消化系统与肝脏 Medicine & Health

8 个科学问题 · 医学健康 Medicine & Health

本页目录

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD / MASLD)是怎样从单纯脂肪变进展为肝炎和纤维化的?

How does NAFLD/MASLD progress from simple steatosis to inflammation and fibrosis?

肝脏脂质过度蓄积引发肝细胞脂肪变,随后脂质毒性和内质网应激激活炎症通路(由「双重打击」扩展为多因素模型)。持续的炎症促进肝星状细胞活化并分泌胶原,导致纤维化。研究表明,代谢综合征和胰岛素抵抗是其核心驱动因素,控制代谢异常可延缓进展。
Excess hepatic lipid accumulation causes steatosis; subsequent lipotoxicity and endoplasmic-reticulum stress activate inflammatory pathways, extending the classic 'two-hit' model to a multi-factorial one. Ongoing inflammation activates hepatic stellate cells that deposit collagen, producing fibrosis. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance are core drivers, and managing them slows progression.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18) CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。

Powell EE, Wong VWS, Rinella M,《非酒精性脂肪性肝病》,柳叶刀(Lancet) 2021;397(10290):2212-2224

Powell EE, Wong VWS, Rinella M. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Lancet. 2021;397(10290):2212-2224

#脂肪肝 #代谢相关脂肪性肝病 #肝纤维化

肝硬化为何会导致门静脉高压及其并发症?

Why does cirrhosis cause portal hypertension and its complications?

肝纤维化与再生结节破坏正常肝窦结构,使肝内血流阻力增加,门静脉回流受阻而压力升高。门脉高压促使侧支循环开放,出现食管胃底静脉曲张,并导致脾大和腹水。研究表明,降低门脉压力可减少曲张静脉出血风险。
Fibrosis and regenerative nodules distort hepatic sinusoids, raising intrahepatic resistance so portal venous return is impeded and pressure climbs. Portal hypertension opens collateral circuits such as gastroesophageal varices and causes splenomegaly and ascites. Lowering portal pressure reduces variceal bleeding risk.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15) CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。

Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J,《肝硬化静脉曲张及出血的处理》,新英格兰医学杂志(NEJM) 2010;362(9):823-832

Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J. Management of varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(9):823-832

#肝硬化 #门脉高压 #静脉曲张

慢性乙型肝炎是如何增加肝细胞癌(HCC)发生风险的?

How does chronic hepatitis B increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)?

乙肝病毒DNA可整合入肝细胞基因组,其X蛋白(HBx)干扰细胞周期与凋亡调控并促进氧化应激。持续的坏死性炎症和肝细胞再生为基因突变提供土壤,逐步推动肝癌变。研究表明,长期抑制病毒复制能降低但未必完全消除HCC风险。
HBV DNA can integrate into the hepatocyte genome, and the viral X protein (HBx) disrupts cell-cycle and apoptosis control while promoting oxidative stress. Chronic necroinflammatory injury with repeated regeneration creates a milieu for mutations, driving carcinogenesis. Long-term viral suppression lowers but does not eliminate HCC risk.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18) CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。

Levrero M, Zucman-Rossi J,《HBV诱导肝细胞癌的机制》,肝病学杂志(J Hepatol) 2016;64(1 Suppl):S84-S101

Levrero M, Zucman-Rossi J. Mechanisms of HBV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2016;64(1 Suppl):S84-S101

#乙肝 #肝癌 #HBx蛋白

肝性脑病的发生与血氨升高有何关系?

How is hepatic encephalopathy related to elevated blood ammonia?

肝功能严重受损或门体分流时,肠道产生的氨不能被有效代谢清除,血氨升高。氨透过血脑屏障干扰脑能量代谢和神经递质平衡,引起意识障碍等神经精神症状。一般通过降低氨生成(如乳果糖)和去除诱因来管理。
With severe liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting, gut-derived ammonia is not adequately detoxified and blood ammonia rises. Ammonia crosses the blood–brain barrier and disturbs cerebral energy metabolism and neurotransmitter balance, causing neuropsychiatric signs. Management generally lowers ammonia production (e.g., lactulose) and removes precipitants.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18) CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。

中华医学会消化病学分会《肝硬化肝性脑病诊疗指南(2023)》

Chinese Society of Gastroenterology. Guidelines for Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhosis, 2023

#肝性脑病 #血氨 #门体分流

胆结石是如何引起急性胆囊炎的?

