“净零排放”和“气候中和”有什么区别？
How do 'net zero emissions' and 'climate neutrality' differ?
净零排放通常指人为温室气体排放量与被移除量在核算边界内相互抵消；气候中和范围更广，还把对气候的其他影响（如航空凝结尾迹）也纳入考量。前者侧重碳的收支平衡，后者强调对气候系统的整体净影响为零。
Net zero usually means human greenhouse gas emissions are balanced by removals within an accounting boundary; climate neutrality is broader, also counting other climate effects like aviation contrails. The former focuses on the carbon balance, the latter on zero net impact on the climate system.
难度 专业 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#净零排放 #气候中和 #碳收支
“弱可持续”和“强可持续”有什么区别？
What is the difference between weak and strong sustainability?
弱可持续认为人造资本可以替代自然资本，只要总资本不减就行；强可持续则认为自然资本许多功能无可替代，必须单独保护其存量。这一分歧直接影响了政策该优先“增长”还是优先“保底”。
Weak sustainability holds that manufactured capital can substitute for natural capital as long as total capital does not fall. Strong sustainability argues many natural functions are irreplaceable and must be preserved in their own right, shaping whether policy favors growth or a protective floor.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#弱可持续 #强可持续 #自然资本
什么是生命周期评价（LCA）？
What is a life cycle assessment (LCA)?
LCA 按 ISO 14040 标准，系统量化一件产品或一项服务从原料开采、制造、使用到废弃全过程的环境影响。它能避免“把污染从一个环节转移到另一个环节”的假优化，是绿色设计的重要工具。
Following ISO 14040, an LCA systematically quantifies a product or service's environmental impacts from raw material extraction through manufacturing, use and disposal. It prevents false optimizations that merely shift pollution from one stage to another, aiding green design.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#生命周期评价 #ISO 14040 #全过程
IPAT 方程想表达什么关系？
What relationship does the IPAT equation express?
IPAT 把环境影响 I 表示为人口 P、富裕程度 A 和技术 T 的乘积（I=P×A×T）。它说明环境压力来自人口规模、人均消费和技术效率三方共同作用，提醒我们仅控制人口或只靠技术都不足以解决问题。
IPAT expresses environmental impact I as the product of population P, affluence A and technology T (I=P×A×T). It shows that pressure comes from population size, per-capita consumption and technical efficiency together, so neither population control nor technology alone suffices.
难度 专业 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#IPAT #人口 #富裕 #技术
“行星边界（planetary boundaries）”框架提出了多少个边界，目前有哪些已被突破？
How many planetary boundaries does the framework propose, and which have already been crossed?
“行星边界”框架由罗克斯特伦（Rockström）等人于2009年提出，界定了9个维系地球稳定的关键过程。后续评估（如2022年更新）显示，气候变化、生物多样性丧失、土地系统改变、淡水使用和生化循环（氮、磷）等边界已被突破，提示地球系统正承受日益增大的风险。
The planetary boundaries framework, proposed by Rockström and colleagues in 2009, defines nine critical Earth-system processes that keep the planet stable. Subsequent assessments (e.g., the 2022 update) indicate that boundaries for climate change, biosphere integrity, land-system change, freshwater use, and biogeochemical flows (nitrogen and phosphorus) have already been crossed, signaling rising risk to the Earth system.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Rockström 等《自然》（Nature，2009）及 2022 年更新评估
Rockström et al., Nature (2009) and the 2022 update assessment
#行星边界 #9个边界 #罗克斯特伦 #气候变化 #生物圈完整性
“甜甜圈经济学”想解决什么问题？
What problem does doughnut economics try to solve?
凯特·拉沃斯提出的甜甜圈模型，把社会基本需求（内圈底线）和地球生态上限（外圈天花板）之间的空间称为“安全而公平的操作空间”。它主张发展应落在甜甜圈内，既不让人掉到贫困线下，也不突破生态边界。
Kate Raworth's doughnut model calls the space between a social foundation (inner floor) and an ecological ceiling (outer roof) a 'safe and just space for humanity'. It argues development should sit inside the doughnut, meeting needs without overshooting ecological limits.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补，暂不展示来源。
本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补。
Previous citation withdrawn as unsupported for this answer; a specific source is pending.
#甜甜圈经济学 #社会底线 #生态上限
什么是“碳交易”或“碳市场”？
What is carbon trading or a carbon market?
碳市场给排放设上限并发放可买卖的配额：减排成本低的企业多减排卖配额，成本高的企业购买，用市场机制以更低总成本减碳。
A carbon market caps emissions and issues tradable permits; low-cost reducers sell surplus permits to high-cost emitters, cutting carbon at lower total cost.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#碳交易 #配额 #市场机制
什么是“循环经济”，它和传统的“线性经济”有何区别？
What is a circular economy, and how does it differ from the traditional linear economy?
