大幅下降，已成为最便宜的新增电源之一。
Solar cells rely on the photovoltaic effect in semiconductors, mostly silicon: photons of sunlight boost electrons to higher energy levels, and the directed flow of those electrons produces an electric current. Lab cells exceed 26 percent efficiency and commercial modules sit near 20 percent. Photovoltaics have no moving parts and emit nothing during operation, and their cost has fallen so steeply that solar is now among the cheapest new power sources.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
中国科学院（光伏研究）
CAS (photovoltaics research)
#光伏 #光伏效应 #硅
可再生能源产业对就业有什么影响？
What impact does the renewable energy industry have on jobs?
风光与储能的制造、安装和维护创造了大量新增就业，且多数为本地岗位。能源转型会使部分化石行业岗位减少，需要再培训与公正转型政策衔接。整体看，清洁能源就业增长已快于传统能源。
Manufacturing, installing, and maintaining wind, solar, and storage creates many new jobs, mostly local. The transition reduces some fossil-sector jobs, requiring retraining and just-transition policies. Overall, clean-energy employment is growing faster than traditional energy.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#可再生能源 #就业 #公正转型
建筑部门如何实现减排？
How can the building sector cut emissions?
建筑运行消耗大量电力与供暖能源，可通过保温改造、高效电器和可再生能源并网来降耗。新建建筑采用被动式设计与电气化也能大幅减排。建筑存量庞大，改造周期长，是减排的慢变量但潜力巨大。
Buildings use large amounts of electricity and heating energy, which can drop via insulation retrofits, efficient appliances, and on-site renewables. New builds using passive design and electrification also cut emissions sharply. The stock is huge and retrofits slow, making buildings a slow but high-potential abatement variable.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
国际能源署《Renewables》年度市场报告(iea.org/reports)
IEA, Renewables Market Report, iea.org/reports
#建筑 #能效 #减排
什么是绿氢，它有什么用？
What is green hydrogen and what is it used for?
绿氢是用可再生能源电解水制取的氢，全程几乎零碳排放。它可作为难减排行业（如钢铁、航运、化工）的清洁燃料或原料。挑战在于当前成本偏高且需要大量清洁电力。
Green hydrogen is produced by electrolyzing water with renewable electricity, with near-zero emissions throughout. It can serve as clean fuel or feedstock for hard-to-abate sectors like steel, shipping, and chemicals. The challenge is its still-high cost and demand for abundant clean power.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#绿氢 #电解 #脱碳
烧秸秆、木屑发电为什么被认为“碳中性”？
Why is burning straw or wood chips for power considered carbon neutral?
生物质燃烧释放的二氧化碳，正是这些植物生长时通过光合作用从大气中固定的碳，因此理论上循环闭合、实现“碳中性”。但运输、加工和土地利用变化会带来额外排放，所以实际收益要按全生命周期计算。把农林废弃物和垃圾中的生物质转化为电和热，仍是资源化利用的重要途径。
Burning crop residues or wood releases the very carbon those plants pulled from the air while growing, so the cycle is theoretically closed — carbon neutral. But transport, processing and land-use change add real emissions, so net benefits must be assessed over the full life cycle. Converting the biomass in agricultural and forestry waste into electricity and heat remains a valuable route to resource recovery.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#生物质能 #碳中性 #资源化
为什么关键矿产被称为“新石油”？能源转型会带来什么环境代价？
Why are critical minerals called the new oil, and what environmental costs does the energy transition bring?
风电、光伏和电动汽车所需的锂、钴、稀土、铜等矿产需求将激增数倍，且资源分布高度集中，因此被称为“新石油”。但开采会产生尾矿、水耗和生态破坏，所以转型路径强调：提高回收率、发展少钴电池技术、多元化供应，以及推行负责任的采矿标准（如IRMA），让绿色转型真正可持续。
Wind, solar, and electric vehicles will multiply demand for lithium, cobalt, rare earths, and copper, and the resources are highly concentrated — hence the term new oil. But mining brings tailings, water use, and ecological damage, so transition paths emphasise higher recycling, cobalt-reducing battery chemistry, diversified supply, and responsible mining standards such as IRMA, to keep the green transition genuinely sustainable.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
国际能源署《Renewables》年度市场报告(iea.org/reports)
IEA, Renewables Market Report, iea.org/reports
#关键矿产 #能源转型 #负责任采矿
加州电网的鸭子曲线是什么？为什么会出现大量光伏弃电？
What is California's duck curve, and why does it lead to solar curtailment?
