毒理学里的“剂量—反应”关系指什么？
What does the dose–response relationship mean in toxicology?
它描述暴露剂量大小与健康或毒性效应强弱之间的对应规律，常概括为“剂量决定毒性”。理解这条曲线能帮助设定安全阈值，但也提醒有些物质（如致癌物）在低剂量下也并非绝对安全。
It describes how the size of exposure relates to the strength of a toxic or health effect, often summed up as 'the dose makes the poison'. Knowing the curve helps set safe thresholds, yet reminds us some substances like carcinogens may not be safe even at low doses.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Rachel Carson,《Silent Spring》Houghton Mifflin,1962;中译《寂静的春天》上海译文出版社,2011
R. Carson, Silent Spring, Houghton Mifflin, 1962; Chinese ed. Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 2011
#剂量—反应 #安全阈值 #毒性
“生物累积”和“生物放大”是一回事吗？
Are bioaccumulation and biomagnification the same thing?
不是。生物累积指某个个体从环境里慢慢积累某物质、浓度高于周围介质；生物放大指该物质沿食物链向上、在更高营养级浓度进一步升高。后者常导致顶级捕食者受害最重。
No. Bioaccumulation is one organism building up a substance to a level above its surroundings; biomagnification is that substance rising further up the food chain at higher trophic levels. The latter often hits top predators hardest.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Rachel Carson,《Silent Spring》Houghton Mifflin,1962;中译《寂静的春天》上海译文出版社,2011
R. Carson, Silent Spring, Houghton Mifflin, 1962; Chinese ed. Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 2011
#生物累积 #生物放大 #食物链
什么是“内分泌干扰物”？
What are endocrine disruptors?
内分泌干扰物是一类能模仿或干扰激素正常作用的化学物质，如某些农药、双酚 A 和邻苯二甲酸酯。即使浓度很低，也可能影响发育、生殖和免疫系统，是环境与公共健康关注的重点。
Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that mimic or interfere with hormones, such as some pesticides, BPA and phthalates. Even at low doses they can affect development, reproduction and immunity, making them a key environmental and public-health concern.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Rachel Carson,《Silent Spring》Houghton Mifflin,1962;中译《寂静的春天》上海译文出版社,2011
R. Carson, Silent Spring, Houghton Mifflin, 1962; Chinese ed. Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 2011
#内分泌干扰物 #激素 #双酚A