循环经济以“减量化、再利用、再循环”为原则，通过设计使产品、材料和资源在使用后不断回到生产系统，最大限度减少废弃物。它不同于“开采—制造—丢弃”的线性经济，更强调资源闭环和价值留存。
A circular economy follows reduce, reuse, and recycle principles, designing products and materials so they re-enter the production system after use and waste is minimized. Unlike the linear 'take–make–dispose' model, it emphasizes closed loops and retained value.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#循环经济 #线性经济 #减量化 #再利用 #闭环
什么是“碳达峰”和“碳中和”？
What are carbon peaking and carbon neutrality?
碳达峰指二氧化碳年排放量达到历史最高后开始下降；碳中和指排放量与移除量相抵、净排放为零，是中国“双碳”目标的核心。
Carbon peaking is when annual CO₂ emissions stop rising and start falling; carbon neutrality is balancing emissions with removals to net zero—the core of China's 'dual carbon' goals.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#碳达峰 #碳中和 #双碳
什么是“脱钩”？
What is decoupling in sustainability?
脱钩指经济增长与资源消耗或环境污染不再同步上升，分为资源使用、碳排放等与 GDP 增长“相对脱钩”或“绝对脱钩”。许多国家已实现部分相对脱钩，但全球绝对脱钩仍很艰难。
Decoupling means economic growth no longer rises hand in hand with resource use or pollution, either relatively or absolutely versus GDP. Many countries show partial relative decoupling, but global absolute decoupling remains hard.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#脱钩 #经济增长 #资源消耗
地球一小时关灯活动真的能省电吗?它的真正目的是什么?
Does Earth Hour actually save power — what is its real purpose?
一小时的节电量对电网微乎其微,集中开关甚至会造成负荷波动。但它真正的战场在人心:数以亿计的人同时参与一个象征行动,媒体传播环保理念,推动政策讨论与长期习惯改变。不少参与者后来更愿意随手关灯、换上节能灯。象征行动的价值不在那一小时的电,而在点亮意识。
An hour's saving barely dents the grid — simultaneous switching even wobbles loads. The real battlefield is hearts: hundreds of millions joining one symbolic act spreads environmental ideas and drives policy talk and lasting habits. Many participants later switch off idle lights and choose efficient bulbs more willingly. Symbolic acts matter less for the hour than for lighting minds.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
韩启德总主编《十万个为什么》(第六版),少年儿童出版社,2013
Han Qide chief ed., Ten Thousand Whys, 6th edition, Juvenile and Children Publishing House, 2013, 6th ed., Juvenile and Children Publishing House, 2013
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-7-5324-9328-9 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787532493289
#地球一小时 #象征行动 #行为改变
联合国的“可持续发展目标（SDGs）”共有多少个，于何时通过？
How many Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are there, and when were they adopted?
联合国可持续发展目标是一套包含17个目标、169项具体指标的全球框架，于2015年由联合国会员国一致通过，作为“2030年可持续发展议程”的核心。它涵盖减贫、清洁能源、气候行动、水下与陆地生物等多个环境与社会议题。
The UN Sustainable Development Goals comprise a global framework of 17 goals and 169 targets, unanimously adopted by UN member states in 2015 as the core of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. They span poverty reduction, clean energy, climate action, life below water, and life on land, among other environmental and social issues.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
联合国《2030年可持续发展议程》（2015）
United Nations, '2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development' (2015)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ARCHIVE 标识 2030-agenda-for-sustainable-development-web：2
#可持续发展目标 #17个目标 #2030议程 #联合国 #2015
“垃圾分类”有什么用？
What is the point of sorting garbage?
把纸、塑料、果皮分开，能让能回收的变成新东西、能堆肥的变成泥土养分，垃圾山就会变小。
Separating paper, plastic and peels lets recyclables become new things and scraps become soil food, shrinking the garbage mountain.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#垃圾分类 #回收 #堆肥
什么是“可持续发展”，它要兼顾哪三个维度？
What is sustainable development, and what three dimensions must it balance?
可持续发展指既满足当代人的需要，又不损害后代满足其需要能力的发展，由联合国布伦特兰委员会于1987年正式定义。它强调经济、社会和环境三个维度的协调，而非以牺牲生态或公平为代价换取增长。
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, a definition formalized by the UN Brundtland Commission in 1987. It emphasizes balancing economic, social, and environmental dimensions rather than growth at the expense of ecology or equity.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
联合国世界环境与发展委员会《我们共同的未来》（1987）
UN World Commission on Environment and Development, 'Our Common Future' (1987)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL16476557W：Our common future（首版 1
#可持续发展 #布伦特兰报告 #经济 #社会 #环境
“生态足迹”衡量的是什么？
What does the ecological footprint measure?
生态足迹估算人类为满足消费所需的生产性土地和海洋面积，包括耕地、林地、渔场和吸收 CO₂ 所需的土地。把它和地球的生物承载力相比，就能看出我们是否“透支”了自然。
The ecological footprint estimates the productive land and sea needed to support our consumption, including cropland, forests, fisheries and the land to absorb CO₂. Compared with Earth's biocapacity, it shows whether we are overshooting nature.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#生态足迹 #生物承载力 #透支