鸭子曲线描述扣除风光出力后的净负荷曲线：正午光伏大发使净负荷塌陷成鸭腹，日落时光伏骤降而居民用电攀升，净负荷在两三小时内急剧抬升成鸭颈。加州独立系统运营商 2013 年首次公开这条曲线，此后腹部越来越深。当正午净负荷低于必须保持在线的机组最小出力，且输电通道与储能不足时，调度只能削减光伏出力，形成弃电。缓解手段包括电池储能、需求侧转移、跨州输电以及把电动车充电和抽水灌溉安排到中午。
The duck curve plots net load after subtracting wind and solar: midday solar output hollows out the belly, then at sunset solar collapses while household demand climbs, so net load ramps steeply within two or three hours to form the neck. The California Independent System Operator first published the shape in 2013 and the belly has deepened since. When midday net load falls below the minimum output of units that must stay online and transmission or storage is insufficient, operators curtail solar. Mitigations include battery storage, shifting demand, interstate transmission, and moving electric-vehicle charging and irrigation pumping to midday.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#鸭子曲线 #弃电 #净负荷
可再生能源的间歇性问题指什么？
What does the intermittency problem of renewables mean?
间歇性是风光发电随日照和风速时有时无、难以按需稳定的特性。它给电网平衡带来挑战，需要储能、备用电源和灵活调度来弥补。解决间歇性是实现高比例可再生能源的关键。
Intermittency is the fact that wind and solar output appears and disappears with sunlight and wind, making steady supply difficult. It challenges grid balancing and requires storage, backup power, and flexible dispatch to compensate. Solving intermittency is key to high renewable shares.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
国际能源署《Renewables》年度市场报告(iea.org/reports)
IEA, Renewables Market Report, iea.org/reports
#间歇性 #电网 #储能
海上风电相比陆上风电有什么优势？
What advantages does offshore wind have over onshore wind?
海上风通常更强更稳，单机容量可做得更大，发电效率更高。且不占用陆地、视觉与噪声争议较小。挑战在于建设和维护成本更高、技术更复杂。
Offshore winds are generally stronger and steadier, allowing larger turbines and higher efficiency. They also avoid land use and have fewer visual and noise conflicts. The trade-off is higher construction and maintenance cost and greater technical complexity.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#海上风电 #风能 #清洁能源
什么是发电厂的「容量系数」？为何太阳能和风电低于核电？
What is the capacity factor of a power plant and why is it lower for solar and wind than for nuclear?
容量系数等于实际发电量除以满负荷理论发电量。太阳能只在白天发电、风电依赖风速，因此典型容量系数约 15–35%；核电可稳定满发，容量系数常达 90% 左右。
Capacity factor is actual output divided by maximum possible output. Solar works only by day and wind depends on wind speed, giving typical factors of about 15–35%, while nuclear runs steadily near 90%.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
国际能源署《Renewables》年度市场报告(iea.org/reports)
IEA, Renewables Market Report, iea.org/reports
#容量系数 #太阳能 #核电
储能电池为什么对可再生能源很重要？
Why are storage batteries important for renewable energy?
风、光发电随天气波动，储能可在富余时充电、短缺时放电，平抑供需。电池还能提供调频等电网服务，提升稳定性。成本快速下降使锂电储能在全球加速部署。
Wind and solar output fluctuates with weather, so storage charges when surplus and discharges when short, balancing supply and demand. Batteries also provide grid services like frequency regulation, improving stability. Falling costs are driving rapid global deployment of lithium-ion storage.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#储能 #电池 #电网
什么是分布式能源？
What is distributed energy?
分布式能源指靠近用户侧的小型发电与储能系统，如屋顶光伏、社区微电网和家用电池。它可减少输电损耗、提升供电韧性，并便于公众参与能源生产。其普及正重塑传统集中式电网结构。
Distributed energy means small-scale generation and storage near users, such as rooftop solar, community microgrids, and home batteries. It cuts transmission losses, boosts resilience, and lets the public participate in production. Its spread is reshaping the traditional centralized grid.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#分布式能源 #微电网 #光伏
风电和光伏电站自身也会占用土地、消耗材料,如何评估和降低可再生能源的生态足迹?
Wind and solar plants still occupy land and consume materials — how are their ecological footprints assessed and reduced?
