地下水超采引起的地面沉降为什么大多不可恢复？
Why is land subsidence from groundwater overdraft mostly irreversible?
含水层系统中的粗颗粒砂层排水后可以部分回弹，但夹在其间的黏土与粉砂层在孔隙水压力下降时颗粒骨架被压密重排，属于非弹性固结，即使日后水位恢复也无法回到原状。加州中央谷地部分地区自 20 世纪 20 年代以来累计沉降达八米以上，同时永久损失了储水空间。合成孔径雷达干涉测量现在被用来毫米级监测沉降速率，为地下水可持续管理提供依据。
Coarse sand layers in an aquifer system rebound somewhat after drainage, but interbedded clay and silt undergo inelastic consolidation when pore pressure drops, as the grain skeleton compacts and rearranges permanently even if water levels later recover. Parts of California's Central Valley have subsided more than eight metres since the 1920s while permanently losing aquifer storage capacity. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar now tracks subsidence rates at millimetre precision, supporting sustainable groundwater management.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#地面沉降 #非弹性固结 #InSAR监测
什么是虚拟水？
What is virtual water?
虚拟水是指生产一件商品（如粮食、衣物）所隐含消耗的全部水资源，又称“嵌入水”。例如生产一公斤牛肉可能需要上万升水。国际贸易实际上也是在“出口”和“进口”虚拟水，缺水地区进口高耗水农产品可缓解本地压力。
Virtual water is the total water consumed to produce a good like grain or clothing, also called embedded water. Producing one kilogram of beef, for instance, can take over ten thousand liters. International trade effectively exports and imports virtual water, so water-scarce regions can ease pressure by importing water-intensive goods.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
左玉辉 主编,《环境学》第2版,高等教育出版社,2009
Zuo Yuhui ed., Environmental Science, 2nd ed., Higher Education Press, 2009
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787040283327（按标识回读: 环境学）
#虚拟水 #贸易 #耗水
什么是“水—能源—粮食纽带”？
What is the water–energy–food nexus?
它强调水资源、能源和粮食系统紧密耦合：发电和提水要耗能，种粮要大量用水和能源，能源生产也常需耗水冷却。只顾其中一个的政策可能意外损害另外两个，需要统筹决策。
It stresses that water, energy and food systems are tightly coupled: pumping and generating use energy, farming uses large water and energy, and energy production often needs water for cooling. Policies targeting one can unexpectedly harm the others, so coordinated decisions are needed.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#纽带 #水 #能源 #粮食
什么是虚拟水贸易？它为什么会改变对缺水问题的判断？
What is virtual water trade, and how does it change our view of water scarcity?
虚拟水指生产一件商品所消耗的水量，当商品跨境流动时，这部分水以隐含形式转移，例如进口一吨小麦相当于进口约一千多立方米水。研究发现全球约五分之一的水足迹与国际贸易相关，一些干旱国家通过进口粮食缓解本国水压力，实质上把用水外包给出口国。这一视角提示节水政策不能只看境内取水量，还要看消费结构与进口来源地是否本身处于水资源紧张状态。
Virtual water is the volume consumed in producing a good, transferred implicitly when that good crosses borders: importing a tonne of wheat effectively imports on the order of a thousand cubic metres of water. Analyses find roughly a fifth of humanity's water footprint is linked to international trade, and several arid countries relieve domestic pressure by importing food, outsourcing water use to exporters. The perspective shows conservation policy must look beyond domestic withdrawals to consumption patterns and whether the sourcing regions are themselves water-stressed.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Hoekstra 与 Mekonnen（2012）《美国科学院院刊》人类水足迹研究；联合国粮农组织 AQUASTAT 数据库
Hoekstra and Mekonnen (2012), PNAS, the water footprint of humanity; FAO AQUASTAT database
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1073/pnas.1109936109：The water footprint
#虚拟水 #水足迹 #贸易与资源
什么是“环境流”？为什么河流也需要“洪水”？
What is environmental flow, and why do rivers need floods?
