谷氨酸和 GABA 如何维持大脑兴奋与抑制的平衡?
How do glutamate and GABA balance excitation and inhibition in the brain?
谷氨酸是主要的兴奋性递质,推动神经元放电;GABA 是主要的抑制性递质,给神经元“刹车”。二者平衡一旦被打破,可能与癫痫、焦虑等紊乱相关。
Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter driving neurons to fire, while GABA is the main inhibitory one applying the “brakes.” Disruption of this balance is linked to epilepsy, anxiety, and other disorders.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
王庭槐 主编,《生理学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Wang Tinghuai ed., Physiology, 9th ed., People's Medical Publishing House, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787117266598(豆瓣书目条目: 生理学)
#谷氨酸 #GABA
神经炎症在哪些脑疾病中起作用?
In which brain diseases does neuroinflammation play a role?
小胶质细胞介导的神经炎症与阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病等神经退行性疾病以及抑郁症相关;它本是防御反应,但慢性激活可能损伤神经。
Microglia-driven neuroinflammation is implicated in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and depression; it is a defensive response, but chronic activation can damage neurons.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
王庭槐 主编,《生理学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Wang Tinghuai ed., Physiology, 9th ed., People's Medical Publishing House, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787117266598(豆瓣书目条目: 生理学)
#神经炎症 #神经退行
默认模式网络(DMN)是什么?
What is the default mode network (DMN)?
DMN 是大脑在静息、走神或自我反思时活跃的一组脑区网络;它过度活跃与抑郁、焦虑相关,而专注任务时通常会被抑制。
The default mode network (DMN) is a set of brain regions active during rest, mind-wandering, and self-reflection; its overactivity relates to depression and anxiety, and it is usually suppressed during focused tasks.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
王庭槐 主编,《生理学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Wang Tinghuai ed., Physiology, 9th ed., People's Medical Publishing House, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787117266598(豆瓣书目条目: 生理学)
#默认模式网络 #脑网络
多巴胺只是“快乐递质”吗?
Is dopamine just the “pleasure chemical”?
多巴胺更像是“预期奖励与动机”的信号,参与学习、运动和习惯形成,而不只是让人快乐;它的失衡与帕金森病、成瘾等有关。
Dopamine is better described as a signal for anticipated reward and motivation, involved in learning, movement, and habit formation—not merely “pleasure”; its imbalance links to Parkinson's and addiction.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
王庭槐 主编,《生理学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Wang Tinghuai ed., Physiology, 9th ed., People's Medical Publishing House, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787117266598(豆瓣书目条目: 生理学)
#多巴胺 #神经递质
致幻剂(如裸盖菇素)为何被重新研究用于精神疾病?
Why are psychedelics (e.g., psilocybin) being re-studied for mental illness?
在严格受控的临床研究中,裸盖菇素等致幻剂可能暂时“松动”僵化的脑网络模式,配合心理治疗帮助难治性抑郁和终末期焦虑患者;这仍处于试验阶段,且绝不可自行使用。
In tightly controlled trials, psilocybin may transiently “loosen” rigid brain-network patterns, aiding psychotherapy for treatment-resistant depression and end-of-life anxiety; this remains experimental and must not be used on one's own.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
王庭槐 主编,《生理学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Wang Tinghuai ed., Physiology, 9th ed., People's Medical Publishing House, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787117266598(豆瓣书目条目: 生理学)
#致幻剂 #精神医学
睡眠如何帮助记忆巩固?
How does sleep help consolidate memory?
睡眠中,海马体与新皮层之间会“回放”白天的经历,把短期记忆逐步转存为长期记忆;深睡和快速眼动睡眠各扮演不同角色。
During sleep, the hippocampus and neocortex “replay” the day's experiences, gradually transferring short-term memories into long-term storage; deep and REM sleep each play distinct roles.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
王庭槐 主编,《生理学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Wang Tinghuai ed., Physiology, 9th ed., People's Medical Publishing House, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787117266598(豆瓣书目条目: 生理学)
#记忆 #睡眠
为什么压力会让人“大脑一片空白”?
Why can stress make your mind go blank?
急性压力下,过高的皮质醇和去甲肾上腺素会干扰前额叶(负责思考决策)的功能,而强化本能反应,于是出现暂时性的思维“卡顿”。
Under acute stress, high cortisol and noradrenaline disrupt the prefrontal cortex (thinking and decisions) while amplifying instinctive reactions, causing temporary “blanking out.”
难度 进阶 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
王庭槐 主编,《生理学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Wang Tinghuai ed., Physiology, 9th ed., People's Medical Publishing House, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787117266598(豆瓣书目条目: 生理学)
#压力 #前额叶
什么是“脑连接组”?
What is the connectome?
连接组是绘制大脑中亿万个神经元及其连接的全图,帮助科学家理解不同脑区如何协作,以及疾病中连接如何改变。
The connectome is a map of the brain's vast network of neurons and their connections, helping scientists understand how regions cooperate and how connectivity changes in disease.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
王庭槐 主编,《生理学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Wang Tinghuai ed., Physiology, 9th ed., People's Medical Publishing House, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787117266598(豆瓣书目条目: 生理学)
#连接组 #脑图谱
什么是胶质细胞?它们只是“胶水”吗?
What are glial cells—just “glue”?
胶质细胞占大脑细胞的大多数,除了支撑神经元,还参与绝缘(髓鞘)、营养供给、清除废物和调节信号,绝非被动的“胶水”。
Glial cells make up most brain cells; beyond supporting neurons, they insulate them (myelin), supply nutrients, clear waste, and modulate signaling—far from passive “glue.”
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
王庭槐 主编,《生理学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Wang Tinghuai ed., Physiology, 9th ed., People's Medical Publishing House, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787117266598(豆瓣书目条目: 生理学)
#胶质细胞 #神经
血脑屏障为何既是保护也是障碍?
Why is the blood-brain barrier both a protector and a barrier?
血脑屏障由紧密连接的内皮细胞构成,阻挡毒素和多数药物进入大脑,保护神经组织;但正因如此,许多神经系统药物难以送达,是脑病治疗的一大难题。
The blood-brain barrier, formed by tightly joined endothelial cells, blocks toxins and most drugs from entering the brain, protecting neural tissue—but it also makes delivering many neurological drugs difficult, a major hurdle in brain disease.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
王庭槐 主编,《生理学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Wang Tinghuai ed., Physiology, 9th ed., People's Medical Publishing House, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787117266598(豆瓣书目条目: 生理学)
#血脑屏障 #药物递送
大脑为什么这么“耗电”?
Why does the brain use so much energy?
大脑只占体重约 2%,却消耗约两成的基础能量,主要用来维持神经元之间不停的电信号和离子泵送,所以它对缺氧和缺糖特别敏感。
The brain is about 2% of body weight but uses roughly 20% of resting energy, mainly to keep neurons firing and ion pumps running—so it is especially sensitive to lack of oxygen or glucose.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
王庭槐 主编,《生理学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Wang Tinghuai ed., Physiology, 9th ed., People's Medical Publishing House, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787117266598(豆瓣书目条目: 生理学)
#大脑能量 #代谢