How do gallstones cause acute cholecystitis?

胆结石若嵌顿于胆囊管会阻断胆汁排出,使胆囊内压力升高并损伤黏膜。淤积的胆汁和继发的细菌感染共同引发急性胆囊炎,表现为右上腹痛和发热。一般建议反复发作或合并感染者评估手术胆囊切除。
A gallstone impacted in the cystic duct blocks bile outflow, raising intragallbladder pressure and injuring the mucosa. Stasis plus secondary bacterial infection produce acute cholecystitis with right-upper-quadrant pain and fever. Recurrent or infected cases are generally evaluated for cholecystectomy.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15) CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。

中华医学会外科学分会《急性胆道系统感染诊治指南(2019)》

Chinese Society of Surgery. Guidelines for Acute Biliary Tract Infection, 2019

#胆结石 #胆囊炎 #胆汁淤积

乙肝「大三阳」与「小三阳」分别提示什么?

What do hepatitis B 'big three positives' and 'small three positives' indicate?

「大三阳」指HBsAg、HBeAg和抗-HBc阳性,通常提示病毒复制活跃、传染性较强。「小三阳」指HBsAg、抗-HBe和抗-HBc阳性,多表示病毒复制减弱。但最终需结合HBV DNA和肝功能评估疾病活动度与传染风险。
'Big three positives' means HBsAg, HBeAg, and anti-HBc are positive, usually indicating active viral replication and higher infectivity. 'Small three positives' (HBsAg, anti-HBe, anti-HBc) generally reflect reduced replication. HBV DNA and liver tests are needed to assess activity and transmission risk.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18) CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。

中华医学会感染病学分会《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2022版)》

Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases. Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B, 2022

#乙肝 #大三阳 #小三阳

幽门螺杆菌感染与消化性溃疡有什么关系?

What is the relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and peptic ulcer?

幽门螺杆菌感染是消化性溃疡(胃溃疡和十二指肠溃疡)的主要病因之一,它通过产生尿素酶在胃内定植并引发持续炎症。根除该菌可显著促进溃疡愈合并降低复发。一般经呼气试验或内镜确诊后采用联合方案根除。
Helicobacter pylori infection is a leading cause of peptic ulcers; the bacterium colonizes the stomach using urease and sustains inflammation. Eradication markedly promotes healing and prevents recurrence. Diagnosis is usually by breath test or endoscopy, followed by combination therapy.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。

中华医学会消化病学分会《幽门螺杆菌感染处理共识报告(2017)》

Chinese Society of Gastroenterology. Consensus on Helicobacter pylori Management, 2017

#幽门螺杆菌 #消化性溃疡 #尿素酶

质子泵抑制剂(如奥美拉唑)是如何减少胃酸分泌治疗溃疡的?

How do proton pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole) reduce acid to treat ulcers?

质子泵抑制剂不可逆地抑制胃壁细胞上的H+/K+-ATP酶(质子泵),这是胃酸分泌的最后共同通路。抑制后基础与刺激性的胃酸均显著减少,为溃疡黏膜修复创造环境。一般建议按疗程使用并关注长期用药的潜在风险。
Proton pump inhibitors irreversibly block the H+/K+-ATPase (proton pump) on gastric parietal cells—the final step of acid secretion. This cuts both basal and stimulated acid, allowing ulcer healing. They are used for defined courses, with attention to long-term risks.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15) CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
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《药理学》(杨宝峰主编,第9版),人民卫生出版社

Pharmacology (Yang Baofeng, 9th ed.), People's Medical Publishing House

#质子泵抑制剂 #胃酸 #溃疡