阿尔茨海默病是什么？
What is Alzheimer's disease?
阿尔茨海默病是最常见的痴呆类型，因脑内淀粉样蛋白斑块和tau蛋白缠结导致神经元退化。表现为记忆减退、认知下降和性格改变，目前无法根治。
Alzheimer's is the most common cause of dementia, where amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain cause neurons to degenerate. It brings memory loss, declining cognition and personality change, and currently has no cure.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Hardy JA, Higgins GA《阿尔茨海默病：淀粉样蛋白级联假说》. Science, 1992
Hardy JA, Higgins GA. Alzheimer's disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Science. 1992.
#阿尔茨海默 #痴呆 #神经退行
癌症是怎么形成的？
How does cancer develop?
癌症源于细胞基因突变累积，使生长调控失常、细胞不受控制地增殖。这些异常细胞可逃避免疫、侵犯周围组织并转移到远处形成新病灶。
Cancer arises from accumulated genetic mutations that disrupt growth control, letting cells multiply unchecked. These abnormal cells can evade the immune system, invade nearby tissue and spread to form new tumors elsewhere.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Hanahan D, Weinberg RA《癌症的特征》. Cell, 2000（及 2011 修订）
Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. The Hallmarks of Cancer. Cell. 2000 (updated 2011).
#癌症 #基因突变 #细胞增殖
类风湿关节炎和骨关节炎有何不同？
How does rheumatoid arthritis differ from osteoarthritis?
类风湿关节炎是自身免疫攻击关节滑膜，常对称性累及手足小关节。骨关节炎是软骨机械磨损，多不对称、随负重加重。两者治疗和预后都不同。
Rheumatoid arthritis is autoimmunity attacking the joint lining, often symmetrically involving small hand and foot joints. Osteoarthritis is mechanical cartilage wear, usually asymmetric and worsened by weight-bearing. Their treatments and outlooks differ.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 第20版,McGraw-Hill,2018
J. Loscalzo et al., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY ISBN 标识 9781259644047（按标识回读: Harrison's prin
#类风湿 #骨关节炎 #自身免疫
什么是慢性炎症？
What is chronic inflammation?
慢性炎症是低水平炎症持续数周、数月甚至数年，常无明显红肿热痛。它与肥胖、糖尿病、心血管病等多种慢性病的发生发展有关。
Chronic inflammation is low-grade inflammation lasting weeks, months or years, often without obvious redness or pain. It is linked to the development of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and other chronic conditions.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Furman D 等《慢性炎症在终身疾病病因中的作用》. Nature Medicine, 2019
Furman D, et al. Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across life span. Nat Med. 2019.
#慢性炎症 #免疫 #慢性病
为什么慢性病往往难以彻底治愈？
Why are chronic diseases often hard to cure completely?
慢性病多源于长期累积的风险因素和器官结构与功能的渐进性改变，如血管硬化、神经退化。这些损伤常不可逆转，因此治疗重在控制而非根治。
Chronic diseases usually stem from long-accumulated risk factors and gradual, often irreversible changes in structure and function, such as hardened vessels or nerve loss. Treatment therefore focuses on control rather than cure.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Yach D 等《全球慢性病负担》. JAMA, 2004
Yach D, et al. The global burden of chronic diseases. JAMA. 2004.
#慢性病 #不可逆 #管理
骨关节炎是什么？
What is osteoarthritis?
骨关节炎是关节软骨随年龄和使用逐渐磨损的疾病，常见于膝、髋和手指。表现为关节疼痛、僵硬和活动受限，多发于中老年人。
Osteoarthritis is the gradual wear of joint cartilage with age and use, common in the knees, hips and fingers. It causes joint pain, stiffness and limited movement, mostly in older adults.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 第20版,McGraw-Hill,2018
J. Loscalzo et al., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY ISBN 标识 9781259644047（按标识回读: Harrison's prin
#骨关节炎 #软骨 #关节
什么是高血压？
What is high blood pressure (hypertension)?
高血压是动脉血压长期高于正常水平，常见定义为≥140/90 mmHg。它常在早期毫无症状，却是心脑血管疾病的重要危险因素。
Hypertension is persistently high pressure in the arteries, commonly defined as 140/90 mmHg or above. It is often symptomless early yet a major risk factor for heart and brain vascular disease.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 第20版,McGraw-Hill,2018
J. Loscalzo et al., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY ISBN 标识 9781259644047（按标识回读: Harrison's prin
#高血压 #血压 #心血管
什么是新陈代谢？
What is metabolism?
新陈代谢是身体把食物转化为能量和构建材料的全部化学过程，包括分解供能的分解代谢和合成组织的合成代谢。它维持体温、生长和修复。
Metabolism is the sum of chemical processes that turn food into energy and building materials, including breakdown (catabolism) for energy and synthesis (anabolism) for tissue. It sustains body temperature, growth and repair.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Guyton 与 Hall，《医学生理学教科书》（第13版，Elsevier，2016）
Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology (13th ed., Elsevier, 2016)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3 (3rd ed., Elsevier) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 978-1-319-45541-5 (8th ed., Macmillan Learning)
#新陈代谢 #能量 #代谢