环境流指维持河流生态系统所需的自然水文节律，它不仅要求有足够的水量，还要求流量具有季节变化。周期性洪水漫滩能为鱼类产卵提供信号，为河岸植被和地下水补水，并塑造河道形态。过度调平流量虽然有利于防洪和蓄水，却会损害依赖洪水的生态过程。现代水管理因此在保障供水的同时，通过生态调度保留必要的过程性洪水。
Environmental flow is the natural hydrological regime needed to sustain river ecosystems: it demands sufficient volume and, crucially, seasonal variability in flow. Periodic flooding of the floodplain signals fish spawning, recharges riparian vegetation and groundwater, and shapes channel form. Over-flattening flows may aid flood control and storage but damages ecological processes that depend on floods. Modern water management therefore safeguards supply while retaining necessary process floods through ecologically designed releases.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#环境流 #生态调度 #洪水过程
美国“奥加拉拉（Ogallala）含水层”面临怎样的透支问题？
What overdraft problem does the Ogallala Aquifer in the United States face?
奥加拉拉含水层是北美大平原下世界上最大的地下淡水系统之一，支撑着美国约五分之一的灌溉农业。但由于抽水量远超自然补给速度，部分区域水位已下降数十米，专家估计按当前速率部分区域可能在本世纪内趋于枯竭，凸显地下水不可持续的透支风险。
The Ogallala Aquifer is one of the world's largest underground freshwater systems beneath the North American Great Plains, supporting about one-fifth of U.S. irrigated agriculture. Because pumping far exceeds natural recharge, water levels in places have dropped by tens of meters, and some areas could be depleted within this century at current rates—highlighting unsustainable groundwater overdraft.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#奥加拉拉含水层 #地下水透支 #灌溉农业 #补给 #枯竭
海水淡化的能耗为何已经接近理论极限？浓盐水排放又带来什么问题？
Why is desalination energy use already near its theoretical floor, and what does brine discharge do?
反渗透必须克服海水的渗透压，分离功存在热力学下限，现代大型海水反渗透厂配合能量回收装置，比能耗已降到每立方米三到四千瓦时，距理论最小值仅数倍之内，因此未来节能空间主要在预处理、膜寿命和厂用电而非分离本身。副产品浓盐水盐度可达进水的两倍，还含防垢剂与残余金属，密度大于海水时会在排放口附近形成盐水层，抑制底栖生物。全球评估显示浓盐水日排放量超过一亿立方米，因此扩散器设计、与电厂冷却水混排或资源化回收成为关键。
Reverse osmosis must overcome seawater's osmotic pressure, so the work of separation has a thermodynamic floor; modern large seawater plants with energy recovery devices have driven specific consumption down to three or four kilowatt-hours per cubic metre, within a small multiple of that minimum, leaving future savings mainly in pretreatment, membrane life, and plant loads rather than separation itself. The brine byproduct can be twice as saline as intake water and carries antiscalants and trace metals; being denser than seawater it can pool near the outfall and suppress benthic life. Global assessments put brine discharge above a hundred million cubic metres per day, making diffuser design, blending with power-plant cooling water, or resource recovery decisive.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Elimelech 与 Phillip（2011）《Science》海水淡化的未来；Jones 等（2019）《Science of the Total Environment》全球浓盐水产量
Elimelech and Phillip (2011), Science, the future of seawater desalination; Jones et al. (2019), Science of the Total Environment, global brine production
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 EUROPEPMC 标识 21817042：The future of seawater desalinatio
#海水淡化 #反渗透能耗 #浓盐水
人工湿地是如何净化污水的？
How do constructed wetlands purify wastewater?
人工湿地模拟自然湿地，依靠植物根系、砾石基质和微生物的协同作用处理污水。具体而言，颗粒物被过滤沉淀，有机物被微生物降解，氮磷则通过植物吸收和反硝化作用去除。相比传统污水处理厂，人工湿地能耗低、维护简单。它还能兼作城市绿地并为野生动物提供栖息地，尤其适合村镇和园区等分散污水的生态化处理。
Constructed wetlands mimic natural wetlands, treating wastewater through the combined action of plant roots, gravel substrate, and microbes. Concretely, solids are filtered and settle out, organic matter is degraded by microbes, and nitrogen and phosphorus are removed through plant uptake and denitrification. Compared with conventional treatment plants they use less energy and are simple to maintain. They also double as urban green space and wildlife habitat, and are especially suited to decentralised treatment for villages and industrial parks.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
中国生态环境部（人工湿地污水处理技术）
China MEE (constructed wetland technology)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787502583842（豆瓣书目条目: 人工湿地污水处理技术）
#人工湿地 #污水处理 #氮磷去除
为什么给洄游鱼类“让路”对河流健康很重要？
Why does making way for migratory fish matter for river health?