生命周期评价(LCA)从矿石开采、制造、运输、运行到退役回收,折算出每度电的碳强度与土地占用,光伏约为煤电的二十分之一以下,但并非零足迹。降低足迹的路径包括在退化土地、屋顶和水面上布置组件,采用高回收率的风机叶片拆解工艺,以及用硅料提纯的绿电替代火电制造环节。选址评估还需叠加鸟类迁徙走廊、农田土壤功能等生态约束。
Life-cycle assessment tracks mining, manufacturing, transport, operation and decommissioning to express each kilowatt-hour in carbon intensity and land use; solar PV is roughly one-twentieth of coal or lower, yet not footprint-free. Footprints shrink by siting panels on degraded land, rooftops and water surfaces, adopting high-recycling wind-blade dismantling routes, and powering silicon purification itself with low-carbon electricity. Site screening must also overlay ecological constraints such as bird migration corridors and farmland soil functions.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#可再生能源 #生命周期评价
漂浮式海上风电解决了什么固定式基础做不到的问题？
What problem does floating offshore wind solve that fixed-bottom foundations cannot?
单桩、导管架等固定式基础在水深超过约六十米后造价迅速攀升，而日本、挪威、美国西海岸等地的近岸海床很快就跌入深水，风资源却更为强劲稳定。漂浮式平台用系泊缆和锚固定在海床上，让机组随浮体运动，从而把可开发海域扩展到数百米水深。苏格兰 Hywind 于 2017 年投运，成为首个商业化漂浮式风场，其容量因数长期高于多数固定式项目。
Monopiles and jackets become sharply more expensive beyond roughly sixty metres of water, yet seabeds off Japan, Norway, and the U.S. West Coast plunge to depth close to shore even though the wind there is stronger and steadier. Floating platforms are held by mooring lines and anchors, letting the turbine ride on a buoyant hull and opening waters hundreds of metres deep. Hywind Scotland, commissioned in 2017 as the first commercial floating wind farm, has sustained capacity factors above most fixed-bottom projects.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
国际能源署《Renewables》年度市场报告(iea.org/reports)
IEA, Renewables Market Report, iea.org/reports
#漂浮式风电 #系泊系统 #深水风资源
风力发电机是怎样发电的？
How does a wind turbine make electricity?
风推动巨大的叶片转动，像风车一样。叶片连着发电机，转动时就产生电，再通过电线送到家里。
Wind pushes the big blades around like a giant pinwheel. The blades turn a generator that makes electricity, which travels through wires to your home.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
国际能源署《Renewables》年度市场报告(iea.org/reports)
IEA, Renewables Market Report, iea.org/reports
#风力发电 #涡轮机 #清洁能源
风力发电是怎样把风变成电的？
How does wind power turn wind into electricity?
风推动涡轮机叶片旋转，带动发电机内的转子切割磁感线产生电能。风速越大，可发电功率越高，但超过安全限值会停机保护。海上与陆上风电场已成为许多国家主力清洁电源。
Wind pushes turbine blades to spin a rotor in the generator, where moving conductors cut magnetic lines to produce electricity. More wind means more power, but turbines shut down above safe limits to protect themselves. Onshore and offshore wind farms are now major clean power sources in many countries.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#风能 #涡轮 #可再生能源
我们能从海洋获取能源吗？怎么获取？
Can we get energy from the ocean? How?
可以。人们用海浪上下起伏带动发电机，或用涨落的海潮转动水轮机来发电。这些都属于清洁的海洋能。
Yes. People use the up-and-down motion of waves to turn generators, or let rising and falling tides spin turbines. These are forms of clean ocean energy.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
国际能源署《Renewables》年度市场报告(iea.org/reports)
IEA, Renewables Market Report, iea.org/reports
#海洋能 #潮汐发电 #波浪能
水电有哪些优点和缺点？
What are the advantages and disadvantages of hydropower?
水电清洁、可调、寿命长，且水库可兼顾防洪与供水，是目前最大的可再生电力来源。但它依赖大型水坝，可能淹没土地、阻断鱼类洄游并影响下游生态。气候变化导致的干旱也会削弱其出力稳定性。
Hydropower is clean, dispatchable, and long-lived, and its reservoirs can also control floods and store water, making it the largest renewable electricity source. But it relies on large dams that can flood land, block fish migration, and affect downstream ecology. Droughts from climate change also weaken its reliability.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#水电 #可再生能源 #生态影响
太阳能光伏发电的基本原理是什么？
What is the basic principle of solar photovoltaic power?
光伏板中的半导体（通常是硅）受阳光照射后，光子激发电子产生直流电。再通过逆变器转为可用的交流电。阳光取之不竭且无排放，使太阳能成为增长最快的清洁能源。
In a photovoltaic panel, a semiconductor—usually silicon—is struck by sunlight, and photons excite electrons to produce direct current. An inverter then converts it to usable alternating current. Sunlight is inexhaustible and emission-free, making solar the fastest-growing clean energy.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#太阳能 #光伏 #可再生能源