什么是肠易激综合征(IBS)?
What is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
IBS是一种常见的功能性肠病,表现为反复腹痛伴腹泻或便秘,但肠道无结构性损伤。它与肠道动力异常、内脏敏感性和脑肠轴调节紊乱有关。
IBS is a common functional bowel disorder with recurrent abdominal pain and diarrhea or constipation, but without structural damage to the gut. It involves abnormal intestinal motility, visceral hypersensitivity and disturbed brain-gut axis regulation.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
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出处备注:此条未指向带版次的可引用著作(通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名),本库不提供独立书目出处;如需精确引用,需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
罗马 IV 功能性胃肠病诊断标准(2016)
Rome IV criteria for functional gastrointestinal disorders (2016).
#肠易激 #功能性肠病 #腹痛
胰腺炎是什么?
What is pancreatitis?
胰腺炎是胰腺自身消化酶提前激活、消化胰腺组织引发的炎症。急性胰腺炎常由胆结石或酗酒诱发,表现为剧烈上腹痛;慢性胰腺炎可损害内分泌和外分泌功能。
Pancreatitis is inflammation in which the pancreas's own digestive enzymes are activated too early and digest the gland itself. Acute pancreatitis is often triggered by gallstones or heavy alcohol use and causes severe upper-abdominal pain; chronic pancreatitis can impair both endocrine and exocrine function.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
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出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Banks PA 等《急性胰腺炎分类:亚特兰大标准修订》. Gastroenterology, 2012
Banks PA, et al. Acute Pancreatitis Classification: Revision of Atlanta Criteria. Gastroenterology. 2012.
#胰腺炎 #胰腺 #消化酶
什么是阑尾炎?
What is appendicitis?
阑尾炎是右下腹阑尾发炎,常因管腔被粪石或异物堵塞、细菌繁殖引起。典型症状是转移性右下腹痛,通常需要手术切除。
Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix in the lower right abdomen, often triggered when its opening is blocked by a stool stone or foreign material and bacteria multiply. The classic sign is migrating pain to the lower right abdomen, and surgery is usually needed.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:著录仅给书名,无版次与年份;同一书名常对应多个版次,不臆测具体版本。
Kumar《Robbins 疾病病理基础》
Kumar. Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease.
#阑尾炎 #腹痛 #手术
肠道菌群有什么作用?
What role does the gut microbiome play?
肠道内居住着数以万亿计的细菌,帮助消化膳食纤维、合成部分维生素并训练免疫系统。菌群失衡与肥胖、炎症甚至情绪问题相关。
Trillions of bacteria live in the gut, helping digest fiber, synthesize some vitamins and train the immune system. An imbalanced microbiome is linked to obesity, inflammation and even mood changes.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
人类微生物组计划联盟《健康人体微生物组的结构、功能与多样性》. Nature, 2012
Human Microbiome Project Consortium. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature. 2012.
#肠道菌群 #微生物 #免疫
胆结石是什么?
What are gallstones?
胆结石是胆汁中的胆固醇或胆色素结晶形成的固体颗粒,存于胆囊或胆管。小结石可无症状,大结石阻塞胆管会引起右上腹痛和黄疸。
Gallstones are solid particles formed from crystallized cholesterol or bilirubin in the bile, sitting in the gallbladder or bile ducts. Small ones may be silent, but a stone blocking a duct causes right-upper-abdominal pain and jaundice.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:著录仅给书名,无版次与年份;同一书名常对应多个版次,不臆测具体版本。
Kumar《Robbins 疾病病理基础》
Kumar. Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease.
#胆结石 #胆囊 #胆汁
肝硬化是什么?
What is liver cirrhosis?
肝硬化是肝脏长期受损后正常组织被瘢痕组织取代,导致质地变硬、功能下降。常见原因包括慢性病毒性肝炎、酒精和脂肪肝。晚期可出现腹水、黄疸和消化道出血。
Cirrhosis is the replacement of normal liver tissue by scar tissue after long-term injury, making the organ hard and less functional. Common causes include chronic viral hepatitis, alcohol and fatty liver. Late stages bring ascites, jaundice and bleeding.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注:著录仅给书名,无版次与年份;同一书名常对应多个版次,不臆测具体版本。
Kumar《Robbins 疾病病理基础》
Kumar. Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease.
#肝硬化 #肝纤维化 #慢性肝病
肝脏有哪些主要功能?
What are the main functions of the liver?
肝脏负责代谢营养物质、储存糖原、合成蛋白质和凝血因子,并解毒药物和酒精等有害物质。它还能分泌胆汁帮助消化脂肪。
The liver metabolizes nutrients, stores glycogen, makes proteins and clotting factors, and detoxifies harmful substances such as drugs and alcohol. It also secretes bile to help digest fats.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
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Guyton 与 Hall,《医学生理学教科书》(第13版,Elsevier,2016)
Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology (13th ed., Elsevier, 2016)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3 (3rd ed., Elsevier) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 978-1-319-45541-5 (8th ed., Macmillan Learning)
#肝脏 #代谢 #解毒
为什么吃辣有时会拉肚子?
Why can spicy food sometimes cause diarrhea?
辣椒中的辣椒素不被肠道完全吸收,会刺激肠黏膜加快蠕动并增加分泌。这种刺激使食物通过肠道过快,水分来不及吸收,从而腹泻。
Capsaicin in chili is not fully absorbed and irritates the intestinal lining, speeding up movement and secretion. The food then passes too quickly for water to be absorbed, causing diarrhea.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Guyton 与 Hall,《医学生理学教科书》(第13版,Elsevier,2016)
Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology (13th ed., Elsevier, 2016)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3 (3rd ed., Elsevier) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 978-1-319-45541-5 (8th ed., Macmillan Learning)
#辣椒素 #肠道 #腹泻
小肠和大肠有什么区别?
What is the difference between the small and large intestine?
小肠细长,主要负责消化吸收营养物质,内壁有绒毛增大面积。大肠较粗短,主要吸收水分和电解质,并形成和排出粪便。
The small intestine is long and thin and mainly digests and absorbs nutrients, with villi that enlarge its surface area. The large intestine is wider and shorter, mainly absorbing water and electrolytes and forming and expelling stool.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Guyton 与 Hall,《医学生理学教科书》(第13版,Elsevier,2016)
Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology (13th ed., Elsevier, 2016)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3 (3rd ed., Elsevier) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 978-1-319-45541-5 (8th ed., Macmillan Learning)
#小肠 #大肠 #消化
为什么会有口臭?
Why does bad breath (halitosis) occur?
口臭多来自口腔细菌分解食物残渣产生的硫化物气体。口干、牙周病、舌苔厚或某些消化问题都会加重气味。
Bad breath mostly comes from sulfur gases produced by oral bacteria breaking down food debris. Dry mouth, gum disease, a coated tongue or some digestive issues can worsen the odor.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
王庭槐 主编,《生理学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Wang Tinghuai ed., Physiology, 9th ed., People's Medical Publishing House, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787117266598(豆瓣书目条目: 生理学)
#口臭 #口腔细菌 #消化