鲑鱼、鳗鲡等鱼类需要在上游产卵与下游育肥之间往返洄游，而大坝和堰让它们无法通过，全球淡水鱼类种群因此大幅下降。鱼道、鱼梯和过鱼设施能让鱼类绕过大坝，拆除废弃低坝则能恢复自然水流与栖息地；河流连通性还保障沉积物与养分的输运，是淡水生态系统健康的标志。
Salmon, eels, and other fish migrate between upstream spawning grounds and downstream feeding areas; dams and weirs block them, and freshwater fish populations have plunged worldwide. Fishways, fish ladders, and bypass channels let fish pass dams, while removing obsolete low dams restores natural flow and habitat. Connectivity also drives sediment and nutrient transport — a hallmark of healthy freshwater ecosystems.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#洄游鱼类 #鱼道 #河流连通性
垂直农业如何节水并减少污染？它的局限是什么？
How does vertical farming save water and reduce pollution, and what are its limits?
垂直农业在室内多层种植，用水雾或滴灌循环供水，单位产量的耗水可比大田减少九成以上；近密闭环境几乎不需要农药，生产贴近城市还能缩短运输。局限是照明与温控耗电高、建设成本大，因此目前适合叶菜等高价值短周期作物，是城市食物系统的一部分，而不是大田农业的替代。
Vertical farming grows crops in stacked indoor layers with mist or drip recirculation, using over 90% less water per unit of produce than open fields; near-closed environments need almost no pesticides, and city-sited farms shorten transport. The limits are high electricity use (lighting and climate control) and capital cost, so it suits high-value short-cycle crops like leafy greens — part of urban food systems, not a replacement for farmland.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#垂直农业 #循环灌溉 #城市农业
“水压力”和“水稀缺”是一回事吗？
Are water stress and water scarcity the same thing?
不完全是。水稀缺指一个地区本身可用的淡水量不足；水压力指取用水量占可用水量的比例过高，意味着竞争和枯竭风险大。两者常叠加，但缺水地区若用水克制也可能水压力不高。
Not exactly. Water scarcity means a region simply lacks enough freshwater, while water stress means withdrawals are a high share of available supply, signalling competition and depletion risk. They often overlap, but a scarce region using little water may still have low stress.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#水压力 #水稀缺 #可用性
咸海干涸给流域水资源管理留下了什么教训？
What lessons does the desiccation of the Aral Sea leave for basin water management?
20 世纪 60 年代起，阿姆河与锡尔河的水被大规模引去灌溉棉花，入湖径流锐减，咸海体积萎缩到原有的一小部分，湖面分裂并留下遍布盐与农药残留的干涸湖底，扬起的盐尘影响周边居民健康与农田。渔业城镇失去生计，局地气候的调节作用消失，夏冬温差扩大。教训在于流域水量分配必须为生态基流留出份额，跨界河流需要有约束力的协调机制，而工程性节水若不同时约束灌溉面积，只会诱发新的用水扩张。
From the 1960s the Amu Darya and Syr Darya were diverted at scale to irrigate cotton, inflow collapsed, and the Aral Sea shrank to a fraction of its volume, splitting apart and exposing a dry bed laden with salt and pesticide residues whose windblown dust harms nearby health and farmland. Fishing towns lost their livelihoods and the lake's moderating effect on local climate vanished, widening summer-winter extremes. The lesson is that basin allocation must reserve a share for environmental flows, transboundary rivers need binding coordination, and efficiency projects that do not cap irrigated area simply invite expanded water use.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
左玉辉 主编,《环境学》第2版,高等教育出版社,2009
Zuo Yuhui ed., Environmental Science, 2nd ed., Higher Education Press, 2009
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787040283327（按标识回读: 环境学）
#咸海 #跨界流域 #生态基流
拆除大坝为何成为河流生态修复的重要手段？埃尔瓦河的经验说明了什么？
Why has dam removal become a major river restoration tool, and what did the Elwha River show?
