什么是长QT间期综合征，为什么可能致命？
What is long QT syndrome and why can it be fatal?
长QT综合征指心室复极过程异常延长，在心电图上表现为QT间期变长，多由钾、钠离子通道基因突变（如KCNQ1、KCNH2、SCN5A）引起，也可由某些药物、低钾或低镁诱发。延长的复极期容易触发尖端扭转型室速，导致晕厥甚至心源性猝死，运动、惊吓或情绪激动常是诱因。确诊者需避免使用延长QT的药物，并按医嘱使用β受体阻滞剂或植入除颤器。
In long QT syndrome, ventricular repolarization is abnormally prolonged, showing up as a long QT interval on the ECG; it is usually caused by mutations in potassium or sodium channel genes such as KCNQ1, KCNH2 and SCN5A, but certain drugs, low potassium or low magnesium can also trigger it. The prolonged repolarization phase can set off torsades de pointes, causing fainting or even sudden cardiac death, often provoked by exertion, fright or strong emotion. Diagnosed patients must avoid QT-prolonging drugs and may need beta-blockers or an implantable defibrillator.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
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《哈里森内科学》
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787518949960（豆瓣书目条目: 哈里森内科学）
#长QT综合征 #离子通道病 #尖端扭转型室速 #猝死
窦房结为什么能自己产生心跳节律？
Why can the sinoatrial node generate the heartbeat on its own?
窦房结细胞没有稳定的静息电位，其膜上的超极化激活电流（If，又称起搏电流）会让细胞缓慢自发去极化，到达阈值后自动放电。它的固有频率约每分钟60～100次，快于房室结和浦肯野纤维，因此成为心脏的主导起搏点。交感神经与迷走神经通过改变这一自发去极化的速度来调节心率。
Sinoatrial node cells have no stable resting potential: a hyperpolarization-activated "funny current" (If) makes them depolarize slowly and fire on their own once threshold is reached. Their intrinsic rate of about 60-100 beats per minute is faster than that of the AV node or Purkinje fibres, so they act as the heart's dominant pacemaker. Sympathetic and vagal nerves speed up or slow down this spontaneous depolarization to set the heart rate.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
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Guyton 与 Hall，《医学生理学教科书》（第13版，Elsevier，2016）
Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology (13th ed., Elsevier, 2016)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3 (3rd ed., Elsevier) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 978-1-319-45541-5 (8th ed., Macmillan Learning)
#窦房结 #起搏电流 #自律性 #心率调节
收缩性心力衰竭和舒张性心力衰竭有什么区别？
What is the difference between systolic and diastolic heart failure?
收缩性衰竭是心肌收缩力下降、左心室射血分数（LVEF）降低，心脏泵出的血液变少；舒张性衰竭则射血分数保留（HFpEF），但心室壁变僵、充盈受限，舒张期回血不足。两者治疗重点不同：收缩性心衰以指南导向的循证药物治疗（RAAS 抑制剂、β受体阻滞剂、醛固酮拮抗剂和 SGLT2 抑制剂等）降低死亡风险为主；舒张性心衰（HFpEF）目前缺乏可逆转疾病的特效药，重在控制血压、容量及合并症（如房颤）。
In systolic failure the heart muscle weakens and the left-ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) drops, so less blood is pumped out. In diastolic failure, the ejection fraction is preserved (HFpEF) but the ventricular wall is stiff and fails to fill properly during diastole. The two forms need different management: systolic heart failure is treated with guideline-directed medical therapy (RAAS inhibitors, beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, SGLT2 inhibitors) to cut mortality, whereas HFpEF has no proven disease-modifying drug and is managed mainly by controlling blood pressure, volume, and comorbidities such as atrial fibrillation.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Yancy 等《2013 ACCF/AHA 心力衰竭管理指南》(Circulation, 2013)；Ponikowski 等《2016 ESC 急慢性心力衰竭诊断与治疗指南》(Eur Heart J, 2016)
Yancy et al., '2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure' (Circulation, 2013); Ponikowski et al., '2016 ESC Guidelines for heart failure' (Eur Heart J, 2016)
#心力衰竭 #射血分数 #HFpEF #心室充盈
他汀类药物除了降低低密度脂蛋白，为什么还能稳定动脉粥样硬化斑块？
Besides lowering LDL, why do statins also stabilize atherosclerotic plaques?