大坝阻断洄游鱼类的通道，同时把泥沙拦在库内，使下游河床粗化、河口与海滩因缺沙而侵蚀，水温和水文节律也被改变。美国埃尔瓦河两座百年老坝在 2011 至 2014 年间被拆除，是当时规模最大的拆坝工程，释放的数千万立方米泥沙重新塑造了河口沙洲与海滩。监测显示鲑鱼在数年内自行重新占据上游河段，说明只要种源尚存，恢复连通性本身就能触发生态恢复；但拆坝需要妥善处理沉积物中的污染与短期浊度冲击。
Dams block migratory fish and trap sediment, coarsening downstream beds, starving estuaries and beaches so they erode, and altering water temperature and flow rhythms. Two century-old dams on the Elwha River in Washington State were removed between 2011 and 2014 in what was then the largest such project, releasing tens of millions of cubic metres of sediment that rebuilt the river mouth and adjacent beaches. Monitoring found salmon recolonising upstream reaches within a few years, showing that restoring connectivity can itself trigger recovery where source populations survive — provided contaminated sediment and short-term turbidity are managed.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#拆坝 #河流连通性 #泥沙输移
什么是“虚拟水（virtual water）”和“水足迹”，它们为何重要？
What are 'virtual water' and 'water footprint,' and why do they matter?
虚拟水指生产一件商品（如粮食、衣服）所消耗的隐含用水量，由托尼·艾伦于1990年代提出；水足迹则衡量个人、产品或国家在整个供应链中直接和间接用掉的水量。它们揭示了贸易背后隐藏的水资源转移，有助于理解缺水地区通过进口“虚拟水”缓解本地水压力。
Virtual water is the hidden volume of water used to produce a good—such as food or clothing—a concept introduced by Tony Allan in the 1990s; a water footprint measures the direct and indirect water consumed across a supply chain by an individual, product, or country. They reveal water transfers embedded in trade and help explain how water-scarce regions ease local pressure by importing virtual water.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#虚拟水 #水足迹 #托尼·艾伦 #供应链 #缺水
“海水淡化”主要有哪两种技术，它的主要代价是什么？
What are the two main desalination technologies, and what is their main cost?
海水淡化主要有反渗透（用半透膜在高压下滤去盐分）和多级闪蒸（加热使水蒸发再冷凝）两种技术。其最大代价是高能耗与成本，以及浓盐水排放对近海生态的影响，因此多用于缺水且能源充裕的地区。
Desalination mainly uses reverse osmosis (forcing water through a semi-permeable membrane under high pressure to remove salt) and multi-stage flash distillation (heating seawater to evaporate then condense it). Its chief costs are high energy use and expense, plus ecological impacts from discharging concentrated brine, so it is mostly used where water is scarce and energy is abundant.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#海水淡化 #反渗透 #多级闪蒸 #高能耗 #浓盐水
什么是“含水层”？
What is an aquifer?
含水层是地下能蓄存并导水的岩层或砾石层，像天然水库一样保存着地下水。合理开采可稳定供水，但长期超采会造成地面下沉和海水倒灌。
An aquifer is a rock or gravel layer underground that stores and transmits water, acting like a natural reservoir of groundwater. Used wisely it gives steady supply, but chronic over-pumping can cause land subsidence and seawater intrusion.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#含水层 #地下水 #超采
什么是流域？
What is a watershed (river basin)?
流域（集水区）是指地面上所有雨水沿地势汇流入同一条河流及其支流所覆盖的区域。流域内的森林、农田和城市活动都会相互影响水质和水量。以流域为单元进行整体管理，是保护水资源的科学方法。
A watershed is the area where all rainfall drains through the landscape into one river and its tributaries. Forests, farms, and cities within it all affect water quality and quantity. Managing by watershed is a scientific way to protect water resources.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#流域 #集水区 #管理
全球有多少河流是跨国共享的？
How many of the world's rivers are shared across countries?
全球约有 300 个跨国流域，覆盖大量人口和土地，一条河往往流经好几个国家。共享水源既能促成合作，也可能因分配不均引发紧张，因此需要流域层面的国际协定。
There are roughly 300 international river basins covering vast populations and lands, with a single river often crossing several countries. Shared water can foster cooperation but also tensions over uneven allocation, so basin-level agreements are needed.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#跨界河流 #流域 #合作
海水淡化能解决缺水吗，有什么代价？
Can desalination solve water scarcity, and at what cost?
海水淡化把海水中的盐分去掉变成饮用水，已在干旱沿海地区广泛采用。但它耗电高、成本高，还会排放浓盐水和化学药剂影响海洋，因此更适合作为补充而非万能解。
Desalination removes salt from seawater to make drinking water and is widely used in dry coastal regions. But it is energy- and cost-intensive and discharges brine and chemicals that can harm the sea, so it fits best as a supplement rather than a universal fix.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#海水淡化 #能耗 #浓盐水
什么是“水循环”，其主要环节有哪些？
What is the water cycle, and what are its main stages?