他汀通过抑制 HMG-CoA 还原酶减少胆固醇合成，降低循环 LDL；同时还能改善内皮功能、抑制血管炎症并增厚纤维帽，使易破裂的『软斑块』变得更稳定。胆固醇治疗试验协作组(CTT)的荟萃分析显示，LDL 每降 1 mmol/L，主要血管事件约减少 20%。
Statins inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, cutting cholesterol synthesis and circulating LDL. They also improve endothelial function, dampen vascular inflammation, and thicken the fibrous cap, making vulnerable 'soft' plaques more stable. The Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' meta-analysis found that each 1 mmol/L drop in LDL lowers major vascular events by about 20%.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
胆固醇治疗试验协作组(CTT)《他汀治疗随机试验的荟萃分析》(Lancet, 2010)；Grundy 等《2018 AHA/ACC 胆固醇管理指南》(Circulation, 2019)
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' Collaboration, 'Statins in 27000 patients' (Lancet, 2010); Grundy et al., '2018 AHA/ACC Guideline on Cholesterol' (Circulation, 2019)
#他汀 #HMG-CoA还原酶 #斑块稳定 #胆固醇治疗试验协作组
长途飞行为什么会增加静脉血栓的风险？
Why do long flights increase the risk of venous thrombosis?
长时间屈膝久坐使小腿肌肉泵作用消失，静脉血流变慢并淤积，这是血栓形成的重要条件。世界卫生组织的研究显示，飞行超过4小时后深静脉血栓风险约增加一倍，但绝对风险仍很低，多见于本身有肥胖、近期手术、口服避孕药或血栓史的人。旅途中定时活动脚踝、起身走动、充分饮水，高风险者可咨询医生使用压力袜。
Sitting still with bent knees switches off the calf muscle pump, so venous blood slows and pools - a key condition for clot formation. WHO research found that flights longer than about four hours roughly double the risk of deep vein thrombosis, though the absolute risk stays low and mainly affects people with obesity, recent surgery, oral contraceptive use or a previous clot. Flex your ankles regularly, walk when possible and drink enough water; high-risk travellers can ask a doctor about compression stockings.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#深静脉血栓 #久坐 #旅行医学 #压力袜
什么是心房颤动？它有哪些主要风险？
What is atrial fibrillation and what are its main risks?
心房颤动（房颤）是最常见的持续性心律失常，心房不规律颤动、泵血效率下降。主要风险是心房内形成血栓并引发缺血性脑卒中，因此常需抗凝治疗。常见症状有心悸、乏力、气短。
Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is the most common sustained arrhythmia, where the atria quiver irregularly and pump inefficiently. The main risk is clot formation in the atria leading to ischemic stroke, so anticoagulation is often needed. Symptoms include palpitations, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#心房颤动 #心律失常 #脑卒中
医生听到“心脏杂音”，一定意味着有病吗？
Does a heart murmur always mean something is wrong?
杂音是血液在心脏内流动出现湍流时发出的声音，并不等于疾病。儿童、孕妇、发热或贫血时常出现无害的“生理性杂音”，它们不需要治疗。而瓣膜狭窄、瓣膜关闭不全或心脏间隔缺损引起的病理性杂音，通常需要心脏超声进一步确认。
A murmur is simply the sound of turbulent blood flow inside the heart, and it does not automatically mean disease. Harmless “innocent” murmurs are common in children, in pregnancy, and during fever or anaemia, and need no treatment. Pathological murmurs from a stenotic or leaking valve, or from a septal defect, usually need an echocardiogram to clarify.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#心脏杂音 #瓣膜病 #心脏超声 #生理性杂音
成人心肺复苏（CPR）的基本步骤是什么？
What are the basic steps of adult CPR?
先确认环境安全并呼救，双手交叠在胸骨下半段用力垂直按压，深度约 5–6 厘米、频率 100–120 次/分；如会人工呼吸则按 30:2 配合。自动体外除颤器（AED）到达后应尽快使用。
Ensure scene safety and call for help, then press hard and fast in the center of the chest at a depth of about 5–6 cm and rate of 100–120 per minute; if trained, give 2 breaths after every 30 compressions. Use an automated external defibrillator (AED) as soon as available.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#心肺复苏 #CPR #急救 #AED
低密度脂蛋白（LDL）和高密度脂蛋白（HDL）胆固醇有何不同？
How do LDL and HDL cholesterol differ?
LDL 俗称「坏胆固醇」，过高会在血管壁沉积形成动脉粥样硬化斑块；HDL 俗称「好胆固醇」，帮助把胆固醇运回肝脏清除。控制 LDL 水平是心血管疾病预防的重点。
LDL is often called "bad" cholesterol that, when elevated, deposits in artery walls and forms atherosclerotic plaques. HDL is "good" cholesterol that helps return cholesterol to the liver for removal. Lowering LDL is a key focus of cardiovascular prevention.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#胆固醇 #LDL #HDL #动脉粥样硬化
心肌梗死和心脏骤停是一回事吗？
Are a heart attack and cardiac arrest the same thing?