水循环是水在地球大气、海洋、陆地之间通过蒸发、凝结、降水、径流和渗透等环节不断循环的过程。太阳能和重力是驱动它的主要动力，维持着淡水补给、气候调节和生态运转。
The water cycle is the continuous movement of water among the atmosphere, oceans, and land through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff, and infiltration. Solar energy and gravity are its main drivers, sustaining freshwater supply, climate regulation, and ecosystem functioning.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）国家海洋局（NOS）“水循环”专题；联合国《世界水资源发展报告》（WWDR）
U.S. NOAA National Ocean Service (NOS), 'The Water Cycle'; UN World Water Development Report (WWDR)
#水循环 #蒸发 #降水 #径流 #太阳能
地球上有多少水是可方便利用的淡水，主要分布在哪？
How much of Earth's water is readily usable freshwater, and where is it mainly found?
地球表面约71%被水覆盖，但其中约97%是咸海水，淡水只占约3%，而绝大部分淡水又被锁在冰川、冰盖和深层地下水中。真正便于人类直接利用的河流湖泊淡水不到全球总水量的1%，因此可用淡水其实相当稀缺。
About 71% of Earth's surface is water, but roughly 97% is salty ocean water and only about 3% is freshwater—most of which is locked in glaciers, ice sheets, and deep groundwater. Readily accessible freshwater in rivers and lakes is under 1% of all water, so usable freshwater is actually quite scarce.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#淡水 #冰川 #地下水 #稀缺 #地球水储量
湿地为什么被称为“天然净水器”？
Why are wetlands called natural water purifiers?
湿地里的水草、微生物和泥沙能拦截泥沙、吸收过量的氮磷等养分，并把污染物慢慢分解。所以它们能净化流入河流湖泊的水，还能调蓄洪水、为鱼虾提供栖息地。
Wetland plants, microbes and sediments trap silt, take up excess nitrogen and phosphorus, and slowly break down pollutants. They therefore clean water flowing into rivers and lakes, while also buffering floods and providing fish and wildlife habitat.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
拉姆萨尔公约（湿地公约）
Ramsar Convention
#湿地 #净化 #氮磷
什么是水循环？
What is the water cycle?
水循环是水在海洋、大气和陆地之间不断蒸发、凝结、降水和流回海洋的循环过程。太阳提供能量，使海水蒸发成云，再以雨、雪的形式落回地面。这个循环让地球上的淡水得以不断更新。
The water cycle is the continuous movement of water among oceans, atmosphere, and land through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and flow back to the sea. The sun powers evaporation, forming clouds that return as rain or snow. This cycle constantly renews Earth's freshwater.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
G. Tyler Miller,《Living in the Environment》Cengage 多版
G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment, Cengage Learning, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL66394W：Living in the environment
#水循环 #蒸发 #降水
刷牙的时候为什么要先把水龙头关上?
Why turn off the tap while brushing teeth?
开着水龙头刷牙,两分钟会流走十几升水,够装满一大盆!地球上的水虽然多,能喝的淡水却像一小勺。关上龙头,刷完牙再开,你就是个节水小卫士。
A running tap pours out more than ten litres in two minutes — enough to fill a big basin! Earth has lots of water but only a spoonful is drinkable. Tap off while you brush — you are a water-saving hero.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
韩启德总主编《十万个为什么》(第六版),少年儿童出版社,2013
Han Qide chief ed., Ten Thousand Whys, 6th edition, Juvenile and Children Publishing House, 2013, 6th ed., Juvenile and Children Publishing House, 2013
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-7-5324-9328-9 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787532493289
#节约用水 #水龙头 #好习惯
什么是水资源短缺？
What is water scarcity?
水资源短缺是指一个地区可用的淡水无法满足居民、农业和工业需求的状态，常由干旱、人口增加和污染造成。全球已有数十亿人面临不同程度的缺水。节约用水、污水净化和跨流域调配是常见对策。
Water scarcity is when a region's available freshwater cannot meet the needs of households, farms, and industry, often due to drought, population growth, and pollution. Billions of people already face some degree of shortage. Saving water, treating wastewater, and transfers are common responses.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
联合国《世界水发展报告》（UNESCO WWAP）
UN World Water Development Report (UNESCO WWAP)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787517056706（豆瓣书目条目: 联合国世界水发展报告）
#水资源短缺 #缺水 #干旱