不是。心肌梗死是冠状动脉堵塞导致心肌缺血坏死，患者有胸痛等症状且通常清醒；心脏骤停是心脏突然停跳、泵血停止，患者会瞬间失去意识和呼吸。心脏骤停需立即心肺复苏（CPR）和除颤。
No. A heart attack is blockage of a coronary artery causing heart-muscle damage, with symptoms but the person is usually awake. Cardiac arrest is when the heart suddenly stops beating and pumping blood, causing immediate loss of consciousness and breathing. It requires immediate CPR and defibrillation.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#心肌梗死 #心脏骤停 #急救
心房颤动为什么会增加脑卒中的风险？
Why does atrial fibrillation raise the risk of stroke?
房颤时心房不再有效收缩，血液在左心耳淤滞、容易形成血栓；血栓一旦脱落随血流进入脑动脉就会堵塞血管造成卒中。医学指南据此把房颤患者按卒中风险评分分层，中高危者需用抗凝药预防。
During atrial fibrillation the atria stop contracting effectively, so blood pools and clots in the left atrial appendage. If a clot breaks off and travels to a brain artery it causes a stroke. Guidelines therefore risk-stratify patients and use anticoagulants for those at moderate-to-high risk.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
January 等《2014 AHA/ACC/HRS 心房颤动管理指南》(Circulation, 2014)；Kirchhof 等《2020 ESC 心房颤动诊断与管理指南》(Eur Heart J, 2021)
January et al., '2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for Atrial Fibrillation' (Circulation, 2014); Kirchhof et al., '2020 ESC Guidelines for atrial fibrillation' (Eur Heart J, 2021)
#心房颤动 #左心耳 #血栓 #抗凝
心脏支架是如何恢复冠状动脉血流的？
How does a coronary stent restore blood flow in a blocked artery?
医生先用球囊导管撑开狭窄的粥样硬化段，再把金属网状支架留在血管壁内，像脚手架一样把管腔撑开并防止弹性回缩。药物洗脱支架还能缓慢释放抗增殖药，降低再狭窄率。
A balloon catheter first dilates the narrowed atherosclerotic segment, then a mesh-metal stent is left inside the vessel to hold the lumen open like scaffolding and prevent elastic recoil. Drug-eluting stents additionally release anti-proliferative medicine to reduce restenosis.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Serruys 等《冠状动脉支架 vs 球囊成形术》(NEJM, 1994)；Sigwart, U. et al.,《Intravascular Stents to Prevent Occlusion and Re-Stenosis after Transluminal Angioplasty》, New England Journal of Medicine, 1987 (DOI: 10.1056/nejm198703193161201)
Serruys et al., 'Stent versus balloon angioplasty' (NEJM, 1994); Sigwart et al., 'Intravascular Stents to Prevent Occlusion and Re-Stenosis after Transluminal Angioplasty', New England Journal of Medicine, 1987, DOI: 10.1056/nejm198703193161201
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1056/nejm198703193161201
#冠脉支架 #球囊扩张 #药物洗脱 #再狭窄
高血压的诊断标准是什么？
What is the diagnostic threshold for hypertension?
在未服药情况下，非同日三次测量诊室血压 ≥140/90 mmHg 通常可诊断高血压。理想血压应低于 120/80 mmHg。长期高血压会增加心肌梗死、脑卒中和肾损害风险。
Without medication, a clinic blood pressure of ≥140/90 mmHg on three separate occasions generally diagnoses hypertension. An ideal blood pressure is below 120/80 mmHg. Long-term hypertension raises risks of heart attack, stroke, and kidney damage.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
世界卫生组织（WHO）《成人高血压药物治疗指南》
World Health Organization (WHO) Guideline for the Pharmacological Treatment of Hypertension in Adults
#高血压 #血压 #心血管
成年人安静状态下的正常心率范围是多少？
What is a normal resting heart rate range for adults?
成年人安静时正常心率为每分钟 60–100 次。经常锻炼的运动员可能低至 40–50 次/分。若持续高于 100 或低于 60 次/分并伴头晕、胸闷，应就医评估。
A normal resting heart rate for adults is 60–100 beats per minute. Well-trained athletes may have rates as low as 40–50 bpm. A persistently high (>100) or low (<60) rate with dizziness or chest discomfort warrants medical evaluation.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#心率 #心血管 #健康科普